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Goa
Goa (/ˈɡoʊə/;[9] Konkani: [ɡõːj]; Portuguese: [ˈɡoɐ] ) is a state on
the southwestern coast of India within the Konkan region, Goa
geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the State
Western Ghats.[10][11] It is bound by the Indian states of
State of Goa
Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the east and south,
with the Arabian Sea in the west. It is India's smallest state by
area and fourth-smallest by population. Goa has the highest
GDP per capita among all Indian states,[6][12] two and a half
times as high as the GDP per capita of the country as a whole.[13]
The Eleventh Finance Commission of India named Goa the best-
placed state because of its infrastructure, and India's National
Commission on Population rated it as having the best quality of
life in India (based on the commission's "12 Indicators").[13] It is
the second-highest ranking among Indian states in the human
development index.[7] Shanta Durga Temple

Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is its largest

city. The historic city of Margão in Goa still exhibits the cultural
influence of the Portuguese, who first voyaged to the
subcontinent in the early 16th century as merchants, and
Dudhsagar Falls Mangueshi Temple
conquered it soon thereafter, whereupon Goa became an
overseas territory of the Portuguese Empire, part of what was
then known as Portuguese India, and remained as such for
about 456 years until it was annexed by India in 1961.[14][15]
Goa's official language, which is spoken by a majority of its
inhabitants, is Konkani. Gallery de Fontainhas Basilica of Bom
Jesus
Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic
tourists each year because of its white-sand beaches, active
nightlife, places of worship, and World Heritage-listed
architecture. It also has rich flora and fauna because it lies very
close to the North Western Ghats rainforests, one of the rare
biodiversity hotspots of the world.

Etymology A beach in South Goa

After the Bahmani-Bijapuri city of Goa was captured by Afonso

de Albuquerque in 1510, and made the capital of the Estado da
Índia, the city gave its name to the contiguous territories.

Emblem of Goa

Nickname: "Pearl of the Orient"

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The origin of the city name "Goa" is unclear. In ancient Motto(s): Sarve Bhadrāṇi Paśyantu Mā Kaścid
literature, Goa was known by many names, such as Duḥkhamāpnuyāt
(May everyone see goodness, may none suffer
Gomanchala, Gopakapattana, Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, any pain)
Govapuri, Govem, and Gomantak.[16] Other historical names
for Goa are Sindapur, Sandabur, and Mahassapatam.[17]

History

Prehistory
Rock art engravings found in Goa are one of the earliest known
traces of human life in India.[18] Goa, situated within the
Shimoga-Goa Greenstone Belt in the Western Ghats (an area
composed of metavolcanics, iron formations and ferruginous
quartzite), yields evidence for Acheulean occupation.[19] Rock
art engravings (petroglyphs) are present on laterite platforms
and granite boulders in Usgalimal near the west flowing
Kushavati river and in Kajur.[20] In Kajur, the rock engravings of
animals, tectiforms and other designs in granite have been Location of Goa in India
associated with what is considered to be a megalithic stone circle Coordinates: 15.50°N 73.83°E
with a round granite stone in the centre.[21] Petroglyphs, cones, Country India
stone-axe, and choppers dating to 10,000 years ago have been Region West India
found in various locations in Goa, including Kazur, Mauxim, and
Before was Goa, Daman and Diu
the Mandovi-Zuari basin.[22] Recently these petroglyphs have
been included in the tentative list of UNESCO world heritage Admission to 19 December 1961
union
sites.
Formation 30 May 1987
(by bifurcation)
Evidence of Paleolithic life is visible at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigao,
Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, and Capital Panaji
Largest city Vasco da Gama, Goa
Aquem-Margaon. Difficulty in carbon dating the laterite rock
Districts 2
compounds poses a problem for determining the exact time
period.[23] Government
• Body Government of Goa
Early Goan society underwent radical change when Indo-Aryan • Governor P. S. Sreedharan Pillai
and Dravidian migrants amalgamated with the aboriginal locals, • Chief minister Pramod Sawant (BJP)
forming the base of early Goan culture.[24] State Legislature Unicameral
• Assembly Goa Legislative Assembly
(40 seats)
Early history National Parliament of India
Parliament
In the 3rd century BC, Goa was part of the Maurya Empire,
• Rajya Sabha 1 seat
ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. Buddhist
• Lok Sabha 2 seats
monks laid the foundation of Buddhism in Goa. Between the
High Court Bombay High Court
2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, Goa was ruled by the
Bhojas of Goa. Chutus of Karwar also ruled some parts as Area[1]
feudatories of the Satavahanas of Kolhapur (2nd century BC to • Total 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi)
the 2nd century AD), Western Kshatrapas (around 150 AD), the • Rank 28th
Abhiras of Western Maharashtra, Bhojas of Goa, and the Elevation 1,020 m (3,350 ft)
Konkan Mauryas as feudatories of the Kalachuris.[25] The rule Population (2011)[2]
later passed to the Chalukyas of Badami, who controlled it • Total 1,458,545
between 578 and 753, and later the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed • Rank 28th
from 753 to 963. From 765 to 1015, the Southern Silharas of • Density 380/km2 (1,000/sq mi)
Konkan ruled Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the • Urban 62.17%
• Rural 37.83%
Demonym(s) Goenkar, Goan

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Rashtrakutas.[26] Over the next few centuries, Goa was Language

successively ruled by the Kadambas as the feudatories of the • Official Konkani[3]
Chalukyas of Kalyani. They patronised Jainism in Goa.[27] • Additional Marathi[4] and English[5]
official
In 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate. • Official script Devanagari script
The kingdom's grip on the region was weak, and by 1370 it was GDP [6]
forced to surrender it to Harihara I of the Vijayanagara Empire. • Total (2023– ₹1.0 trillion
The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469 2024) (US$12 billion)
when it was appropriated by the Bahmani Sultanate. After that • Rank 23rd
dynasty crumbled, the area fell into the hands of the Sultanate of • Per capita ₹583,389 (US$7,000)
Bijapur, who established as their auxiliary capital the city known (1st)

under the Portuguese as Velha Goa (or Old Goa).[28] Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 code IN-GA
Vehicle GA
registration
HDI (2022) 0.806 Very High[7] (3rd)
Literacy (2018) 88.70 (5th)
Sex ratio (2011) 974♀/1000 ♂[8] (34th)
Website goa.gov.in (https://goa.gov.i
n)
The Mahadev Temple, attributed to
the Kadambas of Goa, in what is Symbols of Goa
today Bhagwan Mahaveer
Sanctuary and Mollem National
Park

Emblem of Goa

Foundation day Goa Day

Bird Flame-throated bulbul
Flower Jasmine
Gold coins issued by the Kadamba king Fruit Cashew
of Goa, Shivachitta Paramadideva, c. Mammal Gaur
1147–1187 CE Tree Matti Terminalia crenulata
List of Indian state symbols

Portuguese period
In 1510, the Portuguese defeated the
ruling Bijapur sultan Yusuf Adil Shah
with the help of a local ally,
Thimmayya[29] or Timoji, a privateer.[30]
They set up a permanent settlement in
Velha Goa (Old Goa). This was the
Usgalimal rock engravings
beginning of Portuguese colonial rule in
Goa that would last for four and a half
centuries, until its annexation by India in
1961. The Goa Inquisition, a formal tribunal, was established in 1560, and
was finally abolished in 1812.[31]

From the latter decades of the eighteenth century, the territory of Goa was
composed of two segments: the central nucleus of the Velhas Conquistas
(Old Conquests)—Bardes, Ilhas de Goa, and Salcette—which territories had been under Portuguese
administration since the sixteenth century; and the Novas Conquistas (New Conquests)—Bicholim, Canacona,
Pernem, Quepem, Sattari, and Sanguem—territories which had been successively added through the eighteenth
century.
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In 1787, Goa experienced its first revolt from its Catholic elite, with the Pinto
Revolt led by a Goan noble family who revolted against the Portuguese due to
racial discrimination in administration and clergy. They were betrayed by a
member of the revolt. The Portuguese government executed some of the
family members, while others, such as Abbe Faria, went on to join the French
Revolution. This remains legend in Goa today.

In 1843, the Portuguese moved the

The 1619 Se Cathedral at Old Goa capital to the Cidade da Nova Goa (City
is an example of Portuguese
of New Goa), today known as Panaji
architecture and is one of the largest
churches in Asia.
(Panjim), from Velha Goa (Old Goa). By
the mid-18th century, Portuguese
expansions lost other possessions in
India until their borders stabilised and formed the Goa, Daman and Diu,
which included Silvassa prior to the Annexation, it was known as Estado da
Índia in Portuguese, that is the "State of Portuguese India".

Some wealthy Goan zamindars such as Baron Dempo and Viscount

Deshprabhu were included in the Portuguese nobility.[32][33]

Contemporary period
After India gained independence from British rule in 1947, India requested Coat of Arms of the Pintos, awarded
that Portuguese territories on the Indian subcontinent be ceded to India. by the King of Portugal in 1770
Portugal refused to negotiate on the sovereignty of its Indian enclaves. On 19
December 1961, the Indian Army invaded with Operation Vijay resulting in
the annexation of Goa, and of Daman and Diu islands into the Indian union. Goa, Daman and Diu, were
organised as a single centrally administered union territory of India.[34] On 16 January 1967 a referendum was
held in Goa, to decide the future of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. It was the only referendum to
have been held in independent India. The referendum offered the people of Goa a choice between continuing as
a union territory or merging with the state of Maharashtra and the majority chose the former.[35][36][37] On 30
May 1987, the union territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu
remaining a union territory.[38]

Geography
Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi). It
lies between the latitudes 14°53′54″ N and 15°40′00″ N
and longitudes 73°40′33″ E and 74°20′13″ E.[39]

Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the

Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the
Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it
from the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is the
Sonsogor Peak, with an altitude of 1,026 m (3,366 ft).
Goa has a coastline of 160 km (99 mi).

Goa's seven major rivers are the Mandovi, Zuari,

Picture of coastline of Terekhol, Chapora, Galgibag, Cumbarjua canal,
Vasco da Gama, Goa,
Talpona, and the Sal.[40] The Zuari and the Mandovi Goa coastline at Dona
taken from an aircraft's
window
are the most important rivers, interspaced by the Paula
Cumbarjua canal, forming a major estuarine
complex.[40] These rivers are fed by the Southwest
monsoon rain and their basin covers 69% of the state's geographical area.[40] These rivers are some of the

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busiest in India. Goa has more than 40 estuarine, eight marine, and about 90 riverine islands. The total
navigable length of Goa's rivers is 253 km (157 mi). Goa has more than 300 ancient water tanks built during the
rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over 100 medicinal springs.

Mormugao harbour on the mouth of the Zuari river is considered one of the best natural harbours in South Asia.

Most of Goa's soil cover is made up of laterites rich in ferric-aluminum oxides and reddish in colour. Further
inland and along the riverbanks, the soil is mostly alluvial and loamy. The soil is rich in minerals and humus,
thus conducive to agriculture. Some of the oldest rocks in the Indian subcontinent are found in Goa between
Molem and Anmod on Goa's border with Karnataka. The rocks are classified as Trondjemeitic Gneiss estimated
to be 3,600 million years old, dated by rubidium isotope dating. A specimen of the rock is exhibited at Goa
University.

Dudhsagar Falls at Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park

Dudhsagar Train passing next to the Lower half of

Waterfalls in Dudhsagar Falls Dudhsagar
August Falls

Climate
Goa features a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification. Goa, being in the torrid zone
and near the Arabian Sea, has a hot and humid climate for most of the year. The month of May is usually the
hottest, seeing daytime temperatures of over 35 °C (95 °F) coupled with high humidity. The state's three seasons
are southwest monsoon period (June–September), post-monsoon period (October–January), and pre-monsoon
period (February–May).[40] Over 90% of the average annual rainfall (3,048 mm or 120 in) is received during the
monsoon season.[40]

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Climate data for Goa

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Mean daily
31.6 31.5 32.0 33.0 33.0 30.3 28.9 28.8 29.5 31.6 32.8 32.4 31.3
maximum
(88.9) (88.7) (89.6) (91.4) (91.4) (86.5) (84.0) (83.8) (85.1) (88.9) (91.0) (90.3) (88.3)
°C (°F)

Daily mean 26.0 26.3 27.7 29.3 30.0 27.6 26.7 26.4 26.9 27.9 27.6 26.6 27.4
°C (°F) (78.8) (79.3) (81.9) (84.7) (86.0) (81.7) (80.1) (79.5) (80.4) (82.2) (81.7) (79.9) (81.4)

Mean daily
19.6 20.5 23.2 25.6 26.3 24.7 24.1 24.0 23.8 23.8 22.3 20.6 23.2
minimum °C
(67.3) (68.9) (73.8) (78.1) (79.3) (76.5) (75.4) (75.2) (74.8) (74.8) (72.1) (69.1) (73.8)
(°F)

Average
0.2 0.1 1.2 11.8 112.7 868.2 994.8 512.7 251.9 124.8 30.9 16.7 2,926
precipitation
(0.01) (0.00) (0.05) (0.46) (4.44) (34.18) (39.17) (20.19) (9.92) (4.91) (1.22) (0.66) (115.2)
mm (inches)

Average
precipitation 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.8 4.2 21.9 27.2 13.3 13.5 6.2 2.5 0.4 90.1
days

Mean
monthly
313.1 293.8 291.4 288.0 297.6 126.0 105.4 120.9 177.0 248.0 273.0 300.7 2,834.9
sunshine
hours

Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[41]

Source 2: Hong Kong Observatory[42] for sunshine and mean temperatures

Subdivisions
The state is divided into two civil districts—North Goa and South Goa. Each district
is administered by a District Collector, appointed by the Government of India.

Panaji (Panjim) is the headquarters of North Goa district and is also the capital of
Goa. North Goa is further divided into three subdivisions—Panaji, Mapusa, and
Bicholim; and five talukas (subdistricts)—Tiswadi (Panaji), Bardez (Mapusa),
Pernem, Bicholim, and Sattari (Valpoi). Margao (Madgaon) is the headquarters of
the South Goa district. It is also the cultural and commercial capital of Goa. South
Goa is further divided into five subdivisions—Ponda, Mormugao-Vasco, Margao,
Quepem, and Dharbandora; and seven talukas—Ponda, Mormugao, Salcete
(Margao), Quepem, and Canacona (Chaudi), Sanguem, and Dharbandora.

Goa's major cities are—Panaji, Margao, Vasco-Mormugao, Mapusa, Ponda,

Bicholim, and Valpoi. Panaji (Panjim) has the only Municipal Corporation in Goa.
There are thirteen Municipal Councils—Margao, Mormugao (merged with Vasco), Talukas of Goa. Talukas in
Pernem, Mapusa, Bicholim, Sanquelim, Valpoi, Ponda, Cuncolim, Quepem, green shades belong to
North Goa district, and
Curchorem, Sanguem, and Canacona. Goa has a total number of 334 villages.[43]
orange denote South Goa
district.

Government and politics

The politics of Goa are a result of the uniqueness of this region due to 450 years of Portuguese rule, in
comparison to three centuries of British rule experienced by most of the rest of India. The Indian National
Congress was unable to achieve electoral success in the first two decades after the State's incorporation into
India.[44] Instead, the state was dominated by the regional political parties like Maharashtrawadi Gomantak
Party and the United Goans Party.[45]

Government

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Goa has two members of parliament (MP) elected from each district
representing the state in the Lok Sabha (House of the People), the lower house
of the national Parliament of India. It is also has one member of parliament in
the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States), the upper house of the Indian
parliament.

Goa's administrative capital is based in Panaji, often referred as Panjim in

English, Pangim in Portuguese and Ponjê in Konkani, the official language of
the state. It lies on the left bank of the Mandovi river. The seat of the Goa
Legislative Assembly is in Porvorim, across the Mandovi from Panaji. The
state's highest judiciary is the Goa Bench of the Bombay High Court, a branch of
the Bombay High Court permanently seated at Panjim. Unlike other states,
which follow the model of personal laws framed for individual religions
introduced in the days of British Raj, the Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and
Damaon, a uniform code based on the Napoleonic code was retained in Goa as
well as the union territory of Damaon, Diu & Silvassa. Jack de Sequeira, the father of
the Goan referendum
Goa has a unicameral legislature, the Goa Legislative Assembly, of 40 members,
headed by a speaker. The chief
minister heads the executive, which
is made up of the party or coalition
elected with a majority in the
legislature. The governor, the head of
the state, is appointed by the
president of India. After having
stable governance for nearly thirty
years up to 1990, Goa is now Goa Assembly
notorious for its political instability
having seen fourteen governments in
the span of the fifteen years between 1990 and 2005.[46]

In March 2005, the assembly was dissolved by the Governor and President's Rule was declared, which
suspended the legislature. A by-election in June 2005 saw the Indian National Congress coming back to power
after winning three of the five seats that went to polls. The Congress Party and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
are the two largest parties in the state. In the assembly poll of 2007, the INC-led coalition won and formed the
government.[47] In the 2012 Vidhan Sabha Elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party along with the
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party won a clear majority, forming the new government with Manohar Parrikar as
the Chief Minister. Other parties include the United Goans Democratic Party, the Nationalist Congress Party.[48]

In the 2017 assembly elections, the Indian National Congress gained the most seats, with the BJP coming in
second. However, no party was able to gain a majority in the 40 member house. The BJP was invited to form the
Government by Governor Mridula Sinha. The Congress claimed the use of money power on the part of the BJP
and took the case to the Supreme Court. However, the Manohar Parikkar led Government was able to prove its
majority in the Supreme Court mandated "floor test".[49][50][51]
[52]== Flora and fauna ==

Equatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1,500 km2 (579 sq mi),[16] most of which is owned by the government.
Government-owned forest is estimated at 1,300 km2 (502 sq mi) while private is given as 200 km2 (77 sq mi).
Most of the forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. The Western Ghats, which
form most of eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world.
In the February 1999 issue of National Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with the Amazon and the
Congo basins for its rich tropical biodiversity.[53]

Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275 species of birds, over
48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles.[54] Nanda Lake is the first and the only Ramsar wetland site
in Goa.[55]
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Goa is also known for its coconut cultivation. The coconut tree has been
reclassified by the government as a palm (like grass), enabling farmers and
real estate developers to clear land with fewer restrictions.

Rice is the main food crop, and pulses (legume), Ragi (Finger Millet), and
other food crops are also grown. Main cash crops are arecanut, coconut,
cashew nut, sugar cane, and fruits like banana, mango, and pineapple.[16]
Goa's state animal is the Gaur, the state bird is the Flame-throated Bulbul,
and the state tree is the Indian Laurel.
Coconut palms are a ubiquitous
The important forest products are sight statewide.

bamboo canes, Maratha barks, chillar

barks, and the bhirand. Coconut palm trees are common throughout Goa
barring the elevated regions. A variety of deciduous trees, such as teak, Sal
tree, cashew, and mango trees are present. Fruits include jackfruit, mango,
pineapple, and blackberry. Goa's forests are rich in medicinal plants.
{{Citation needed[56]|date=February 2023}}

Foxes, wild boar and migratory birds are found in the jungles of Goa. The
Rice paddies are common in rural
avifauna (bird species) includes kingfisher, myna and parrot. Numerous
Goa.
types of fish are also caught off the coast of Goa and in its rivers. Crab,
lobster, shrimp, jellyfish, oysters, and catfish are the basis of the marine
fishery. Goa also has a high snake population. Goa has many famous "National Parks", including the renowned
Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary on the island of Chorão. Other wildlife sanctuaries include the Bondla Wildlife
Sanctuary, Molem Wildlife Sanctuary, Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary, Netravali Wildlife
Sanctuary, and Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary.

Goa has more than 33% of its geographic area under government forests (1,224.38 km2 or 472.74 sq mi) of
which about 62% has been brought under Protected Areas (PA) of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Park. Since
there is a substantial area under private forests and a large tract under cashew, mango, coconut, etc. plantations,
the total forest and tree cover constitutes 56.6% of the geographic area.

Economy
Goa's state domestic product for 2017 is estimated at $11 billion at Gross State Domestic Product (in
current prices. Goa is India's richest state with the highest GDP per capita millions of Rupees)[57]
—two and a half times that of the country—with one of its fastest growth
Year GSDP
rates: 8.23% (yearly average 1990–2000).[58] Tourism is Goa's primary
industry: it gets 12%[59] of foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two 1980 3,980
main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In winter, tourists from abroad 1985 6,550
(mainly Europe) come, and summer (which, in Goa, is the rainy season)
1990 12,570
sees tourists from across India. Goa's net state domestic product (NSDP)
was around US$7.24 billion in 2015–16.[60] 1995 33,190
2000 76,980
The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores, and mining
forms the second largest industry. Iron, bauxite, manganese, clays, 2010 150,000
limestone, and silica are mined. The Mormugao port handled 31.69 a
million tonnes of cargo in 2007, which was 39% of India's total iron ore exports. Sesa Goa (now owned by
Vedanta Resources) and Dempo are the lead miners. Rampant mining has been depleting the forest cover as well
as posing a health hazard to the local population. Corporations are also mining illegally in some areas. During
2015–16, the total traffic handled by Mormugao port was recorded to be 20.78 million tonnes.

Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four decades, offers part-time
employment to a sizeable portion of the populace. Rice is the main agricultural crop, followed by areca, cashew,
and coconut. Fishing employs about 40,000 people, though recent official figures indicate a decline in the

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importance of this sector and also a fall in the catch, due perhaps, to traditional
fishing giving way to large-scale mechanised trawling.

Medium-scale industries include the manufacturing of pesticides, fertilizers,

tires, tubes, footwear, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wheat products, steel rolling,
fruits and fish canning, cashew nuts, textiles, brewery products.

Currently, there are 16 planned SEZs in Goa. The Goa government has recently
decided to not allow any more Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Goa after
strong opposition to them by political parties and the Goa Catholic Church.[61]

Goa is also notable for its low-priced beer, wine, and spirits prices due to its
very low excise duty on alcohol. Another main source of cash inflow to the state
is remittance, from many of its citizens who work abroad, to their families. It is
said to have some of the largest bank savings in the country. Vasantrao Dempo, aristocrat and
Industrialist, one of Goa's
In 1976 Goa became the first state in India to legalise some types of gambling. wealthiest mining barons
This enabled the state to levy taxes on gambling, thereby strengthening the
economy. There are several casinos available in Goa. In 2018-2019 tax revenue
from casinos reached Rs 414 crore.[62]

Goa is the second state in India to achieve a 100 per cent automatic telephone system with a solid network of
telephone exchanges. As of September 2017, Goa had a total installed power generation capacity of 547.88 MW.
Goa is also one of the few states in India to achieve 100 per cent rural electrification.[63]

Train carrying iron ore to Commercial area in

Marmagao Port, Vasco Panaji

Demographics

Population
A native of Goa is called a Goan. Goa has a population of 1.459 million Population growth
residents as of 2011,[65] making it the fourth least populated state of India
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
after Sikkim, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Population density of Goa is
1901 475,513 —
394 per km2 which is higher than national average 382 per km2. Goa is the
1911 486,752 +0.23%
state with highest proportion of urban population with 62.17% of the 1921 469,494 −0.36%
population living in urban areas. The sex ratio is 973 females to 1,000 males. 1931 505,281 +0.74%
The birth rate was 15.70 per 1,000 people in 2007. Scheduled Castes and 1940 540,925 +0.76%
Scheduled Tribes make up 1.74% and 10.23% of the population respectively. 1950 547,448 +0.12%
As of the 2011 census, over 76% of the population was born in Goa, while just 1960 589,997 +0.75%
over half of migrants to the state are from the neighbouring states of 1971 795,120 +2.75%
Karnataka and Maharashtra.[66] As per a 2021 report, over 50% of the 1981 1,007,749 +2.40%
permanent resident population is of non-Goan origin, outnumbering the 1991 1,169,793 +1.50%
native ethnic Goan population.[67] 2001 1,347,668 +1.43%
2011 1,458,545 +0.79%
Source: [64]
Languages

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The Official Language Act, 1987, of the erstwhile Union Territory of Goa,
Daman and Diu makes Konkani in the Devanagari script the sole official
language of Goa, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of
the official purposes". Portuguese was the sole official language during
Portuguese colonial rule. The government also has a policy of replying in
Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi.[70] There have been demands
for according Konkani in the Roman script official status in the state. There is
widespread support for keeping Konkani as the sole official language of Goa.[71]

Konkani is spoken as a first language by about 66.11% of the people in the state,
but almost all Goans can speak and understand Konkani. A large population of
Languages in Goa
people can speak and understand English as well. Other linguistic groups in the
(2011)[68][69] state per the 2011 census are speakers of Marathi (10.89%), Hindi (8.64%),
Konkani (66.09%) Kannada (4.65%), Urdu (2.83%), and Portuguese (1%).[72]
Marathi (10.88%)
Historically, Konkani was neither the official nor the administrative language of
Hindi (8.64%)
the many rulers of the State. Under the Kadambas (c. 960–1310), the court
Kannada (4.65%)
language was Kannada. When under Muslim rule (1312–1370 and 1469–1510),
Urdu (2.82%)
the official and cultural language was Persian. Various stones in the
Others (6.92%)
Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery from the period are inscribed in
Kannada and Persian.[73] During the period in between the two periods of
Muslim rule, the Vijayanagara Empire, which had control of the state, mandated the use of Kannada and
Telugu.[73]

Religion
According to the 2011 census, in a

htdiw;etulosba:noitisop;laitini:roloc
population of 1,458,545 people, 66.1% were

-dnuorgkcab;tnerapsnart
dilos:redrob"=elyts vid<
Hindu, 25.1% were Christian, 8.3% were
Muslim, and 0.1% were Sikh.[65]

;0:thgieh
According to the 1909 statistics in the
Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic
population in Portuguese controlled Goa
Hindu-Christianity Unity Memorial at
was 293,628 out of a total population of
Miramar Beach 365,291 (80.33%).[74] Since the 20th
century, the percentage of Goan Catholics
Religion in Goa (2011)[65]
has been facing continual decline caused by
a combination of permanent emigration from Goa to cosmopolitan Indian cities Hinduism (66.08%)
(e.g. Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore) and foreign countries (e.g. Portugal, the United Christianity (25.10%)
Kingdom)[75] with the mass immigration of non-Christians from the rest of Islam (8.33%)
India since the 20th century.[76] As of 2021, ethnic Goans represent less than Sikhism (0.10%)
50% of the state's residents.[67] Other or not religious
(0.39%)
The Catholics in Goa state and Daman and Diu union territory are served by the
Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman, the primatial
see of India, in which the titular Patriarchate of the East Indies is vested.[77]

Tourism
Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with lower tourist activity inland. In 2010, there were
more than 2 million tourists reported to have visited Goa, about 1.2 million of whom were from abroad.[78] As of
2013, Goa was a destination of choice for Indian and foreign tourists, particularly Britons and Russians, with
limited means who wanted to vacation outside of their countries. The state was hopeful that changes could be
made which would attract a more upscale demographic.[79]

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Indian and foreign tourists at beaches in Goa. Ships can be seen in the background in the top image, while hills can be seen in
the background in the center image and Bogmalo beach near Goa airport in the bottom image.

Goa stands 6th in the Top 10 Nightlife cities in the world in National Geographic Travel.[80] One of the biggest
tourist attractions in Goa is water sports. Beaches like Baga and Calangute offer jet-skiing, parasailing, banana
boat rides, water scooter rides, and more. Patnem beach in Palolem stood third in CNN Travel's Top 20 Beaches
in Asia.[81]

Over 450 years of Portuguese rule and the influence of the Portuguese culture presents to visitors to Goa a
cultural environment that is not found elsewhere in India. Goa is often described as a fusion between Eastern
and Western culture with Portuguese culture having a dominant position in the state be it in its architectural,
cultural or social settings. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and temples.[82]

Historic sites and neighbourhoods

Goa has one World Heritage Site: the Bom Jesus Basilica[83] with churches and convents of Old Goa. The
basilica holds the mortal remains of Francis Xavier, regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa (the
patron of the Archdiocese of Goa is actually Saint Joseph Vaz). These are both Portuguese-era monuments and
reflect a strong European character. The relics are taken down for veneration and for public viewing, per the
prerogative of the Church in Goa, not every ten or twelve years as popularly thought and propagated. The last
exposition was held in 2014.[84]

Our Lady of Immaculate Conception

Church in Panaji

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Tourist Arrivals[85]
Year Total Arrivals % Change
1985 775,212

1990 881,323 13.3

1995 1,107,705 23.7

2000 1,268,513 13.8

2005 2,302,146 66.3

2010 2,644,805 13.9

2015 5,297,902 76.4

The Velhas Conquistas regions are known for Goa-Portuguese style architecture. There are many forts in Goa
such as Tiracol, Chapora, Corjuem, Aguada, Reis Magos, Nanus, Mormugao, Fort Gaspar Dias and Cabo de
Rama.[86]

In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style architecture still stand, though, in
some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Fontainhas in Panaji has been declared a cultural
quarter, showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa. Influences from the Portuguese era are visible in
some of Goa's temples, notably the Shanta Durga Temple, the Mangueshi Temple, the Shri Damodar Temple
and the Mahalasa Temple. After 1961, many of these were demolished and reconstructed in the indigenous
Indian style.[87]

Museums and science centre

Goa has three important museums: the Goa State Museum, the Naval Aviation Museum and the National
Institute of Oceanography. The aviation museum is one of three in India (the others are in Delhi and Bangalore).
The Goa Science Centre is in Miramar, Panaji.[88] The National Institute of Oceanography, India (NIO) is in
Dona Paula.[89] Museum of Goa is a privately owned contemporary art gallery in Pilerne Industrial Estate, near
Calangute.[90]

Beaches
Most of the beauty of Goa is present on the beaches. The coastline of about 103 kilometres (64 mi) has some of
the most attractive beaches flanked by the Arabian Sea. The beaches of Goa are counted among the most
beautiful in the world.[91] Some of the beaches include Anjuna Beach, Baga Beach, Bambolim Beach, Betul
Beach, Calangute Beach, Candolim Beach, Cavelossim Beach, Colva Beach, Benaulim Beach Butterfly Beach,
Majorda Beach and Miramar Beach.

Culture
Having been a Portuguese territory for over 450 years, Goan culture is an
amalgamation of both Eastern and Western styles, with the latter having a
more dominant role. The tableau of Goa showcases religious harmony by
focusing on the Deepastambha, the Cross, and Ghode Modni followed by a
chariot. European royal attire of kings is as much part of Goa's cultural
heritage as are regional dances performed depicting a unique blend of
different religions and cultures of this State. Prominent local festivals are
Christmas, Easter, Carnival, Diwali, Shigmo, Chavoth, Samvatsar Padvo,
Shanta Durga Temple at Kavlem
Dasara etc. The Goan Carnival and Christmas-new year celebrations attract
many tourists.

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The Gomant Vibhushan Award, the highest civilian honour of the state of Goa, is given annually by the
Government of Goa since 2010.[92][93]

Dance and music

Traditional Goan art forms are Dekhnni, Fugdi, Corridinho, Mando, Dulpod and Fado.[94]

Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, Bhajan and Kirtan. Many famous Indian classical singers hail from Goa,
including Mogubai Kurdikar, Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar
Karekar.

Theatre
Natak, Tiatr (most popular) and Jagor are the chief forms of Goa's
traditional performance arts. Other forms are Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo,
Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala. Stories from the Ramayana and the
Mahabharata along with more modern social subjects are narrated with song
and dance.[95][96]

"Jagor", the traditional folk dance-drama, is performed by the Hindu Kunbi

and Christian Gauda community of Goa, to seek the Divine Grace for
Goan-chumar-chitram
protection and prosperity of the crop. The literal meaning of Jagor is
"jagran" or wakeful nights. The strong belief is that the night-long
performance awakens the deities once a year and they continue to remain
awake throughout the year guarding the village.

Perni Jagor is the ancient mask dance – drama of Goa, performed by Perni families, using well crafted and
painted wooden masks, depicting various animals, birds, super natural power, deities, demons, and social
characters.

Gauda Jagor is an impression of social life, that displays all the existing moods and modes of human characters.
It is predominantly based on three main characters, Gharasher, Nikhandar, and Parpati wearing shining dresses
and headgears. The performance is accompanied by vibrant tunes of Goan folk instruments like Nagara/Dobe,
Ghumat, Madale, and Kansale.

In some places, Jagor performances are held with the participation of both Hindus and the Christian
community, whereby, characters are played by Hindus and musical support is provided by Christian artistes.[97]

Tiatr (Teatro) and its artists play a major role in keeping the Konkani language and music alive. Tiatrs are
conducted solely in the Roman script of Konkani as it is primarily a Christian community-based act. They are
played in scenes with music at regular intervals, the scenes are portrayals of daily life and are known to depict
social and cultural scenarios. Tiatrs are regularly held especially on weekends mainly at Kala Academy, Panaji,
Pai Tiatrist Hall at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao and most recent shows have also started at the new Ravindra
Bhavan, Baina, Vasco. Western Musical Instruments such as Drums, Bass, Keyboards, and Trumpets. are part of
the show and most of them are played acoustically. It is one of Goa's few art forms that is renowned across the
world with performances popular among Goans in the Middle-East, Americas and Europe.

Konkani cinema
Konkani cinema is an Indian film industry, where films are made in the Konkani language, which is spoken
mainly in the Indian states of Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka and to a smaller extent in Kerala. Konkani films
have been produced in Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.[98]

The first full-length Konkani film was Mogacho Anvddo, released on 24 April 1950, and was produced and
directed by A. L.Jerry Braganza, a native of Mapusa, under the banner of ETICA Pictures.[99][100] Hence, 24
April is celebrated as Konkani Film Day.[101] Since 2004, starting from the 35th edition, the International Film

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Festival of India moved its permanent venue to Goa, it is annually held in the
months of November and December.[102] Konkani film Paltadcho manis has
been included in the world's best films of 2009 list.[103]

Konkani films are eligible for the National Film Award for Best Feature Film
in Konkani. The most commercially successful Konkani film, as of June 2011,
is O Maria directed by Rajendra Talak.[104] In 2012, the whole new change
was adopted in Konkani Cinema by introducing Digital Theatrical Film The
Victim directed by Milroy Goes.[105] Some old Konkani films are Sukhachem
India Goa Film Festival
Sopon, Amchem Noxib, Nirmonn, Mhoji Ghorkarn, Kortubancho Sonvsar,
Jivit Amchem Oxem, Mog ani Moipas, Bhuierantlo Munis, Suzanne,
Boglantt, Padri and Bhogsonne. Ujwadu is a 2011 Konkani film directed by Kasargod Chinna and produced by
KJ Dhananjaya and Anuradha Padiyar.

Food

Goan prawn curry, a popular Pork vindaloo is a popular Goan Chamuças, Goan samosas
dish throughout the state curry dish in the state and
around the world.

Traditional Goan fish curry

Rice with fish curry (xit koddi in Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa. Goan cuisine is famous for its rich variety of
fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with
chili peppers, spices, and vinegar, used in the Catholic cuisine, giving the food a unique flavor. Goan cuisine is
heavily influenced by Portuguese cuisine.

Goan food may be divided into Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes,
characteristics, and cooking styles. Pork dishes such as Vindalho, Xacuti, chouriço, and Sorpotel are cooked for
major occasions among the Goan Catholics. A mixed vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish
during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh
coconut, and special Goan spices that add to the aroma. Sannas, Hitt, are local rice cakes and Polle, Amboli, and
Kailoleo are rice pancakes; all are native to Goa. A rich egg-based, multi-layered baked sweet known as bebinca
is traditional at Christmas.

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The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa is feni. Cashew feni is made from the double distillation of the
fermented fruit juice of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the double distillation of the fermented
sap of toddy palms. Urrak is another local liquor prepared from the single distillation of the fermented cashew
fruit juice. In fact the bar culture is one of the unique aspects of the Goan villages where a local bar serves as a
meeting point for villagers to unwind.[106] Goa also has a rich wine culture due to Portuguese rule.[107][108]

Architecture

The House of the Seven Velha Goa Galeria, in Panaji

Gables in Margao

The architecture of Goa is a combination of native Goan, Ottoman and Portuguese styles. Since the Portuguese
ruled and governed for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Portuguese style
of architecture. Goan Hindu houses do not show any Portuguese influence, though the modern temple
architecture is an amalgam of original Goan temple style with Dravidian, Hemadpanti, Islamic, and Portuguese
architecture.[109] The original Goan temple architecture fell into disuse as the temples were demolished by the
Portuguese and the Sthapati known as Thavayi in Konkani were converted to Christianity though the wooden
work and the Kavi murals can still be seen.[110]

Notable people
Famous people from Goa encompass various categories, such as architects, artists, engineers, governors,
indologists & archaeologists, lawyers & judges, military personnel, models and pageant winners, politicians,
individuals in the field of education, scientists and researchers, athletes, writers, editors, and journalists, as well
as activists.

Media and communication

Historically, the media in Goa grew in the late 1800's before being clamped down on during the rule of António
de Oliveira Salazar. The first printing press in Goa was founded in 1556. In 1886, Tipografia Rangel, one of the
pioneers in widescale publishing was founded.[111] Prior to this the only existing presses were those of the
government and individual family presses existing to print the political newspapers. Tipografia Rangel was
among the leaders in providing print media to a larger section of society in Goa.

Goa is served by almost all television channels available in India. Channels are received through cable in most
parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes. Doordarshan, the national
television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air.[112]

DTH (Direct To Home) TV services are available from Dish TV, Videocon D2H, Tata Sky and DD Direct Plus.
The All India Radio is the only radio channel in the state that broadcasts on both FM and AM bands. Two AM
channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287 kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539 kHz. AIR's FM
channel is called FM Rainbow and is broadcast at 105.4 MHz. A number of private FM radio channels are
available, Big FM at 92.7 and Radio Indigo at 91.9 MHz. There is also an educational radio channel, Gyan Vani,
run by IGNOU broadcast from Panaji at 107.8 MHz. In 2006, St Xavier's College, Mapusa, became the first
college in the state to launch a campus community radio station "Voice of Xavier's".[113]

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Major cellular service operators include Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Essar, Idea
Cellular (merged with Vodafone in 2018), Telenor, Reliance Infocomm, Tata
DoCoMo, BSNL CellOne and Jio.

Local publications include the English language O Heraldo (Goa's oldest,

once a Portuguese language paper), The Gomantak Times and The Navhind
Times. In addition to these, The Times of India and The Indian Express are
also received from Mumbai and Bangalore in the urban areas. The Times of
India has recently started publication from Goa itself, serving the local
population news directly from the state capital. Among the list of officially
accredited newspapers are O Heraldo, The Navhind Times and The
Gomantak Times in English; Bhaangar Bhuin in Konkani (Devanagari
script); and Tarun Bharat, Gomantak, Navprabha, Goa Times, Sanatan
Prabhat, Govadoot and Lokmat (all in Marathi). All are dailies. Other
publications in the state include Planet Goa (English, monthly), Goa Today
(English, monthly), Goan Observer (English, weekly), Vauraddeancho Ixtt
(Roman-script Konkani, weekly) Goa Messenger, Vasco Watch, Gulab Jaime Valfredo Rangel, Director of
Tipografia Rangel
(Konkani, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari-script Konkani).[114]

One electronic mailing list that is based in Goa is Goanet.[115][116]

Sports
Normally other states are fond of cricket but association football is the most
popular sport in Goa and is embedded in Goan culture as a result of the
Portuguese influence.[117] Its origins in the state are traced back to 1883
when the visiting Irish priest Fr. William Robert Lyons established the sport
as part of a "Christian education".[117][118] On 22 December 1959, the
Associação de Futebol de Goa was formed, which continues to administer
the game in the state under the new name Goa Football Association.[117] Goa,
along with West Bengal and Kerala[117] is the locus of football in India and is
Fatorda Stadium home to many football clubs in the national I-League. The state's football
powerhouses include Salgaocar, Dempo, Churchill Brothers, Vasco, Sporting
Clube de Goa and FC Goa. The first Unity World Cup was held in Goa in
2014. The state's main football stadium, Fatorda Stadium, is located at Margao and also hosts cricket
matches.[119] The state hosted few matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and several matches of the 2022
FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in Fatorda Stadium.[120][121]

A number of Goans have represented India in football and six of them, namely Samir Naik, Climax Lawrence,
Brahmanand Sankhwalkar, Bruno Coutinho, Mauricio Afonso and Roberto Fernandes have all captained the
national team. Goa has its own state football team and league, the Goa Professional League. It is probably the
only state in India where cricket is not considered the most important of all sports. Goan's are avid football fans,
particularly of the football teams from Portugal (Benfica, Sporting), and Brazil especially during major football
events such as the European Cup and the World Cup championships. The Portuguese footballer Ronaldo and
Brazilian Neymar, are revered superstar football players in Goa.

Goa also has its own cricket team. Dilip Sardesai and Shikha Pandey remain the only Goans to date to play
international cricket for India.[122] Another Goan cricketer, Suyash Prabhudessai was selected by the Royal
Challengers Bangalore for a base price of ₹20 lakh in IPL 2021 and for ₹30 lakh in IPL 2022.[123][124]

India (Goa) is a member of the Lusofonia games which are hosted every four years in one of the Portuguese
CPLP member countries, with 733 athletes from 11 countries. Most of the countries competing are countries that
are members of the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries), but some are countries with

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significant Portuguese communities or have a history with Portugal. This event is similar in concept to the
Commonwealth Games (for members of the Commonwealth of Nations) and the Jeux de la Francophonie (for
the Francophone community).

Education

Goa University Carmel College for Goa Medical College,

Women, established previously called Escola
more than 50 years ago Médico–Cirúrgica de Goa
to address the education
gender gap, is affiliated to
Goa University.

Goa had India's earliest educational institutions built with European support. The Portuguese set up seminaries
for religious education and parish schools for elementary education. Founded c. 1542 by Saint Francis Xavier,
Saint Paul's College, Goa was a Jesuit school in Old Goa, which later became a college. St Paul's was once the
main Jesuit institution in Asia. It housed the first printing press in India and published the first books in
1556.[125][126][127]

Medical education began in 1801 with the offering of regular medical courses at the Royal and Military Hospital
in the old City of Goa. Built-in 1842 as the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de (Nova) Goa (Medical-Surgical School of
Goa), Goa Medical College is one of Asia's oldest medical colleges and has one of the oldest medical libraries
(since 1845).[128] It houses the largest hospital in Goa and continues to provide medical training to this day.

According to the 2011 census, Goa has a literacy rate of 87%, with 90% of males and 84% of females being
literate.[129] Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a school run by the government. Private schools are
preferred over government-run schools. All schools come under the Goa Board of Secondary and Higher
Secondary Education, whose syllabus is prescribed by the state education department. There are also a few
schools that subscribe to the all-India ICSE syllabus or the NIOS syllabus. Most students in Goa complete their
high school with English as the medium of instruction. Most primary schools, however, use Konkani and
Marathi (in private, but government-aided schools). As is the case in most of India, enrolment for vernacular
media has seen a fall in numbers in favour of English medium education. Per a report published in The Times of
India, 84% of Goan primary schools were run without an administrative head.[130]

Some notable schools in Goa include Sharada Mandir School in Miramar, Loyola High School in Margao and
The King's School in São José de Areal. After ten years of schooling, students join a Higher Secondary school,
which offers courses in popular streams such as Science, Arts, Law, and Commerce. A student may also opt for a
course in vocational studies. Additionally, they may join three-year diploma courses. Two years of college is
followed by a professional degree programme. Goa University, the sole university in Goa, is located in Taleigão
and most Goan colleges are affiliated with it.

There are six engineering colleges in the state. Goa Engineering College and National Institute of Technology
Goa are government-funded colleges whereas the private engineering colleges include Don Bosco College of
Engineering at Fatorda, Shree Rayeshwar Institute of Engineering and Information Technology at Shiroda,
Agnel Institute of Technology, and Design (AITD), Assagao, Bardez and Padre Conceicao College of Engineering
at Verna. In 2004, BITS Pilani one of the premier institutes in India, inaugurated its second campus, the BITS
Pilani Goa Campus, at Zuarinagar near Dabolim. The Indian Institute of Technology Goa (IIT Goa) began
functioning from its temporary campus, located in Goa Engineering College since 2016. The site for permanent
campus was finalised in Cotarli, Sanguem.[131]

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There are colleges offering pharmacy, architecture and dentistry along with numerous private colleges offering
law, arts, commerce and science. There are also two National Oceanographic Science related centres: the
National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research in Vasco da Gama and the National Institute of Oceanography
in Dona Paula. Goa Institute of Management located at Sanquelim, near Panaji is one of India's premier
business schools. In addition to the engineering colleges, there are government polytechnic institutions in
Panaji, Bicholim and Curchorem, and aided institutions like Father Agnel Polytechnic in Verna and the Institute
of Shipbuilding Technology in Vasco da Gama which impart technical and vocational training.[132]

Other colleges in Goa include Shri Damodar College of Commerce and Economics, V.V.M's R.M. Salgaocar
Higher Secondary School in Margao, G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M.'s
College of Arts, Science and Commerce, St Xavier's College, Carmel College, The Parvatibai Chowgule College,
Dhempe College, Damodar College, M. E. S. College of Arts & Commerce, S. S. Samiti's Higher Secondary School
of Science and Rosary College of Commerce & Arts. As the result of renewed interest in the Portuguese language
and culture, Portuguese at all levels of instruction is offered in many schools in Goa, largely private ones. In
some cases, Goan students do student exchange programs in Portugal.

Transportation

Air
Goa is served by two international Airports. Goa International Airport, is a
civil enclave at INS Hansa, a Naval airfield[133] located at Dabolim, near
Vasco da Gama while the Manohar International Airport is located in the
North at Mopa.[134] Within five months of its inception, Mopa airport began
handling 30 per cent of all air traffic of Goa.[135] The airports cater to
scheduled domestic and international air services, with the new airport
having started international operations from March 2023.[136] Goa has Goa International Airport, Dabolim
scheduled international connections to Doha, Dubai, Muscat, Sharjah and
Kuwait in the Middle East by airlines like Air Arabia, Air India, GoAir,
IndiGo, Oman Air, SpiceJet and Qatar Airways.

Road
Goa's public transport largely consists of
privately operated buses linking the
major towns to rural areas. Government-
run buses, maintained by the Kadamba
Transport Corporation, link major routes Most of Goa is well connected by
roads.
(like the Panaji–Margao route) and some
remote parts of the state. The
Corporation owns 15 bus stands, 4 depots and one Central workshop at
Government-run Kadamba buses at Porvorim and a Head Office at Porvorim.[137] In large towns such as Panaji
a bus station in Goa and Margao, intra-city buses operate. However, public transport in Goa is
less developed, and residents depend heavily on their own transportation,
usually motorised two-wheelers and small family cars.

Goa has four National Highways passing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs along India's west coast and links
Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore to the south. NH-4A running across the state connects the capital
Panaji to Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the Deccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-17A) connects NH-66 to
Mormugao Port from Cortalim. The new NH-566 (ex NH-17B) is a four-lane highway connecting Mormugao
Port to NH-66 at Verna via Dabolim Airport, primarily built to ease pressure on the NH-366 for traffic to
Dabolim Airport and Vasco da Gama. NH-768 (ex NH-4A) links Panaji and Ponda to Belgaum and NH-4. Goa
has a total of 224 km (139 mi) of national highways, 232 km (144 mi) of state highway and 815 kilometres (506
miles) of district highway. National Highways in Goa are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so

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for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an

exemption that allows narrow national highways. In Kerala, highways are 45
metres (148 feet) wide. In other states National Highways are grade
separated highways 60 metres (200 feet) wide with a minimum of four lanes,
as well as 6 or 8 lane access-controlled expressways.[138][139]

Hired forms of transport include unmetered taxis and, in urban areas, auto
rickshaws. Another form of transportation in Goa is the motorcycle taxi,
operated by drivers who are locally called "pilots". These vehicles transport a Motorcycle Taxi or "Pilots"

single pillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. Other than buses,
"pilots" tend to be the cheapest mode of transport.[140] River crossings in
Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed ferry boats, operated by the river navigation department.

Goa will get two new expressways in the coming years, which will connect the state and will enhance connectivity
and commute with the rest of the country. They are as follows:

Nagpur–Goa Expressway: Proposed, to be completed by 2028/29.[141][142]

Konkan Expressway: Proposed.[143]

Rail
Goa has two rail lines – one run by the South Western Railway and the other
by the Konkan Railway. The line run by the South Western Railway was built
during the colonial era linking the port town of Vasco da Gama, Goa with
Belgaum, Hubli, Karnataka via Margao. The Konkan Railway line, which was
built during the 1990s, runs parallel to the coast connecting major cities on
the western coast.

Margao railway station Metro

In 2018, a metro rail was planned by the NITI Aayog, linking the capital city
of Panaji. In the future, it would be extended from South Goa till the coastal city of Karwar in Karnataka, close to
the Kanataka-Goa border.[144]

Skybus Metro
Indian scientist B. Rajaram started the ambitious Skybus Metro project
under the Konkan Railway Corporation in partnership with Bharat Earth
Movers Limited (BEML). Like the Wuppertal Schwebebahn in Germany, the
scheme proposed an elevated, suspended railway layout where vehicles
would swing from above lines. The objective was to minimize urban
congestion by offering a quick and effective urban transportation alternative.

Despite its promise, the project encountered some obstacles, like as safety
Skybus Metro car at a station
issues after a 2004 test run disaster. The idea ultimately faced shelving
despite its early promise and creative approach to urban transportation.

Although the Skybus did not succeed, the idea demonstrated India's desire to investigate other forms of
transportation, and Indian Railways was granted a patent for the system.

Sea

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12/1/24, 11:03 AM Goa - Wikipedia

The Mormugao Port Trust near the city of Vasco handles mineral ore, petroleum, coal, and international
containers. Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goa's hinterland. Panaji, which is on the
banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used to handle passengers steamers between Goa and Mumbai
till the late 1980s. There was also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by
Damania Shipping in the 1990s.

Organised crime
Several local Indian, Russian, Israeli and Nigerian criminal groups are reported to be heavily involved in the
organised drug trade in Goa, one of the smallest states of India. Sources reveal that there are also individual
players who are British, French, Italian, Portuguese, and of other European nationalities. Some have been
visiting the state for over two decades and have their fixed international and local clientele.[145] Goa has, in
recent days, become a principal hub of the international drug trade apart from being a key point of consumption.
According to estimates, drugs flowing out of different foreign locations lands on the comparatively unguarded
Goan coastline as Mumbai and its hinterland are no longer considered an easy route for trafficking since checks
by the Coastguard, Navy, Customs, and other government bodies began.[146]

Sister states
Hawaii, United States of America[147]

See also
Konkan
Portuguese Goa and Damaon

Notes

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Sources
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Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 978-81-7022-263-7. Retrieved 24 August 2009.
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Further reading
Jayne, Kingsley Garland (1911). "Goa" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannic
a/Goa). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). pp. 159–161.
Andrada (undated). The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India. Jacinto Freire de
Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664). Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London.
Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0900-X.

External links
Government

Government of Goa (https://www.goa.gov.in/)

Department of Tourism (http://www.goatourism.gov.in/)

General information

Geographic data related to Goa (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1997192) at OpenStreetMap

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goa&oldid=1259485156"

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