Practical

Practical ResearchResearch
1 2girls). I you will get 20 samples you have
140
to select 6 boys and 14 girls.
Samples and Sampling Methods
3. Snowball Sampling- This method is most
Sampling- refers to the process of useful when participants are difficult to
systematically selecting individuals, units or locate. The identified member will identify
groups to be analyzed during the conduct of another possible participants of the study who
study. possess the relevant characteristics.
Sampling Techniques
4. Convenience Sampling- This involves the
Random Sampling- It involves the selection of participants based on ease of
selection of a group of participants by finding them. It is considered to have the
chance. weakest rationale and lowest credibility.

1. Simple Random Sampling- all

individuals in a given population have an
equal chance of being selected. Writing the Data Collection and
2. Stratified Sampling- The samples are Analysis Procedure
selected from subgroups, and not from the Data Collection- It is an activity where the
population as a whole. researcher obtains relevant information to
3. Systematic Sampling- The address the specific research questions or
participants are selected from a list based on objectives of the study.
their order or on a pre-determined interval.
4. Cluster Sampling- It involves the Data Collection Methods:
grouping of the population into subgroups 1. Observation- a method where the
or clusters. researcher sees how people
behave and interact with one
Non-random Sampling- The samples are another either in controlled or
selected through the researcher’s natural setting.
subjective judgment and without any
intention to make generalization about a wider 2. Interviews- This is used when the
population. researcher wants to collect non-
readily observable data such as
1. Purposive Sampling- participants are experiences, opinions, values,
selected using pre-determined criteria feelings, and knowledge.
related to the research questions. 3. Focus Group Discussion- another
For example, if you want to understand the type of interview which is mostly
struggles of LRT commuters, you need to useful for researching on cultural
select people who have frequently taken the norms, shared experiences and issues
LRT for several years. experienced by a specific group of
people.
2. Quota Sampling- It considers the size and 4. Document Analysis- It involves
proportion of each subgroup to ensure that the examination of documents or
selected samples represent the different records relevant with the
segments of the population. It uses a set of study.
criteria for selecting samples. It considers the
size and proportion of each subgroup to VALIDITY- refers to the degree
ensure that the selected samples represent the to which an instrument measure what
different segments of the population. For it intends to measure.
instance, your population is 200 (60 boys, RELIABILITY- refers to the
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Research
consistency of the measures of an 2 e. T-test for independent samples-
instrument. to test the difference between data
sets from two different groups.
Guidelines when writing the data
collection procedure:

1. Discuss the characteristics of the

data gathering instrument.
2. Discuss how you informed the
participants and obtained their
consent.
3. Name the place where the data will
be collected.
4. Explain how the actual data
collection will be conducted. Be sure
to arrange the activities
chronologically. Specify the duration
of each activity in the data collection
procedure.
5. State how the validity and
reliability of the instrument is
established.

Data Analysis

Data analysis is the process of

transcribing, examining,
classifying, tabulating, testing and
recommending data.

1. Coding- It is used to categorize

data and make sense of the
concepts emerging from them.

2. Statistical Techniques

a. Pearson’s r- to test the

relationship between two parametric
variables.
b. Chi-coefficient- to test the
relationship between two nominal
variables.
c. Spearman rho- to test the
relationship between two ordinal
variables.
d. T-test for two dependent
variables (Paired- t-test)- To test the
difference between two data sets
(pre-test and post-test)
 Practical
Researchbefore
2 proposing a conclusion or solution to a
problem
NATURE OF INQUIRY AND RESEARCH
2. Structured research
Research is a careful and systematic instruments- standardized instruments
study of a specific problem, concern or issue guide data collection, thus
to establish facts. ensuring accuracy, reliability and validity of
This is best accomplished by turning issue data. Data are normally gathered using
into a question. structured
research tools such as questionnaires to
The Research Process collect measurable characteristics of the
1. Statement of the problem, inquiry or population
question.
2. Gathering information about the problem 3. Numerical Data- Figures, tables or
3. Hypothesis graphs showcase summarized data collection
4. Testing the Hypothesis or Collecting Data in order to
5. Data Analysis, conclusions and show trends, relationships or differences
recommendation among variables.

Types of Research Approaches 4. Large Sample Size- to arrive at

Based on Data more reliable data analysis, a normal
population distribution
1. Qualitative Research- used to curve is preferred. This requires a large
gain an understanding of underlying reasons, sample size, depending on how the
opinions and characteristics of
motivations used in social sciences ad natural the population vary. Random sampling is
sciences recommended in determining the sample size
to avoid
2. Quantitative Research- It researcher’s bias in interpreting results.
pertains to an objective, systematic empirical 5. Replication- Quantitative methods can
investigation of be repeated to verify findings in another
observable phenomena through the use of setting, thus
computational techniques. It highlights strengthen and reinforcing validity of findings
numerical eliminating the possibility of spurious
analysis of data hoping that the numbers yield conclusions.
unbiased results that can be generalized to
some 6. Future outcomes- By using
larger population and can explain a particular complex mathematical calculations and with
observation. the aid of computers,
if-then scenarios may be formulated thus
predicting future results. Quantitative research
Characteristics of Quantitative puts
Research emphasis on proof rather than discovery.
1. Objective- impartial, unbiased and
neutral. Quantitative research seeks accurate Strengths Of Quantitative Research
measurement 1. It is objective. Since it provides numerical
and analysis of target concepts. It is not based data, it cannot be easily misinterpreted.
on mere intuition and guesses. Data are
gathered 2. The use of statistical techniques facilitates
sophisticated analyses and allows the
researchers to
 Practical
Researchallows
comprehend a huge number of vital 2 the researcher to answer the question,
characteristics of data. “What causes something to occur?” This kind
of
3. The numerical data ca be analyzed in a research also allows the researcher to identify
quick and easy way. By employing cause and effect relationships between
statistically valid variables
random models, findings can be generalized and to distinguish placebo effects from
to the population about which information is treatment effects.
necessary.
There are 2 groups of respondents to an
4. Quantitative Studies are replicable. experimental research: Control Group
Standardized approaches allow the study to be (does not
replicated in receive any manipulation and serves as a
different areas over time with the formulation point of comparison) and Treatment
of comparable findings. Group (receives
the treatment/manipulation)
Weaknesses Of Quantitative
Research 3 Types of Experimental Research

1. It requires a large number of 1. PRE-EXPERIMENTAL - It follows

respondents. It is assumed that the larger the basic experimental steps but fail to include a
sample is, the more control group. In other words, a single group
statistically accurate the findings are. is often studied but no comparison
between an equivalent non-treatment group is
2. It is costly. Since there are more made.
respondents, the expenses will be greater in
reaching out to 2. QUASI – EXPERIMENTAL- In this
these people and in reproducing the design, the researcher can collect more data,
questionnaires either by scheduling more observations or
finding more existing measures. Quasi
3. The contextual factors to help interpret the experimental design involves selecting
results or to explain variations are usually groups, upon which a variable is tested,
ignored. without
It does not consider the distinct capacity of any random pre-selection processes.
the respondents to share and elaborate further
information unlike the qualitative research. 3. TRUE-EXPERIMENTAL- It
controls for both time-related and group-
Kinds of Quantitative Research related threats.
Two features mark true experiments: two or
It is easier to understand the more differently treated groups; and random
different types of quantitative assignment to these groups.
research designs if you consider
how the researcher controls the Types Contr Treat Randomiz
variables in the investigation. ol or ment ation of
Non- Group Sample
1.Experimental Research Contr
ol
This allows the researcher to Treat
control the situation. In doing so, it ment
Group
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Pre- X / Research
X 2
respondents under study without
experim implying a Cause-and-effect. It can
ental show patterns and
Quasi- / / X trends in data but does NOT seek to explain
Experim the causes of these patterns.
ental Positive Correlation- variables move in the
True / / / same direction
Experien Negative Correlation- variables move in
tal opposite directions
Example: The relationship
between intelligence and self-
esteem
2. Non-Experimental Research
(Descriptive Research)
3. EX-POST FACTO or CAUSAL-
- In this kind of design, the researcher COMPARATIVE. This attempts to
observes the phenomena as they occur establish cause-
naturally and no external variables effect relationships among the
are introduced. In variables and looks at the possible causes of
this research design, the variables are not an already
deliberately manipulated nor is the occurring phenomenon. Just like the first two,
setting controlled. there is NO manipulation of variables in this
It is all about describing people or objects design.
who are part of the study. This type of Example: What is the Effect of
research is Home Schooling on the Social
used mostly as basis for plans, programs, or Skills of Adolescents?
interventions.
4. COMPARATIVE. It involves
Types Of Non-Experimental Research comparing and contrasting two or
more samples of study
1. Survey- It is used to gather subjects on one or more variables,
information from groups of people often at a single point of time. Specifically,
by selecting and studying this design
samples chosen from a population. is used to compare two distinct groups on the
This is useful when the objective of the study basis of selected attributes such as knowledge
is to see level, perceptions, and attitudes, physical or
general picture of the population under psychological symptoms.
investigation in terms of their social and Example: A comparative Study on
economic the Health Problems among Rural
characteristics, opinions, and their knowledge and Urban
about the behavior towards a certain People in Ilocos Region,
phenomenon. Philippines.
Example: The average PR2 grade
of STEM students in SY 2024-2025 5. NORMATIVE. It describes the norm
level of characteristics for a given behavior.
2. CORRELATIONAL. It is conducted Example: If you are conducting a
by researchers whose aim would be to find research on the study habits of the
out the high school
direction, associations and/or relationship students you are to use the range
between different variables or groups of
of score to describe the level of
their study
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Research
habits. The same true is when you ✓2
Conducting researches can also help a
would want to describe their business determine whether now is the proper
academic performance. time to
open another branch or whether it needs to
6. EVALUATIVE. It is a process used apply for a new loan.
to determine what has happened ✓ It may also help a small business decide if
during a given activity a procedure or strategy should be change to
or in an institution. The purpose of meet the
evaluation is to see if a given program is requirements of the customer base.
working, an institution is successful according ✓ Research is important for any organization
to the goals set for it, or the original intent to remain in the market.
was successfully attained. In other words, in ✓ The primary function of research in ABM
evaluation judgments can be in the forms of is to correctly determine its customers and
social utility, desirability, or effectiveness of a their
process. preferences, establish the enterprise in the
most feasible location, deliver quality goods
For example, we can cite here a and
situation. In evaluation study, it services, analyze what the competitors are
will not just be doing and find ways on how to continuously
satisfy
considering the performance of
the growing and varied needs of the clients.
the students who were taught
under modular
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and
instruction; instead, it is the rate
SPORTS MEDICINE
of progress that happened among
✓ Quantitative research is used to analyze
the students who how sports may be used as an alternative way
were exposed to modular of
instruction. medicating an illness.
✓ An example is the research done by
Importance Of Quantitaive Research University of Eastern Finland which
Across Fields investigated the
relationship between mushrooming of fast
Here are some importance of food chains and obesity, as well as the
Quantitative Research across intervention
fields: needed to prevent children’s obesity from
reaching serious proportions. The research
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & focused
ACCOUNTING, BUSINESS and on the children’s physical activity and
MANAGEMENT (ABM) physical inactivity and the concomitant
✓ Researches can help design a new product impact on the
or service, figuring out what is needed and children’s amount of adipose tissue (fat mass)
ensure and the endurance fitness. The study is used
the development of product is highly targeted to
towards demand. analyze certain the effect of physical activity
✓ Businessmen can also utilize research in weight control.
results to guarantee sufficient distribution of
their QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH and
products and decide where they need to BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
increase their product distribution. ✓ Relationship Questions in today’s
quantitative trend tend to explore how one
behavior exhibited
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by people is related to other typesResearch
of behavior. 2 technology to adapt to the ever-
modern
Examples are verbally aggressive behaviors changing society.
related to physical aggression – that is, when ✓ New materials and procedures may be
a person has a level of verbally aggressive developed so as to further strengthen the
behavior, does he or she tend to be physically structural
aggressive? Are certain supervisor materials than can withstand various
communication skills related to the emotional calamities and disasters.
experiences of employees?
✓ When quantitative researchers explore
THE VARIABLES IN RESEARCH
questions of differences or questions of
relationships, A variable refers to a characteristic that
they do so in an attempt to uncover certain has 2 or more mutually exclusive values or
patterns of behavior. If the researcher properties.
discovers that Example: SEX- MALE/FEMALE;
a certain relationship exists in sample that she AGE; INCOME; ETC.
or he has drawn form the population, she/he is TYPES OF VARIABLES or LEVELS
then in a position to draw generalizations OF MEASUREMENT
about patterns expected of human behavior.
1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES- a
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH & variable that can take infinite number on the
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, value that can occur
ENGINEERING, and within the population. Its values can be
MATHEMATICS divided into fractions.
✓ Medical practitioners, for example, EXAMPLE: Age, height,
conduct researches to obtain significant temperature
information about
diseases trends and risk factors, results of INTERVAL VARIABLE- it
a.
various health interventions, patterns of care has values that lie along an evenly
and dispersed range of numbers. It is a
health care cost and use. The different measurement where the differences
approaches to research provide between two values have meaning.
complementary insights. EXAMPLE: Temperature, a
✓ Researchers help in determining the person’s net worth.
effectiveness and even side effect of drugs
and therapies b. RATIO VARIABLES- it has
in different populations and various values that lie along an evenly
institutions. dispersed range of numbers when
✓ It is also necessary in evaluating there is an absolute zero. It possesses
experiences in clinical practice in order to the properties of an interval variable
develop mechanisms and has a clear definition of zero,
for best practices and to ensure high quality indication that there were none of
patient care. that variable.
✓ Researchers in these fields ultimately aim EXAMPLE: height, weight, distance
for man’s longevity.
✓ As for engineers, architects, and other 2. DISCRETE VARIABLES – This is
builders, research helps in providing designs also known as categorical or classificatory
which are variable. This is any
creatively beautiful and at the same time give variable that has limited number of distinct
more convenience and efficiency as they values and which cannot be
utilize
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Research
divided into fractions like sex, blood group, the2levels of the variables. The distance
and number of children in between 3 and 4 is not the same with the
family. Discrete variable may also be distance
categorized into: between 1 and 2.
A. NOMINAL VARIABLE – It
represent categories that cannot be
ordered in any particular way. It is a
KINDS OF VARIABLES
variable with no quantitative value. It
has two or more categories but does not
imply ordering of cases. Common 1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES –
examples of this variable Those that probably cause, influence,
include eye color, business or affect outcomes.
type, religion, biological sex, They are invariably called treatment,
political affiliation, basketball manipulated, antecedent or predictor
fan affiliation, etc. A sub-type of variables. This is the
nominal scale with only two categories cause variable or the one responsible for the
just like sex is known as dichotomous. conditions that act on something else to bring
about
changes.
B. ORDINAL VARIABLE – It
represent categories that can be ordered
from greatest to smallest. This variable EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to
has two or more categories which can investigate the effect of varying
be ranked. the amount of organic
fertilizer to the yield performance
Examples of ordinal variable of corn plant.
include education level, income
brackets, etc. An illustration of 2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those
this is, if you asked people if they that depend on the independent variables; they
are the
liked listening to music while
outcomes or results of the influence of the
studying and they could answer
independent variable. That is why it is also
either “NOT VERY MUCH”, called
“MUCH”, “VERY MUCH” then you outcome variable.
have an ordinal variable. EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to
investigate the effect of varying
While you can rank them, we cannot place a
the proportion of NPK
value to them. In this type, distances between
in his fertilizer to the yield
attributes do not have any meaning.
performance of corn plant.
For example, you used educational attainment
as a variable on survey, you might code 3. INTERVENING OR MEDLING
elementary school graduates = 1, high VARIABLES – Variables that “stand
graduates = 2, college undergraduate = 3, and between” the
college independent and dependent variables, and
graduate = 4. In this measure, higher number they show the effects of the independent
means greater education. Even though we can variable on
rank these from lowest to highest, the spacing the dependent variable.
between the values may not be the same
across EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to
investigate the effect of varying
the amount of organic
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fertilizer to the Research
yield 2
variables and dependent variable, but they
performance of corn plant. were not or could not be easily assessed.
***The Intervening variable in the
example above can be Soil EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to
Nutrient. the amount of investigate the effect of varying
organic fertilizer affects the soil the amount of organic
nutrient which in turn affects the fertilizer to the yield
yield performance of performance of corn plant.
corn. ***The confounding variables may
include pest infestation,
4. CONTROL VARIABLES – A temperature and climate, and
special types of independent other
variables that are measured in uncontrolled variables.
the study because they potentially influence
the dependent variable. Researchers use
statistical
procedures (e.g. analysis of covariance) to
control these variables. They may be
demographic
or personal variables that need to be
“controlled” so that the true influence of the
independent
variable on the dependent variable can be
determined.

EXAMPLE: A researcher wants to

investigate the effect of varying
the amount of organic
fertilizer to the yield
performance of corn plant.
***The control variable may
include amount of water, plant
species, amount of sunlight.
Note: A control variable and a control group
are two different things in research
specifically
experimental research

5. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES –
Variables that are not actually measured or
observed in a
study. They exist but their influence cannot be
directly detected in a study. Researchers
comment on the influence of confounding
variables after the study has been
completed,
because these variables may have operated to
explain the relationship between the
independent
 Practical
Research 2designing. The four basic steps
Identifying the Inquiry in designing a research topic are
and the following: (1) choose a
broad topic, (2) do
Stating the Problem preliminary research, (3)
define the problem, and (4)
Lesson 1: Designing refine the question. Guided
with these steps, a student
Research Topic researcher can certainly
The first and foremost jumpstart a quantitative research
step in the research is selecting project.
and properly defining a research
problem. Before starting a
Steps in Developing Research Topic
laborious journey of finding the
unknown, you need to know first Despite the advancement in
what it is that you want to find knowledge and technology, there
out, where and how you are is still a lot to discover in this
going to find the answers to your world. There is still an ocean of
questions, and what specific things that we are yet to explore.
qualities are you looking for. For It can be a difficult situation that
instance, you want to find a we want to improve or eliminate,
specific kind of fish in the ocean; a better understanding of the
however, the ocean is so vast unfamiliar, information gaps we
that it is almost impossible for wish to fill, or theories that we
you to achieve that goal of want to validate. What limits our
finding the fish without equipping choice of a topic are our
yourself with the right tools and capacity, understanding,
information about it. You may resources, and skill.
need to know first its behavior
and living conditions before you Most researchers will agree that
can precisely pinpoint the perfect choosing a good topic is a
spot to find the fish. Thus, challenging and tedious task.
baseline information is needed Because a research topic serves
for a successful quest. as the groundwork for any
succeeding actions, it must be
That fish analogy can be defined appropriately at the
applied to finding a research beginning of the research work.
topic. A well-defined research Otherwise, it may result in
topic is essential for a successful unanticipated complexities to the
research. When the topic is not researcher.
well-defined, it becomes
unmanageable and may result in Developing a researc
some drawbacks during data can be done in four (4) steps:
collection and analysis that could 1. Choose a broad topic
compromise the strength of your
study. 2. Do a preliminary research
3. Define the problem
Hence, choosing a topic 4. Refine the question
must undergo proper and As a student researcher,
thorough planning and let us go through these steps to
 Practical
guide us in Research
choosing a 2SHS student under ABM must
quantitative research topic choose a topic related to
related to our chosen field. business and management while
§ students taking HUMSS may
1. Choose a broad topic consider choosing a topic about
politics, culture, and arts.
The first step is quite simple. Choosing a topic that you can
As a Senior High School relate will certainly make your
student, these tips will surely research project less challenging.
guide you in selecting a broad
topic for quantitative research: In the event that the three tips
above do not shed some light on
A. Choose an interesting your minds, do not despair; other
sources of ideas like the ones
topic. below may be available for you.
Research is a very challenging
task that demands your time and I. Resources. Department of
persistence. Your motivation to Science and Technology (DOST)
find the answer to the problem harmonized National R & D
should keep you going, thus Agenda for 2017-2022. Early in
building a momentum along the 2017, DOST, together with
way. Therefore, your research researchers from the health,
topic must be something that agriculture, industry, and
you are passionate about. academe, released research
priorities for 2017 to 2022 that
B. Select a significant are relevant for the economic
topic. growth of the country. Visit this
A topic that is worth researching link https://bit.ly/3hHTf2Y for a
must be able to answer or solve list of suggested studies.
problems in the community. No
one will take an interest in your II. Review of Literature. Some
topic if it is obsolete and does researchers reveal that reading
not address any real problem. To previous studies fueled their
be proactive and to take part in minds with tons of research
solving problems with socio- topics. Reviewing the literature
economic relevance gives a lets them know what has been
sense of accomplishment. You do studied, what is not yet done,
not even have to look far, just and what other researchers
take a look at your household, suggest working on. Journals,
neighborhood, school, group of periodicals, and peer-reviewed
friends, or local community for a articles are a good read.
common problem or difficulty
III. Field experts. Gather up some
C. Choose a topic relevant to guts to approach anyone you
your field. know that are experts on the
field of your choice because they
One of the goals of this course is may give valuable inputs or may
for you to be able to produce a
currently be working on a study
quantitative research study that
where you can collaborate. Your
is aligned to your chosen track. A
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teacher may also give Research
you some 2
questions or problems that you want
advice, especially on the possible to research. At this stage, you
obstacles, resource limitations, should be able to narrow down
and expanse of the study. broad topic into feasible and
manageable research questions. A
IV. Brainstorming. Do not broad topic can be narrowed down
underestimate the ideas from by limiting the population, place,
classmates, friends, and family period, or a certain characteristic.
members. You may be However, be very mindful that your
overwhelmed at first by the problem may not be too narrow that
outpouring of ideas. Just build a it becomes very simple and does not
list, then cross off any topic need to collect unique data or does
unrelated to your field or not so not generate new information. A
interesting to you. Of course, you very narrow research question can
must take precautionary be developed by doing a
measures in doing this by comparative study or expanding the
observing physical distancing. scope of the study.
You can use any social media
platform to do this. 4. Refine the question.
2. Do preliminary This step lets you evaluate the
research. questions formulated. What specific
questions should you ask? How
The second step is much more time- should you gather your data
consuming. Once you have chosen a sufficient to answer the questions?
broad topic, you need to have a Are the questions too narrow, or
better understanding of it by does it need to be trimmed down?
reading some more articles, While evaluating the research
journals, and related research question, consider the requirements
studies. Find out how other of the course. How much time are
researchers gathered their data, you given to finish the research?
what research instruments were What resources do you need and are
used, how the data were analyzed, they available?
and what important findings they
shared. Take note of every relevant Lesson 2: Research Title
research study for future reference.
If you started the topic search (first
step) by doing a literature review, The old saying “never judge a book
the second step is just a by its cover” applies to research
continuation of what you started. A studies no matter how much we say
much deeper discussion of the otherwise. When the title is poorly
literature review will be done in constructed that it does not
accurately describe the objective of
module 3.
your research, it can discredit the
value of the entire research, let
3. Define the problem alone the implication of your
research findings. It is, therefore,
After getting enough information, important that you make your
you may be able to list some research title accurate yet
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captivating. Afterall, the Research
research 26. Capitalize all nouns,
title is the first thing your professor, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
fellow researchers, journal editors, adverbs as well as the first
or reviewers get to see first. Once it letter of the first and last
captures the attention of the words.
readers, they will be enticed to read 7. State in a declarative form,
the entire work and learn something although you may also see
from your research. Learning how to titles in question form from
make your research title create a time to time.
good impression is essential 8. The year the study has been
conducted should not be
Basic Guidelines in Making a indicated unless it is a
Research Title historical study.
9. Use current terminology.
A research study title is 10. Depending on the
the very first thing a reader
institutional requirements, 5
comes across when searching for
to15 words are sufficient to
scientific literature. It is a concise
describe the research study.
description of the content of the
11. Use the common name
research study containing the
instead of chemical formula
fewest possible words, yet
adequate to describe the (e.g., Ammonium instead of
contents of the paper for a NH4) 12. Write and italicize
simple reason that we do not full scientific names.
want to mislead the readers. 12. Make sure to reflect the tone
After conceptualizing a most of the paper. An academic
probable research topic, drafting research paper has title
the title early in the research which is not casual, or
process helps in keeping your informal, or does not contain
focus on the subject. The humor.
following are the basic guidelines
in making a research study title: The following steps can guide
you in writing your research title:
1. Use an accurate description
of the subject and scope of 1. Determine what it is that you wish to
the study instead of using accomplish or know from your
general terms. study. Write one to two sentences
2. Do not use abbreviations to state the main objectives of your
except for commonly known research project.
ones like DNA and ICT. 2. Include important keywords and
3. Do not include words like variables. Revise the sentences
“The study of,” “Analysis of,” into one complete sentence that
“An investigation of” or includes important keywords and
similar construction as these variables of the study.
would only lengthen the title. 3. Shorten the title by eliminating
4. Include the main dependent unnecessary words. You may also
and independent variables. shrink a phrase into a simpler
5. Be mindful of the proper use phrase or a single word. In doing
of grammar and punctuation. this, make sure that the main
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thought of the researchResearch
study is 2paper. At the end of this lesson,
retained. you should be able to describe
4. Correct grammar and punctuation the background of research and
errors if there is any. will learn what salient
5. Observe proper formatting. The information should be included in
format may vary according to the the background of the study
requirements of the course or segment of your paper.
school. Please seek guidance from
your professor.
Background of the
Study
The background of the
study is the part of your paper
Lesson 3: Background of where you inform the reader of
Research the context of the study. When
Reading a well-written we say context, it means the
research title gives the reader an situation or circumstances within
insight of what the research which your research topic was
study is all about. Although it conceptualized. Ideally, this
captures the main point of the part is written when you have
study, it does not sufficiently already conducted a literature
explain all the details of the review and has a good
study. Hence the reader opts to perception of the topic so you
read on for better understanding. can articulate the importance
When introducing your and validity of the research
study to the readers, you must problem. It is also in this part of
bridge the gap from what is the paper where you justify the
known to what is unknown. need to conduct a research study
Establishing the importance of about the topic selected by
finding the answer to the establishing the research gap.
question makes the reader feel
the need to answer such A research gap
question. Thus, it makes the
research project more is an under or unexplored area
meaningful and valuable. of a topic that requires further
Choosing a sound exploration. The gap can be in a
research topic entails a form of other variables,
considerable amount of time, conditions, population,
focus, and preliminary research. methodology, or test subject. To
Before a topic is finalized, you identify research gaps, an
may have read and evaluated exhaustive literature review
the question many times and regarding the topic is required.
even consulted professionals or You may have to look for similar
instructors to ensure its validity or related studies employing
and feasibility. How you relay to quantitative, qualitative, or
the reader the implication of the mixed methods from legitimate
research problem formulated is sources and examine the gray
what constitutes the background areas. Reading through the
of the study section of your Discussion, Conclusion, or the
 Practical
Recommendations Research
sections of 2
the articles will help you know
potential areas of study that Lesson 4: Reasearch
need further attention.
Identifying research gaps Questions
sometimes would even make
researchers modify their
research problem as they get Nature of
noteworthy ideas from fellow Quantitative
researchers.
Research Problem
While both the Background of
the Study and the Review of
Related Literature involve Once we encounter
reading past related studies, uncertainty, being
they differ in some aspects. The inquisitive, we always find
former is at the introductory part ways for answers or solution.
of the paper with the purpose of
relaying the importance of your
Ignited by interest, curiosity,
research study; the latter is more or need, we always find
comprehensive and thoroughly ourselves pondering about
discusses the studies mentioned the current problem we are
in the background of research. facing. When we are thinking
Moreover, the background of the and behaving this way, we
study answers the following are then confronted by a
questions:
1. What is already known
problem that can be a source
about the topic? of a research problem.
2. What is not known about
the topic? A research
3. Why do you need to problem is simple as a
address those gaps? problem you would like to
4. What is the rationale of research. Quantitative
your study? Research Problem deals
While answering these
questions, keep in mind that the
more with the precision and
studies you include in this part of specificity of the problem.
the paper are laid down as part Furthermore, the
of the introduction and should quantitative research
not be discussed in great detail. problem describes trends
The depth and length of the and patterns of a
background information largely phenomenon.
depend on how much information
you think the reader needs to
know to have a full grasp of the When you have
topic being discussed. identified your quantitative
research problem, you can
now state it and make sure
to establish its place in your
 Practical
Research
study. In your written paper, 2even your current situation
this can be found as as a student-researcher. Is
Statement of the Problem, the research problem
where it formally introduces possible? Will it not spend
the problem that you want to unreasonable amount?
investigate or address. By Consider these examples:
this time, you can start “How do parents feel about
specifying what you want to the blended learning
answer in your study. modality for elementary
learners?” and “How would
Research Problem and Research giving each learner their
Questions own laptop to be used in this
blended learning modality
The research questions affect their performance
help clarify and specify the tasks?” The first example is
research problem. They are definitely a more feasible
also considered as sub- research question.
problems of your research Considering the resources, it
problem and are informative is more possible to gather
in nature. They specify the the data needed to answer
method of collecting and the question.
analyzing data, and the type
of data to be collected when Clear. The clarity of how
exploring a quantitative the questions are stated lead
research problem. to agreement of meaning of
the readers of your study.
Characteristics of Good Since your research
questions are also
Research Questions considered as the main focus
Once you have already in the gathering and
enumerated your research analyzing the data, it is
questions for your study, it is therefore very important
important that you consider that these are stated clearly.
its quality to answer and
explain your research Significant. Ask if your
problem. The following are research questions are
good characteristics of relevant or important to ask.
research questions, as Will answering these
described by Fraenkel and questions provide an
Wallen (2020). additional contribution to
address the given research
Feasible. Consider the problem? In other words, are
amount of time, energy, the research questions really
money, respondents, and worth investigating?
 Practical
At this point, Research
you do 2answer the following
not just consider the time research questions: (1) What
and money that you will are the different learning
spend, but more importantly, delivery modes of the
the value of what you are school? (2) What are the
trying to investigate. So various learning styles of the
aside from the reason that students? (3) Is there a
your chosen research significant relationship
problem is within your between the different
interest, you should also learning delivery modes of
provide a sound justification the school and the learning
of your choice as a styles of its students?
researcher.
Notice that a general
Ethical. Always consider problem was presented first.
the welfare of people, Then it was followed by the
animals or whosoever are specific questions considered
involved in your study. Look as research questions of the
into ways of answering the study.
research questions without
inflicting physical and In stating quantitative
psychological harm to research questions, you
persons involved. should also consider the
design of your quantitative
Formulating Research Questions research. Quantitative
research designs will be
Research questions elaborated in Module 4. For
can be generally classified the purpose of writing your
into two: general and research question, here’s a
specific. The general quick guide of research
question of the study is questions for descriptive
derived from the research research, correlational
problem while the specific
research, Ex Post Facto
research, Experimental, and
questions are anchored on
Quasi-experimental
the general research problem.
research.
For example:
Research Questions for
This study aims to
Descriptive Research
determine the relationship
between the types of focus on observing,
learning delivery mode and describing, and reporting
students’ learning styles. factors or aspects of the
Furthermore, it seeks to research problem. Phrases
 Practical
such as Research
how 2 the type of social
often/frequently, how media used and the
many/much, what is/are, to level digital literacy of
what extent/degree, and the students?
likes are used in these
questions. For example, you Research Questions for Ex Post
study the use of social media Facto Research
among Senior High School
Students, you can ask the attempt to identify the
following questions: causes of the phenomenon
in the context of your
What are the various social research problem. It is also
media platforms used by Senior assumed that no control or
High Students? manipulation of variable has
been done in order to cause
How many hours students the effect. It is also
spend on social media per day? understood that the cause of
the problem already exists
Research Questions for before you conducted your
Correlational Research study. For example, ex post
aim to determine the facto study on family
relationships among two or background and digital
more variables in your literacy of students, the
research problem. following questions can be
Correlational research asked:
questions usually begin with
the phrases “Is there a Is there a difference in
significant relationship...” or the literacy level of
“What is the relationship students between their
between/among...”. In the cultural and
study of use of social media educational family
and level of digital literacy of background?
students following questions
can be asked: Research Questions for
Experimental and Quasi-
What is the experimental Research
relationship between
the length of hours suggest that answers
spent on social media to these questions are
and level of digital brought about by
literacy of students? manipulation or control of a
certain variable during the
Is there a significant conduct of the study. These
relationship between questions provide
 Practical
explanation to theResearch
causal 2population or participant,
relationship of variables. The and timeline.
following research questions
can be asked on studies on Delimitation
elementary student’s cites factors of your study
remedial sessions and that are not included or
academic performance of excluded or those you will
students: not deal in your study.

Is there a significant
difference in the In this section of your
posttest scores of the research paper, you may
control group and also state the reasons why
experimental group? you did not include the
variables. A clearly written
scope and delimitation of the
Lesson 5: Scope and study will make it definitely
Delimitation easier to answer questions
which are related or not
Scope and Delimitation related to your study.

Components of Scope and

In doing research study, we Delimitation
make sure that we have
certainty and reasons for In writing the scope and
drawing the inclusion and delimitation of your study,
exclusion of research you are also asking the basic
variables. We do not write profile questions of your
for the sake of writing the research. The following are
parts of the research paper, the components of the scope
such as setting the scope and delimitation of the study
and delimitation of your but not limited to:
study. It is important
because it draws the Topic of the Study. What are
boundary of your study. the variables to be included and
Without doing so, research excluded?
procedures and results will
not be coherent to the goal
Objectives or Problems to
of your study.
be Addressed. Why are you
doing this study?
Scope
specifies the coverage of
your study such as variables, Time Frame. When are you
going to conduct this study?
 Practical
Research 2
Locale of the Study. Where
are you going to gather your Lesson 5: Scope and
data? Delimitation of the Study
Getting this far means you have
Characteristics of the already completed the first part
Respondents. Who will be of the research paper. The next
your respondents? step is to present your
Statement of the Problem. The
Method and Research following topics were already
Instruments. How are going to discussed and practiced, so it is
collect the data? time to present your output for
this Module.

Research Title
Difference between Delimitation
Background of the Research
and Limitation of the Study
Research Questions
Scope and Delimitation of the
The delimitation of
Study
the study describes the
Significance of the St
various limitations that arose
Beneficiaries (if applicable)
during the design and
conduct of the study. Along
the way of conducting your
study, you will encounter
limitations which you have
not drawn before you start –
these are the delimitations
of study. Most of the
delimitations arose from the
applicability or usefulness of
the findings of the study to
the current problem.

Variables not included

in your study are also
determined by delimitation
of your study. While on the
other hand, limitation of the
study are those variables
included in your study.
Hence, limitation of the
study is actually the
identified scope of the study.