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Utkarsh Phy

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Utkarsh Phy

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dktiwari334
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Amity International School

Physics Project
Topic: To investigate the relation
between the ratio of (i) output and
input voltage and (ii) number of turns
in the secondary coil and primary coil
of a self designed transformer.

Submitted to: Submitted by:


Mr. Suraj Tiwari Utkarsh Pratap Singh
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an electrical device which is
used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both
low and high current circuit. As such
transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that
it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundred of tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one
circuit to another circuit takes place without
the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is
called a step-up transformer. A transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a
step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece
of apparatus both for high and low current
circuits.
PRINCIPLE
A Transformer based on the Principle of
mutual induction according to this principle,
the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
changing, an e.m.f is induced in the
neighbouring coil that is if a varying current
is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is
produced in the neighboring circuit. The
varying current in a circuit produce varying
magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the
neighboring circuit.

CONSTRUCTION
The transformer consists of two coils. They
are insulated with each other by insulated
material and wound on acommon core. For
operation at low frequency, we may have
asoft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by
joining thin ironstrips coated with varnish to
insulate them to reduce energy losses by
eddy currents.The input circuit is called
primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary.
THEORY AND WORKING OF A
TRANSFORMER
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the
primary coil
p1p2, an alternating current starts falling in it.
The altering current in the primary produces a
changing magnetic flux, which induces altering
voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the
magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked
with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to
that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the
e.m.f.’s
induced in the primary and the secondary and
Np and
Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary
coils of
the transformer and
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each
turnoff the coil at this instant,
we have
Ep = -Np dфь/dt
---------------- (1)
Es = -Ns dфь/dt (2)
-----------------
Since the above relations are true at every instant,
so by dividing 2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ---------------(3)
As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f
induced in the primary coil p1, so the
instantaneous current in primary coil is due to
the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous
values of the applied and back e.m.f.
further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then
the instantaneous current Ip in the primary
coil is given by
Ip = E – Ep / Rp
E – Ep = Ip Rp
When the resistance of the primary is small,
Rp Ip can be neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be

written as
Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np =

K Where K is constant, called turn or transformation

ratio.
In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

In a step down transformer

Es < E so K < 1, hence


Ns < Np If
Ip = value of primary current at the
same instant t And
Is = value of sec. current at this instant,
then Input power at the instant t = Ep Ip
and Output power at the same instant = Es
Is
If there are no losses of power in the
transformer, then Input power = output
power
Or
Ep Ip = Es Is
Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
In a step up transformer

As k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip


i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down
transformer, whatever we lose in voltage,
we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus a step up transformer in reality steps
down the current & a step down transformer
steps up the current.

Efficiency :-

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the


ratio of output power to the input power. i.e.
η = output power / input power = Es Is / Ep Ip

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is


no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice,
there are many power losses; therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.
ENERGY LOSSES:-
Following are the major sources of
energy loss in a transformer:
1.Copper loss: is the energy loss in the
form of heat in
the copper coils of a transformer.
This is due to joule heating of
conducting wires.
2.Iron loss: is the energy loss in the
form of heat in the iron core of the
transformer. This is due to formation
of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated
cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs inspite
of best insulations. Therefore, rate of
change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of S1S2 is less
than the rate of change of magnetic
flux linked with each turn of P1P2.
4. Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due
to repeated magnetization and
demagnetization of the iron core when A.C.
is fed to it.
5. Magneto striation: humming noise of a
transformer.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the
ratio of :
1.The output and input voltage.
2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and
the primary coil of a self designed
transformer.

PROCEDURE
Demonstrating the principle of transformer by
winding primary and secondary coil on a steel rod

1.Take a soft iron rod of cm and cm


diameter.
Wrap thick paper on it.
2.Wind a coil P of enameled copper wire 200
turns.
3.Wind another coil S of thick enameled
copper wire with 400 turns.
4.Both coils are wound over same length of
the rod,
so that almost the entire flux produced by
current in one is linked to the other.
5.Connect the coil S with an AC voltmeter.
Connect an identical voltmeter across P
also.
6.Switch on the current in P and note
voltage across the two coils.
7.Find the ratio Vp to Vs.

OBSERVATIONS
1.We will find that ratio of Vp and Vs
across the two coils is equal to the ratio of
number of turns in the coil P to that in the
coil S.i.e.,

Vp/Vs = Np/Ns ------(1)

2.The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied)


is
Called the primary and coil S (in
which AC is induced) is called the
secondary.

3.Since coil S is placed very close to the coil


P,the
power in the primary is transferred
into the secondary through mutual
induction.

4.It is clear from equation 1, that by


appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e.,
Np/Ns, we can obtain
higher voltage or lower voltage in S
compared to that in P.
OBSERVATIONS TABLE

Input Voltage EP Output Voltage ES


S. No. ES/EP
[volt] [volt]
RESULT
Clearly VS/VP = NS/NP within experimental
error

PRECAUTIONS
Keep yourself safe from voltage.
While taking the readings of the current
andvoltage of the a.c. should remain
constant.

SOURCES OF ERROR
Values of current can be changed due
to heating effect .
Eddy current can changed the readings.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ncert
Wekipedia
Quora

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