O Level Cambridge Physics 1 hour 11 questions

Theory Questions

2.1 Kinetic Particle

Model of Matter
States of Matter / Particle Model / Temperature & Pressure / Gases & Absolute
Temperature

Easy (3 questions) /23 Scan here to return to the course

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Medium (6 questions) /38

Hard (2 questions) /19

Total Marks /80

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Easy Questions
1 (a) A student draws diagrams that represent three states of matter, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

Box B shows the arrangement of particles in a liquid.

(i) In box A, draw the arrangement of particles in a solid.

[1]

(ii) In box C, draw the arrangement of particles in a gas.

[1]

(2 marks)

(b) Write the correct term for each change of state below each arrow in Fig. 4.2.

Fig. 4.2

(2 marks)

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(c) A wet beaker is in a warm room. After several hours the beaker is dry.

State and explain what happens to the water. Use your ideas about molecules in your
answer.

(3 marks)

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2 (a) When a material is cooled or heated there may be a change of state.

Complete each statement by using words from the box. Each word can be used once,
more than once or not at all.

condensation evaporation freezing melting

The change from solid to liquid is called .....................................

The change from liquid to gas is called .....................................

The change from liquid to solid is called .....................................

The change from gas to liquid is called ..................................... .

(4 marks)

(b) A student heats a gas and keeps its volume constant.

State and explain the effect on the pressure of the gas. In your answer, use your ideas
about molecules.

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 (3 marks)

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3 (a) Define absolute zero.

(2 marks)

(b) Convert the following temperatures

(i) –93 °C into K

[2]

(ii) 428 K into °C

[2]

(4 marks)

(c) In the list below, draw a ring around the state of matter that is the easiest to expand.

solid liquid gas

(1 mark)

(d) In terms of its molecules, explain why the state of matter ringed in part (c) is the easiest
to expand.

(2 marks)

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Medium Questions
1 (a) Some gas molecules are in a box at room temperature.

Fig. 3.1 shows the position of some of the molecules and the direction of movement of
each molecule.

(i) Describe the movement of the gas molecules.

[2]

(ii) Describe how the molecules exert a pressure on the walls of the box.
[2]

(4 marks)

(b) The gas in Fig. 3.1 is cooled. The gas turns into a liquid then into a solid.

State how the average separation of molecules in the gas is different from the average
separation of molecules in the solid.

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 (1 mark)

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2 (a) Describe the movement of the molecules in

(i) a solid.
[1]
(i) a gas.
[2]

(3 marks)

(b) Extended
A closed box contains gas molecules.

Explain, in terms of momentum, how the molecules exert a pressure on the walls of the
box.

(4 marks)

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3 (a) Fig. 5.1 shows a metal can containing air. The can is sealed with a lid.

The air in the can exerts a pressure of 20 000 N/m2 on the lid. The area of the can lid is
0.09 m2.

Calculate the force on the lid due to the air in the can.

force = ...................................................... N

(3 marks)

(b) The air in the can becomes warmer.

State and explain what happens to the pressure of the air in the can. Use your ideas
about gas molecules.

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 (3 marks)

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 Fig. 4.1 represents an atom.

4 (a) Representing atoms by circles approximately the same size as in Fig. 4.1, sketch

(i) on Fig. 4.2, the arrangement of atoms in a crystalline solid,

[1]

(ii) on Fig. 4.3, the arrangement of atoms in a gas.

[1]

(2 marks)

(b) (i) Describe the motion of the atoms in a solid.

[1]
(ii) A sculptor makes a statue from a block of crystalline rock using a cutting tool.
Explain why he must apply a large force to the tool to remove a small piece of rock.
[2]

(3 marks)

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(c) A helium-filled balloon in the room of a house suddenly bursts.

State and explain, in terms of atoms, what happens to the helium from the balloon after
the balloon has burst.

(2 marks)

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5 (a) Match each description with the correct state of matter in Table 4.1.

Write the correct letter in Table 4.1.

A – Molecules move around freely and are far apart from each other.

B – Molecules vibrate about fixed positions.

C – Molecules move around randomly and are close to each other.

(3 marks)

(b) Some students heat water in a beaker. They measure the temperature every minute.
They heat the water for 8 minutes until it boils, and then continue to heat it for a further
5 minutes.

Describe and explain how the temperature of the water changes during the 13 minutes.

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 (3 marks)

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6 (a) A passenger in an aircraft seals some air inside a plastic bag.

Fig. 3.1

Explain how the particles of air in the bag exert a pressure on the inside of the bag.

(2 marks)

(b) When the bag is closed, the pressure of the air inside the aircraft is 80 kPa and the bag
contains 500 cm3 of air.

(i) When the aircraft is on the ground, the pressure of the air inside the aircraft is 100
kPa.

Calculate the volume of air inside the bag when the aircraft is on the ground.

volume = ................................................... cm3 [2]

(ii) State one assumption that you made in your calculation in (i).

[1]

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 (3 marks)

(c) The point plotted on the graph in Fig. 3.2 shows the initial pressure and volume of the air
inside the bag.

Sketch a line on Fig. 3.2 to show how the volume of the air changes as the pressure
increases.

Fig. 3.2

(2 marks)

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Hard Questions
1 (a) Describe qualitatively, in terms of particles, the effect on the pressure of a fixed mass of
gas in a container when there is:

(i) an increase in temperature at a constant volume

[2]
(ii) an increase in volume at a constant temperature
[2]

(4 marks)

(b) Table 1.1 gives a series of pressures and their corresponding volumes, obtained in an
experiment with a fixed amount of gas. The gas obeys the law for a fixed amount of gas
at a constant temperature.

pressure /
120 240 480 580 1160
kPa
volume / cm3 60 30 15 12.4 6.2

Table 1.1

(i) State the equation linking the pressure and volume at a constant
temperature
[1]
(ii) Determine whether these figures indicate that the temperature was constant
throughout the experiment.
[2]

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 (3 marks)

(c) Air is trapped by a piston in a cylinder. The pressure of the air is 7.1 × 105 Pa. The
distance from the closed end of the cylinder to the piston is 48 mm.

The piston is pushed in until the pressure of the air has risen to 9.0 × 105 Pa.

Calculate how far the piston has moved.

(4 marks)

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2 (a) Fig 1.1 shows the graph showing how the volume changes with pressure for a gas at a
constant temperature

Fig 1.1

Sketch the graph for the same gas at a higher temperature.

(1 mark)

(b) Sketch the graph of

(i) 1
Pressure p against where V is the volume of a gas. Label this X.
V
[2]
(ii) The graph in part (i) but with the gas at a higher temperature. Label this Y.
[1]

(3 marks)

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(c) The piston in Fig 1.2 is pulled out of the cylinder from position A to position B, without
changing the temperature of the air enclosed. Position B is double the length of the
distance between position A and the end of the cylinder. The pressure when the piston is
at position A is 2.5 × 105 Pa.

Calculate the pressure when the piston is moved to position B.

(4 marks)

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