VELAGAPUDI RAMAKRISHNA SIDDHARTHA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

Deemed to be University
(Under Section 3 of UGC Act 1956)

ENGINEERING WORKSHOP MANUAL

(Common to all branches of Engineering)

I/IV B.TECH I & II SEMESTER

Name
Register Number
Branch
Section
 CONTENTS

S.No. Name of the Experiment Page No.

1 Preface
2 Acknowledgement
3 Lab Objectives & Guidelines to the students
4 University Syllabus
5 Index
6 Electrical workshop practice exercises
7 Stair case/Two way/Godown switching/Fan connection
8 3 phase distribution board with fuse,MCB,Two way
switches,light indicator,Fan regulator
9 Measurement devices - Multimeters
10 Electronics workshop practice exercises
11 Familiarization of Electronic components:
Capicitors,resistances ets.
12 Preparation of a simple calling bell circuit and testing its
operation
13 Computer science workshop practice exercises
14 Hardware components of a Desktop system
15 Pherpheral installation
16 Basics of IOT
17 Measuring Temperature & Humidity
18 Measuring Distance
19 Modern Manufacturing methods
Demonstration of 3D printing process
 PREFACE

The engineers can create a new kind of civilization, based on technology, where art,
beauty and finer things of life are accepted as everyone’s due. Engineers, whatever be their
line of activity, must be proficient with all aspects of manufacturing. However, it should not
be forgotten that practice without theory is blind and the theory without practice is lame. A
person involved in acquiring manufacturing skills must have balanced knowledge of theory
as well as practice. Thus, workshop practice is a study and practices of the scientific
principles underlying the art of manufacture- an important subject when one considers that it
is the skill in manufacturing activity that makes a better standard of living.

This manual is written to meet the objectives of the training courses in “Engineering
Workshop Laboratory” for the first year students of Computer science, Civil, Mechanical,
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Electronics and Communication and Information
Technology branches. It imparts basic knowledge of various tools and their use.
Lab Objective
To impart hands-on practice on basic engineering trades and skills.

Guidelines to the Students

All staff and students who undertake work in the workshop and laboratories must take reasonable care
of their own health and safety and the health and safety of others by:

 Taking action to avoid, eliminate or minimize hazards of which they are aware;

 Complying with all occupational health and safety instructions, policies, and procedures
including departmental safety manuals;

 Making proper use of all safety devices and personal protective equipment;

 Complying with the instructions given by emergency response personnel such as building
wardens and first aiders;

 Not will fully placing at risk the health and safety of any other person;

 Seeking information or advice where necessary before carrying out new or unfamiliar work;

 Maintaining dress standards appropriate for the work being done. Appropriate protective
clothing and footwear must be worn at all times;

 Consuming or storing food and drink in designated areas. Food is strictly forbidden in the
workshop or any laboratory.
  All lifting equipment, Including chain blocks, pendanthoist controls, and abbey lifting frames
are to be used by technical staff only unless training and authorization has been approved.

 Being familiar with emergency and evacuation procedures and the location of and if
appropriately trained, in the use of, emergency equipment;

Safe Conduct

 Never adopt a casual attitude in the workshop and always be conscious of the potential
hazards.

 Ensure that personal clothing is suitable to the workshop conditions ,e.g. Safety
Foot wear with steel capping. Thongs or open footwear should not be worn in the workshop
area. Singlets, tank tops or similar clothing are not suitable for wearing in the workshop.

 Always wear eye protection when using power operated hand or machine tools or while
performing physical tests that could lead to eye damage.

 Use protective clothing and devices appropriate to the type of operation being carried out,
giving due consideration to the work being carried out in the vicinity.

 Never run in the workshop or any laboratory.

 Never indulge in reckless behavior in the workshop

 Alwaysexercisecarewhenopeningandclosingdoorsandenteringorleavingtheworkshop.

 Do not carryout any work in isolation in the workshop; ensure that atleast a second person is
within call.

 Do not handle, store or consume food or drink in the workshop.

 Do not store food or drink in are refrigerator, which is used to store workshop materials.

 Do not smoke with in any university building.

 Regardallsubstancesashazardousunlessthereisdefiniteinformationtothecontrary.

 Before any work is carried out in the workshop, permission must be obtained from the
Workshop Supervisor.
 Never undertake any work unless the potential hazards of the operation are known as
precisely as possible, and the appropriate safety precautions are adopted. Any flame
producing activity is not to commence until the immediate area has been cleared of dusts.

 Take additional care when carrying or moving any potentially hazardous material or
substance.
 Keep all fire-escape routes completely clear at all times.
 Index

Academic Year 20 - 20

Date of Signature of
Exp.No. Name of the Experiment Marks/Grade
Conduction the Faculty
Incharge
1

10

11

12
ELECTRICAL WORKSHOP PRACTICE EXERCISES
 HOUSEWIRING
INTRODUCTION

Power is supplied to the domestic installations through, the phase and a neutral, forming
a single phase AC 230V, two wire system. For industrial establishments, power is supplied
through three-phase four-wire system to give 440V. Figure shows the power tapping for
domestic and industrial purposes. The neutral is earthed at the sub-station of the supply.
As a safe practice all single-phase devices such as switches, fuses, etc. are connected to
the live conductor. All electrical conductors and cables are color coded and must be correctly
connected up. Electrical wiring is defined as a system of electrical conductors, components and
apparatusforconveyingelectricalpowerfromthesourcetothepointofuse.Thewiringsystem must be
designed to provide a constant voltage to the load.

Elements of House wiring:

1. Fuses and circuit breakers 7. Main switch

2. Electrical switch 8. Incandescent light
3. Plug
4. Socket outlet
5. Lamp holder
6. Ceiling rose
Wires and wire sizes:
A wire is defined as a bare or insulated conductor consisting of one or several
strands. An insulated wire consists of a conductor (Silver/Copper/Aluminum) with insulating
material made of vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) or Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC). Wire sizes
are specified by the diameter of the wire, using a standard wire gauge (SWG), which also
gives an idea of the current carrying capacity. The specification consists of both the number
of strands and diameter of each wire in it. For Example, the specification3/18PVCconsistsof3
strands of 18 gauge each.
Various systems of wiring:
1. Cleat wiring
2. CTS/TRS wiring (Captyer sheathed/Tough rubber sheathed wiring)
3. Wooden casing &capping wiring
4. Lead sheathed wiring
5. Conduit wiring
6. PVC casing & capping
Wiring methods:
1. Series circuit
2. Parallel circuit
Fundamentals of Electricity:
Electricity: Electricity is a form of energy, which cannot be seen. But can be felt and effects like
magnetic effect, heating effect and chemical effect.
Voltage: It is a pressure which makes the electricity to flow. The unit of measure is Volt. The
symbol used is ‘V’. The instrument used to measure is Voltmeter
Current: The free flow of electrons is called as current. The unit to measure current is
‘Ampere’. The symbol is ‘A’. The instrument used to measure the current is Ammeter.
Resistance: It is opposition to current. The unit of resistance is ‘Ohm’. The symbol of ohm is
Ω. The resistance is measured by Ohmmeter.
Watt: It is the rate of doing work, when potential difference across the current is of Volt and
current flowing is ampere per second. The energy consumed is of Watt.
1000Watts =1Unit
746 Watts=1HP
The following are the formulae for calculation.
Voltage, V = IR
Current, I = V / R
Resistance, R = V2 /P
Wattage,P=VI=V2/R
House Wiring Tools:
Combination Pliers: Used for holding, twisting or cutting of wires
Side cutting Pliers: Used for Cutting at narrow places or ordinary places for removing
insulation
Round Nose Pliers or Flat Nose Pliers: Used for holding, twisting or joining the wire at narrow
places.
Firmer Chisel: Used for chipping, scrapping and grooving the wood
Cold chisel: Used for chipping, Boring and channeling in walls.
Tenon saw or backsaw: Used for cutting wooden boards, wooden blocks, etc.
Hacksaw : Used for cutting conduit GI pipes or mild steel.
Mallet: Used as a hammer and made of wood.
Double blade electric knife: It has two blades, one for removing insulation of wires and another
for cleaning the wires.
Soldering Iron: Used to solder small joint terminals.
Poker: Used for making pilot holes for fixing woodscrews.
Line Tester: Used for testing the current.
Royal Plug Tool: It is made of steel and is used for making holes in the stone wall or concrete
wall for fiber made Royal plugs
Screwdriver: Used for loosening, tightening and to keep the screw sin position.
Ball Peen Hammer: Used for fitting nails in the walls or wooden boards.
Instructions:

1. When closing the electric switch, always grasp the switch by the insulated handle.
2. Do no trun too many electrical items from one point.
3. Use fuses and circuit breakers of proper capacity, so as to interrupt the current before
it becomes dangerous.
4. Disconnect the units to be repaired free from power supply and make sure that they might
not be energized while the repair work continues.
5. Do not pour water to put-off fires in electric wires and electric equipment. You will be
subjected to electric shock or you will be electrocuted. Use sand to put-off fires in electric
items.
6. Whenever there is power failure, put-off the power supply to all equipment, in order to
prevent spontaneous recovery.
7. Never remove a plug from an outlet by pulling cord. Always pull by holding the plug.
8. While testing always keep one hand in your pocket. If the hands are in contact with a circuit,
current will flow across your body and is more dangerous.
9. Electricity has no respect for ignorance. Do not apply voltage or turn-on any device until it
has been properly checked.
10. Check earth connection before switching on portable equipment.
EXPNO:1 STAIRCASE WIRING

Aim:
To wire for a staircase arrangement using a two-way switch.

Tool Required:
1. Screw driver 2.Hammer 3.Pliers 4.Linetester

Components Required:
1. Two-ways witches 2. Bulb holders 3.Bulbs
4. Joint clips 5. Wires 6. Screws
7. Ceiling rose 8. Switch board

Procedure:
1. Mark switch and bulb location points and draw lines for wiring on the wooden Board.
2. Place wires along the lines and fix them with the help of clips.
3. Fix the two-way switches and bulb holder in the marked position on the wooden Board.
4. Complete the wiring as per the wiring diagram.
5. Test the working of the bulbs by giving electric supply to the circuit.

Theory:

A two switch is installed near the first step of the stairs. The other two way switch is
installed at the upper part where the stair ends. The light point is provided between first and last
stair at an adequate location and height if the lower switch switches on the light. The switch at
the top or vice versa can switch it off. Two number of two way switches are used for the purpose.
The supply is given to the switch at the short circuited terminals. The connection to the light
point is taken from the similar short circuited terminal of the second switch; other two
independent terminals of each circuit are connected through cables.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM--STAIRCASE WIRING

N 60Watts Lamp

1,
230V
50Hz
AC

FUSE

P 10 A

TWOWAYSWITCH-1 TWOWAYSWITCH-2

TABULATION

SWITCH POSITION LAMP

CONDITION
SWITCH-1 SWITCH-2

OFF OFF OFF

ON OFF ON
OFF ON ON
ON ON OFF

Precautions:

1. Before giving the supply, thoroughly check the connections as per the circuit.

2. Avoid loose and wrong connections.

Result: The stair case wiring is completed and tested.

Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

EXPNO:2 GODOWN WIRING

Aim:
To prepare a godown wiring circuit.

Tool Required:
1. Screw driver 2.Hammer 3.Pliers 4.Linetester

Components Required:
1. Two-way switches -2no.s 2. Bulb holders -3no.s 3.Bulbs - 3no.s
4. One ways witch -1 no.s 5. Wires 6. 10 amps fuse

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM GODOWN WIRING

Procedure:
1. Draw the plan of the circuit diagram on the board with a piece of chalk.
2. Fix the switches on the board and give the connections.
3. Place the incandescent lamps in their holders and give the supply to the circuit.
4. Switch on the switches in a scheme and observe the lamps that glow as per the circuit.

Theory:
The circuit in a ling corridor or godown meets the requirement of the person. When the
person enters corridor from one end and can put on light L1 from switch S1.when he reaches the
switch (S2) in a corridor or the second room in a godown he can put on the respective room‟s light
L2 and simultaneously he can turn off the previous light L1 in that single operation. Similarly this
process is continuous up to the end light of the corridor or godown.This process of lighting up the
present lamp and putting off the previous lamp is carried from the last light to the first light in the
circuit. The main disadvantage of this system is 1. The operation should be carried in a sequence
only i.e. from the beginning switch to the ending switch then from the ending switch to the
beginning switch only. 2. Under any circumstances if the switch S1 is kept in off position
intermediately, the entire system will be turned into off or the circuit will become dead.

TABULATION

S.No SPST SPDT1 SPDT2 Bulb 1 Status B Bulb 2 Status Bulb 3 Status
1 ON Position 1 Position 2
2 ON Position 1l Position 2
3 ON Position 1l Position 21

Precautions:

1. Before giving the supply, thoroughly check the connections as per the circuit.

2. Avoid loose and wrong connections.

Result: The Godown wiring is completed and tested.

Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

EXPNO:3 FAN CONNECTION

Aim:
To prepare a fan connection circuit.

Tool Required:
1. Screw driver 2.Hammer 3.Pliers 4.Linetester

Components Required:
1. Ceiling Fan-1 no.s 2. One ways witch -1 no.s 3.ceiling rose
4. One ways witch -1 no.s 5. Wires 6.Regulator 7.10 amps fuse

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR FAN CONNECTION

Theory:

The rotation mechanism of the ceiling fan is built in way so as to attract the warm air upwards. As
the hot air rises up, the blades of the fan slice this air and push it down. This being a continuous
process causes the air in the room to circulate in the entire room. Thus, a ceiling fan only moves the
air around. Contrary to the common belief, fans do not exactly cool. Rather they speed up the
process of evaporation of sweat on our body, which naturally makes us feel ‘cool’

The ceiling fan has a motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. First, the
capacitor of the ceiling fan torques up the electric motor, thereby causing it to start and run. As the
electrical current reaches the motor, it enters coils of wire that are wrapped around a metal base.
When this current passes through the wire, it creates a magnetic field which further exerts force in a
clockwise motion. In this way, the electric energy is converted into mechanical energy and causes
the motor coils to spin. The blades attached to the motor also start gaining motion with the spinning
of the coils.

Precautions:

1. Before giving the supply, thoroughly check the connections as per the circuit.

2. Avoid loose and wrong connections.

Result: The Fan connection is completed and tested.

Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

EXPNO: 4

3 PHASE DISTRIBUTION BOARD WIRING DIAGRAM

Aim : To understand the three phase distribution wiring system

This diagram shows how to make 3 phase distribution board wiring diagram. In this circuit, we use
some MCCB ( Molded Case Circuit Breaker ), and three indicator lights. First, we need to connect
the main MCCB to a power source, then connect all MCCB and indicator lights to the power
source.

Components needed For this Project:

1. MCCB 100A
2. Indicator Light 220v AC
 MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE, CURRENT USING DIGITAL METERS

Digital multimeters are measuring instruments that can measure quantities such as voltage,
current, and resistance. Measured values are shown on a digital display, allowing them to be
read easily and directly, even by first-time users. Some digital multimeters select the
measurement range automatically, eliminating the need to choose it manually. Consequently,
these instruments are comparatively easy to use, even for beginners. Naturally, analog
testers also offer advantages, for example in terms of the ease with which changes in the
measured value during measurement can be read and the intuitive ease with which a needle can
be viewed in locations where a digital reading might be difficult to see.
Since both digital multimeters and analog testers have advantages, you can choose the
instrument that’s best for your application by clarifying what you wish to measure.
Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

ELECTRONICS WORKSHOP PRACTICE
EXERCISES
EXPNO:1 FAMILIARIZATION OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS

RESISTORS:

Resistor is defined as a passive electrical component with two terminals that are used for either
limiting or regulating the flow of electric current in electrical circuits. The main purpose of resistor
is to reduce the current flow and to lower the voltage in any particular portion of the circuit. It is
made of copper wires which are coiled around a ceramic rod and the outer part of the resistor is
coated with an insulating paint. The SI unit of resistor is Ohm. (Ω)

Symbol of resistor is
Resistor color code table:

CAPACITORS:

A capacitor is a two-terminal electrical device that can store energy in the form of an electric
charge. It consists of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance. The space between
the conductors may be filled by vacuum or with an insulating material known as a dielectric. The
ability of the capacitor to store charges is known as capacitance. The basic unit of capacitance is
Farad. But, Farad is a large unit for practical tasks. Hence, capacitance is usually measured in the
sub-units of Farads, such as micro-farads (µF) or pico-farads (pF).

Symbol of capacitor is
Types of capacitors:

DIODES:
A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts electricity primarily in one direction.
It has high resistance on one end and low resistance on the other end. Diodes are used to protect
circuits by limiting the voltage and to also transform AC into DC. Semiconductors like silicon and
germanium are used to make the most of the diodes. Even though they transmit current in a single
direction, the way with which they transmit differs. There are different kinds of diodes and each
type has its own applications.

Symbol of diode is:

Types of diodes:

SWITCHES:

A Switch is a device which is designed to interrupt the current flow in a circuit. In simple words, a
Switch can make or break an electrical circuit. Every electrical and electronics application uses at
least one switch to perform ON and OFF operation of the device. So, switches are a part of the
control system and without it, control operation cannot be achieved. A switch can perform two
functions, namely fully ON (by closing its contacts) or fully OFF (by opening its contacts). When
the contacts of a switch are closed, the switch creates a closed path for the current to flow and
hence load consumes the power from source. When the contacts of a switch are open, no power will
be consumed by the load.
Basically, Switches can be of two types. They are: Mechanical & Electronic.

Mechanical Switches are physical switches, which must be activated physically, by moving,
pressing, releasing, or touching its contacts.

Electronic Switches, on the other hand, do not require any physical contact in order to control a
circuit. These are activated by semiconductor action. The electronic switches are generally called as
Solid State switches because there are no physical moving parts and hence no physical contacts.
Most of the appliances are controlled by semiconductor switches such as motor drives. There are
different types of solid state switches are available in todays consumer, industrial and automotive
market with different sizes and ratings. Some of these solid state switches include dides, transistors,
SCRs, MOSFETs, TRIACs and IGBTs.
Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

EXPNO:2 PREPARATION OF A SIMPLE CALLING BELL CIRCUIT
BOARD AND TESTING ITS OPERATION

Aim: To prepare a PCB the following are the main steps

a) Acquire/Design the Circuit
b) Preparation of "Artwork" (Schematic capture & PCB layout)
c) Transferring the artwork onto copper clad board
d) Etching Process
e) Drilling

A PCB is a thin board made of fiberglass, composite epoxy, or other laminate material.
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet
layers of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both
electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.
When a PCB has no components installed, it is less ambiguously called a printed wiring
board (PWB) or etched wiring board. However, the term "printed wiring board" has fallen into
disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components is called a printed circuit
assembly(PCA), printed circuit board assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). In informal usage,
the term "printed circuit board" most commonly means "printed circuit assembly" (with
components).
a) Acquiring the Circuit
Suppose our intention is to prepare a PCB for Simple Calling Bell and assume that our circuit
diagram is ready.

Circuit Diagram:
b) Preparation of "Artwork" (Schematic capture & PCB layout)

Modern PCBs are designed with dedicated layout software, generally in the following steps:
1. Schematic capture through an electronic design automation (EDA) tool. Ex. Eagle, Kicad,
Proteus etc.
2. Card dimensions and template are decided based on required circuitry and case of the
PCB.
3. The positions of the components and heat sinks are determined.
4. Components are placed. Thermal considerations and geometry are taken into
account. Vias and lands are marked.
5. Signal traces are routed. Electronic design automation tools usually create clearances and
connections in power and ground planes automatically.
6. Gerber files are generated for manufacturing.
We can get artwork of our circuit through above steps by using any automation tool. (we used
the tool proteus-8 professional)

3. Transferring the artwork onto copper clad board

There are several methods to transfer the artwork onto copper clad board. They are Heat
transferring method, Chemical reaction method (acetone & alcohol), Laser Method, and the
another one is screen printing method. Laser method and Screen Printing methods are preferable
for bulk production. If any non transferred lines are shown, then grab a permanent marker and
draw the lines.
4. Etching Process
Etching is traditionally the process of a selective removal of material from the surface of a
copper clad board by means of the chemical action of an etchant (or etching agent). Etching
usually removes the copper areas which are not designed on the finished PCB. Chemical
etching is done with the etchants ammonium persulfate or ferric chloride.
Ammonium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula (NH4)2S2O8.
Ferric chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula (FeCl 3).

1. Boil approx. 500 ml of water in an utensil for 5-10 minutes or use kettle.
2. Take etchant (FeCl3) of 30-50grms for the water of 500ml in the small plastic container
(usually square shaped tray is preferable).
3. Now pour the boiled water in ferric chloride.
4. Dip the screen printed copper clad board into the etchant mixed boiled water.
5. keep checking for every 5 min. whether the copper is removed or not in the non resistive
area and gently shake the tray.
6. During checking process, hold the board with tweezers/foreseps. (not with hands).
7. If the copper is completely removed at the unwanted area then the etching process is almost
completed.
8. Bring out the board using tweezers and wash it with clean water and make sure that the
chemical is completely cleared. Remove the color/toner by scrubbing with a steel
wool/scrubber. Now our PCB is ready to use for next step.
5. Drilling
Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with drill bits made of solid coated tungsten carbide.
Coated tungsten carbide is used because board materials are abrasive. High-speed-steel bits
would dull quickly, tearing the copper and ruining the board. Two types are machines are used.
one is Electric drill machine and the other is Hand drill machine.
Required items for Soldering:
 25Wt. Soldering Iron with stand
 Lead
 Flux
 Printed Circuit Board
 Electronic Components (now in our case - LED)
 AC Supply
b) Identifying the components and testing the circuit
Circuit Diagram:

Components used in the Circuit:

Component Description Value
SW Switch Push button type
C Electrolytic Capacitor 100µF/25v
R1 1/2 Wt Carbon film Resister 1KΩ
RV Variable Resistor (Preset) 100 KΩ
Q1 Transistor BC547(NPN)
R2 Carbon film Resister 1KΩ, 1/2 Wt
R3 Carbon film Resister 1KΩ, 1/2 Wt
Q2 Transistor BC557(PNP)
R4 Carbon film Resister 100Ω, 1/2 Wt
U1 Integrated Circuit (I.C.) UM66/BT66
R5 Carbon film Resister 1KΩ, 1/2 Wt
Q3 Transistor (NPN) BC547/2N2222
R6 Carbon film Resister 47Ω, 1/2 Wt
SP Loud Speaker 8Ω, 5Wt
L Light Emitting Diode (LED) 2mm, Red
Vcc Voltage Source (AA cell pair) +3 volts
Gnd Ground 0 volts
Physical appearance & Pin configuration of Components:

Circuit Operation:

When the push button is pressed, the BC547 switches ON and continues to conduct even after
the switch is released due to the stored energy inside the 100uF capacitor.

The BC557 transistor responds to this and also switches ON supplying the required 3V potential
to the attached IC, which now begins buzzing with the embedded piece of programmed tune.

The musical signal from the IC is forwarded to the next amplifier power transistor which
instantly amplifies the music signals driving the connected speaker with a loud musical Calling
bell sound.
The music continues only as long as the 100uF capacitor is able to sustain, and the music stops
as soon as the 100uF is completely discharged.

The 100k preset may be set as per the user preference for enabling the desired length of the
musical tune in response to every push of the bell button.
Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

COMPUTER SCIENCE WORKSHOP PRACTICE
EXERCISES
 HARDWARE COMPONENTS OF A DESKTOP SYSTEM

What is Computer Hardware?

Computer hardware is a physical device of computers that we can see and touch. For
e.g. Monitor, Central Processing Unit, Mouse, Joystick, etc. Using these devices, we can control
computer operations like input and output.
Computer Hardware Parts
These hardware components are further divided into the following categories, which are:
1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Devices
4. Internal Components
1. Input Devices
Input devices are those devices with the help of which the user interacts with the computer. Or, In
other words, with the help of input devices, the user enters the data or information into the
computer. This information or data is accepted by the input devices and converted into a
computer-acceptable format, which is further sent to the computer system for processing.
Now we discuss some input devices:
 Keyboard: It is the most common and main input device for computers. The data is inputted
by typing on the keyboard. It consists of 104 keys in total. It contains numeric keys, alphabet
keys, and different function keys as well. Earlier, it was connected to the computer via cable,
now as technology has advanced, you can connect a keyboard using Bluetooth.
 Mouse: A mouse is a kind of pointing device which is rolled over to control the cursor on the
screen and it has functional keys like left, middle, and right buttons. Using these functional
keys, on by the click of which an object is selected or to open a file by just a click of a mouse.
It also consists of a sensor inside which notifies its speed to the computer and according to
which the cursor is moved on the screen.
 Scanner: As the name suggests, it scans images, documents, etc., and converts them into
digital form and that can be further edited and used. It works just like a Xerox machine.
 Track Ball: It is a device much like an upside-down mouse. It does not use much space for
movement like a mouse. As the trackball remains stationary and the user moves the ball in
various directions, it affects the screen movements directly.
 Light Pen: It is a light-sensitive device and it is touched to the CRT screen where it can detect,
a raster on the screen as it passes by and, with the help of this user can draw anything like
lines, figures, or any objects.
 Microphone: It is a kind of voice input system that can be attached to a computer system to
record sounds. It converts human speech or voice into electrical signals. This electrical signal
is processed by the computer and the word is recognized.
 Optical Character Reader: It is used to detect alphanumeric characters that are written or
printed on paper using a low-frequency light source. This light is absorbed by the dark areas
and reflected by the light areas, now this reflected light is received by the photocells. It is like
a scanner.
 Bar Code Reader: It is used to read bar codes and convert them into electric pulse which will
further processed by the computer. Here, the barcode is data that is coded into white and black
lines(or light and dark lines).
2. Output Devices
These are the devices that are used to display the output of any task given to the computer in
human-readable form.
Now we discuss some output devices:
 Monitor: The monitor is the main output device. It is also called VDU(visual display unit) and
it looks like a TV screen. The Monitor displays the information from the computer. It is used
to display text, video, images, etc.
 Printer: A printer is an output device that transfers data from the computer in a printed format
by using text or images on paper. There are both colored and black & white printers. Further,
there are also different types of printers, like Laser Printer, Dot-matrix printers, and Inkjet
printers.
 Plotter: It is similar to a printer but potters are large in size. A plotter is used to generate large
drawings, architectural blueprints, etc. on paper and these are high-quality images and
drawings and large in size.
 Speakers: It is a very common output device and it gives sound as an output. Speaker is
generally used to play music or anything having sound.
3. Storage Devices
There are some devices that are used for storage purposes and are known as secondary storage
devices. Some of them were discussed below:
1. CD (Compact disc): A CD is circular in shape and made up of thin platted glass and plastic
polycarbonate material. It has a storage capacity of 600 MB to 700 MB of data. It has a standard
size of 12 cm with a hole in the center of about 1.5 cm and 1.2 mm in thickness. There are
basically 3 types of CDs, which are:
 CD-ROM (CD – Read Only Memory): Contents of this type of CD cannot be erased by the
user. Only the publisher is allowed to access the data imprinted on this CD. CD-ROM is
basically used for commercial purposes like for a music album or any application package by
a software company.
 CD-R (CD-Recordable): In this, content or data can be stored once. After that, they can be
read many times but the data or content cannot be rewritten or erased. (Kind of one-time use)
 CD-RW(CD-Rewritable): As the name suggests, this type of CD is used to rewrite the content
or erase previous content and again write new content many times.
2. DVD (Digital Video/Versatile Disc): A DVD is the same as a CD but with some more features.
A DVD comes in single and dual-layer formats. It has much greater storage capacity in
comparison to CD. The storage capacity of a DVD with one-sided single layer is – 4.7 GB, one-
sided double layer – 8.5 GB, double-sided single layer – 9.4 GB, and double-sided double layer –
17 GB. There are also some types in DVDs, which are :
 DVD-ROM: In this type, the contents of the DVD cannot be written on or erased by the
user. DVD ROM is used for applications and database for distributing them in large amounts.
 DVD-R / DVD+R: DVD-R (DVD minus R) and DVD+R (DVD plus R) are two different
kinds of discs and they are once recordable format. Also, they have no difference virtually.
 DVD-RW / DVD+RW: This is a kind of rewritable disc and it allows up to 1,000 rewrites.
 DVD-RAM: DVD RAM is accessed like a hard disk. It provides high data security and
storage capacity. This is a kind of rewritable disc and it allows up to 1,00,000 rewrites.
3. Hard Disk: An hard disk is a non-volatile storage device that uses its read/write heads to store
digital data on a magnetic surface of a rigid plate. It is generally 3.5 inches in size for desktops
and 2.5 inches in size for laptops. A hard disk can be classified further into 3 types, which are:
 Internal Hard Disk: It has a common storage capacity stated as GB or TB. A system case or
cabinet is the place where it is located. It can perform faster operations and its storage is fixed.
It is mainly used to store large data files and programs.
 Internal Cartridges: The Internal hard disk can’t be removed from the system cabinet easily.
To resolve this problem Internal Cartridges are introduced. So, Internal cartridges are easy to
remove CDs. It has a storage capacity of 2 GB to 160 GB. It is used as an alternative to an
internal hard disk.
 Hard Disk Packs: It is used by organizations such as banks, and government sector
organizations to store large amounts of data. It has a storage capacity of a range of PB(Peta
Bytes).
Hardware Components
Some important hardware devices known as the internal components are discussed below:
1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
The CPU is also known as the heart of the computer. It consists of three units, generally known as
the control unit, Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU), and the memory unit. Below is the block
diagram of the CPU is given:
As shown in the diagram input is given to the CPU through input devices. This input goes to
memory and the control unit gets instructions from memory. The control unit now decides what to
do with the input or instructions and transfers it to ALU. Now, ALU performs various operations
like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical operations, etc. After that, the final
result gets stored in memory and finally passed to output devices to give the output. So, this is
how the CPU works.
2. Motherboard
It is the main circuit board inside a computer and it contains most of the electronic components
together. All the components of the computer are directly or indirectly connected to
the motherboard. It includes RAM slots, controllers, system chipsets, etc.
3. RAM (Random Access Memory)
It is also known as temporary or volatile memory. It holds the program and data, which are
currently in process or processing. All the data is erased as soon as the computer is turned off or
in case of a power failure. Data stored in this memory can be changed. There are two types of
RAM:-
1. SRAM (Static RAM): SRAM basically consists of a flip-flop using a transistor or Mosfet
(MOS). It is fast and has less access time. In this refreshing circuits are not required. But it is
costly and requires more space. For e.g. cache memory.
2. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): DRAM consists of capacitors and the data is stored in the form of
capacitors. Capacitors charge when data is 1 and don’t charge if data is 0. It requires
refreshing circuits, as leakage of current in the capacitor can occur, so they need to be
 refreshed to the data. It is slower and has a higher access time. It is cheaper in comparison
with SRAM. For e.g. Main memory.
4. Video Graphics Array Port
A video input commonly used on computer monitors is called a video graphics array (VGA) port.
Verifying that there isn’t a loose connection, a damaged cable, or a broken display is one step in
troubleshooting a VGA port. Compressed air can also be sprayed inside the VGA port by a
computer expert to make sure it’s dust-free.
5. Power Supply
All of a computer system’s parts are powered by a power source. Typically, a power cord is used
to connect a computer tower to an electrical outlet. By turning off the computer, unplugging and
separating the power supply cord, or trying a different cord or socket, a technician can diagnose
the power supply.

6. Cooling Fan
A computer’s system to prevent overheating uses cooling fans. To aid customers who use their
computers intensively, such as when streaming video or playing games, many computers contain
more than one cooling fan. If a user detects their computer overheating, a computer expert might
need to repair the cooling fan. The blades may be examined for any damage and cleared of any
foreign objects. A technician’s standard method of troubleshooting may involve replacing
computer fans.
7. Hard Drive
On a computer system, files, programs, and other types of information are stored on hard drives,
which are data storage devices. They utilise hard drives, which are magnetically coated discs used
to store digital versions of information. A computer technician can suspect a corrupt hard disk
when a hard drive dies.
Relationship Between Computer Hardware and Software
 Both the Hardware and software are mutually dependent on each other. Each should function
properly so that the computer produces an output.
 Software utilization can not be done without supporting of the hardware.
 Relevant software should be loaded into the hardware to get the latest software.
 Hardware is a one-time expense while software is not.
 Software development is very expensive while hardware cant be developed if in use once.
 Many software applications and their sub-applications can be loaded on hardware to run
different jobs.
 The software acts as an interface between the user and the hardware.

PERIPHERAL INSTALLATION

What is a computer peripheral, and why is it important?

A computer peripheral, also known as a peripheral device, is an external device that connects to a
computer to expand its capabilities. Peripheral devices are not essential to the functioning of a
computer, but they enhance its functionality. These devices can be input devices, output devices, or
both. Examples of input devices include a keyboard, mouse, scanner, and microphone, while output
devices include a printer, speaker, and display. Other peripherals include storage devices such as
external hard drives and flash drives, and networking devices such as routers and modems.
How do computer peripherals connect to a computer?
Peripheral devices can be connected to a computer through wired or wireless connections. Wired
connections include USB, HDMI, DVI, ethernet, and serial ports. Wireless connections include
Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and infrared. To connect a peripheral device to a computer, the device should be
plugged into the appropriate port on the computer or connected wirelessly. After a peripheral is
connected, drivers may need to be installed to ensure the device functions properly.
What are some common types of computer peripherals?
There are many types of computer peripherals, including input devices, output devices, storage
devices, and networking devices. Common input devices include a keyboard, mouse, scanner,
microphone, and webcam. Output devices include a printer, speaker, and display. Storage devices
include external hard drives, USB flash drives, and SD cards. Networking devices include routers,
modems, and network adapters.
Why might I need multiple peripherals?
You may need multiple peripherals to enhance your computer's functionality. For example, you
may use a keyboard, mouse, and microphone to input data and communicate with others. You may
also use a printer, display, and speakers to output data and enhance the viewing and listening
experience. Additionally, you may need multiple storage devices to store data and transfer it
between different devices. Multiple networking devices may also be necessary to ensure a reliable
internet connection.
 How can I tell if a peripheral is compatible with my computer?
To determine if a peripheral is compatible with your computer, you should check the device's
system requirements and compare them to your computer's specifications. System requirements can
usually be found on the device's packaging or the website. You should ensure that your computer
has the appropriate ports and operating system to support the peripheral device. In addition, you
may need to download drivers or software to ensure the device functions properly with your
computer.
Where can I find drivers for my computer peripherals?
You can find drivers for your computer peripherals on the website. The website may have a support
section where you can search for your device and download the necessary drivers. You can also
check your computer's operating system (OS) updates for driver updates.
What is the difference between a wired and wireless peripheral?
A wired peripheral is connected to a computer through a physical cable, while a wireless peripheral
uses a wireless connection like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi. Wired peripherals offer a reliable and secure
connection but can be less convenient due to the presence of cables. Wireless peripherals offer more
flexibility and convenience but are less secure or reliable due to interference or distance limitations.
How do I set up a new peripheral on my computer?
To set up a new peripheral on your computer, you should first connect the device to the appropriate
port on your computer or establish a wireless connection. After the device is connected, you may
need to download and install drivers or software to ensure the device functions properly. The
installation process may vary depending on the device and the operating system, but the instructions
should be followed carefully. Once the device is set up, you can configure its settings and customize
its functionality to suit your needs.
 BASIC OF INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)

What is IoT? The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—
that are embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet.

 Demonstration of Arduino UNO Board

a. Demonstrate different components and pin configuration of arduino uno board.
b. To set up Arduino IDE for programming.

Description:

Arduino is a prototype platform (open-source) based on an easy-to-use hardware and software. It

consists of a circuit board, which can be programed (referred to as a microcontroller) and a ready-
made software called Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), which is used to write
and upload the computer code to the physical board.

The key features are −

 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and
turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud
and many other actions.

 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller
on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).

 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra piece of
hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You can
simply use a USB cable.

 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to
program.

 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.
1. Digital pins Use these pins with digitalRead(), digitalWrite(), and analogWrite(). analogWrite()
works only on the pins with the PWM symbol.
2. Pin 13 LED The only actuator built-in to your board. Besides being a handy target for your first
blink sketch, this LED is very useful for debugging.
3. Power LED Indicates that your Genuino is receiving power. Useful for debugging.
4. ATmega microcontroller The heart of your board.
5. Analog in Use these pins with analogRead().
6. GND and 5V pins Use these pins to provide +5V power and ground to your circuits.
7. Power connector This is how you power your Genuino when it’s not plugged into a USB port
for power. Can accept voltages between 7-12V.
8. TX and RX LEDs These LEDs indicate communication between your Genuino and your
computer. Expect them to flicker rapidly during sketch upload as well as during serial
communication. Useful for debugging.
9. USB port Used for powering your Genuino Uno, uploading your sketches to your Genuino, and
for communicating with your Genuino sketch (via Serial. println() etc.).
10. Reset button Resets the ATmega microcontroller.
Set up Arduino IDE for programming:

After learning about the main parts of the Arduino UNO board, we are ready to learn how to set up
the Arduino IDE. Once we learn this, we will be ready to upload our program on the Arduino board.

Step 1 − First you must have your Arduino board (you can choose your favorite board) and a USB
cable.

Step 2 − Download Arduino IDE Software.

Step 3 − Power up your board.

Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.

Step 5 − Open your first project.

Step 6 − Select your Arduino board.
Go to Tools → Board and select your board.
Step 7 − Select your serial port.
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools → Port menu. This is likely to be COM3
or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for hardware serial ports). To find out, you can
disconnect your Arduino board and re-open the menu, the entry that disappears should be of the
Arduino board. Reconnect the board and select that serial port.
Step 8 − Upload the program to your board
A − Used to check if there is any compilation error.

B − Used to upload a program to the Arduino board.

C − Shortcut used to create a new sketch.

D − Used to directly open one of the example sketch.

E − Used to save your sketch.

F − Serial monitor used to receive serial data from the board and send the serial data to the board.

Now, simply click the "Upload" button in the environment. Wait a few seconds; you will see the
RX and TX LEDs on the board, flashing. If the upload is successful, the message "Done
uploading" will appear in the status bar.
EXP NO:1 To Measure Temperature and Humidity.
a. Interfacing of temperature and humidity (DHT11) Sersor with arduino uno board
b. Execute the program on Arduino IDE and Display the measured Valuses.

Description:
INTRODUCTION

This DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor features a calibrated digital signal output with the
temperature and humidity sensor capability. It is integrated with a high-performance 8-bit
microcontroller. Its technology ensures the high reliability and excellent long-term stability. single-
wire serial interface system is integrated to become quick and easy. Small size, low power, signal
transmission distance up to 20 meters, enabling a variety of applications and even the most
demanding ones. The product is 3-pin single row pin package. Convenient connection, special
packages can be provided according to users need.

Specification

 Supply Voltage: +5 V

 Temperature range :0-50 °C error of ± 2 °C

 Humidity :20-90% RH ± 5% RH error

 Interface: Digital
Circuit Diagram:

Ardunio Code:
#include "DHT.h"
#define DHTPIN 3 // what pin we're connected to
#define DHTTYPE DHT11 // define type of sensor DHT 11
DHT dht (DHTPIN, DHTTYPE);
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("DHTxx test!");
dht.begin();
}
void loop()
{
delay(2000);
float h = dht.readHumidity();
float t = dht.readTemperature();
float f = dht.readTemperature(true);
if (isnan(h) || isnan(t) || isnan(f))
{
Serial.println("Failed to read from DHT sensor!");
return;}
Serial.print("Humidity: ");
Serial.print(h);
Serial.print(" %\t");
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(t);
Serial.println(" *C ");
}
Output:
Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

EXP NO:2 : To Measure Distance
a. Interfacing of Ultrasonic Sensor with arduino uno board
b. Execute the program on Arduino IDE and Display the measured Values.

Description:

INTRODUCTION

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to determine the distance of an object just like the
bats do. It offers excellent non-contact range detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an
easy-to-use package from 2 cm to 400 cm or 1” to 13 feet.The operation is not affected by sunlight
or black material, although acoustically, soft materials like cloth can be difficult to detect. It comes
complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver module.
Circuit Diagram:

Ardunio Code:
#define trigPin 13
#define echoPin 12
void setup()
{
Serial.begin (9600);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);
}
void loop()
{
long duration, distance;
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
 digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
distance = (duration/2) / 29.1;
if (distance >= 400 || distance <= 0)
{
Serial.println("Out of range");
}
else
{
Serial.println(distance);
Serial.println(" 0.5cm");
}
delay(2000);
}
Output:
Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge

MODERN MANUFACTURING METHODS
 3D PRINTING
What is 3D Printing?

 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects

from a digital file.
 The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive
process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the object is
created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the
eventual object.
 3D printing is the opposite of subtractive manufacturing which is cutting out / hollowing out
a piece of metal or plastic with for instance a milling machine.
 3D printing enables you to produce complex (functional) shapes using less material than
traditional manufacturing methods.

About 3D printing machine

Material used in 3D printing process :
ABS plastic, PLA, polyamide (nylon), glass filled polyamide, stereolithography materials (epoxy
resins), silver, titanium, steel, wax, photopolymers and polycarbonate.

Steps involved in 3D printing process

Step 1 – 3D model creation
First a 3D model of the object is created using CAD (Computer Aided Design) software or a 3D object
scanner
Step 2 – STL file creation
CAD model is converted to a STL file to tessellate the 3D shape and slice it into digital layers
Step 3 – STL file transfer
STL file is then transferred to the printer using custom machine software
Step 4 – Machine set up
Consumables are then loaded and the printer is set-up with printing parameters
Step 5 – Build
Printer builds the model by depositing material layer by layer
Step 6 – Part Removal
Part is then removed from the build platform and its support structure
Step 7 – Post processing
Finally, post processing, such as cleaning, polishing, and painting might be required
Applications: Automotive spare parts, Aviation, Medical applications, Construction, Consumer
products etc

Precautions:
1. Preheating of the bed and the extruders (nozzels) must be done properly.
2. Do not handle the nozzels or bed while the machine is on.
3. Levelling of the Build plat form must be done properly.

MODELS

SPUR GEAR
BOLT & NUT
Observations of the Student:

Signature of the Faculty Incharge