Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and

Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

CHAPTER 3: TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY

3.0 GENERAL
The entire project has two roads to be upgraded to two lane bituminous road from the
existing gravel road. The longer road Shire – Shiraro – Humera (SSH) road is 267 km
long, and the other road Humera – Lugdi (HL) road is 46 km long. SSH road passes
through flat, rolling, mountain, and escarpment terrains. HL road has a flat terrain and
primarily passes through farm land of Humera.

SSH road has a well formed section with 7 m wide gravel roadway where as the other
one, HL road is still under construction. The formation is no where defined, and the
final surface of HL road is yet to come up. Naturally no topographical survey could be
conducted for HL road, and as approved by ERA only primary control points using
GPS were fixed, in pairs, at every 2 km along the HL road alignment. The profile and
cross section data being used for the construction of the present upgradation work of
HL road were obtained from ERA, and the same has been used for finalizing the
highway design of upgradation to proposed 2 lane bituminous road.

For SSH road all the requisites of fixing primary GPS points at about every 5 km (in
pairs at each location), and bench marks at every 200 / 300 m for elevation control
were done. The detailed topographical survey including cross sections was
conducted as required by TOR.

As a first stage of topographical survey, national monuments to be used as reference

points were identified through EMA (Ethiopian Mapping Agency), and related data
were obtained from them. Only two points, one at Shire, and the other at Humera
could be found to have national monuments.

3.1 Data Collection and Preliminary Analysis

The following maps and data have been collected from Ethiopian Mapping Authority
situated at Addis Ababa.
 Collected Topographical maps
1:250000 Scale Maps
ND 37-5 ND 37-6 ND 37-7 ND 37-9
ND 37-10 ND 37-11 ND 37-13 ND 37-14
ND 37-15
1:50000 Scale Maps
1438 C1 1438 C3 1438 C4
Arial Photo Maps
1337 A2 1436 D1 1436 D3 1436 D4
1437 C3 1437 C4 1437 D1 1437 D2
1437 D3 1437 D4
 Data
The description and coordinates of the two national monuments obtained from
EMA are given below.

Topographical Survey
3-1
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

Shire S: The station is marked by a drilled hole surrounded by a  on rock-in-

situ at the top of a hill about 1.5km S. of Shire town and about 0.75 km S. of Shire
Church situated at the foot of the hill.
Easting : 422743.810
Northing : 1557598.529
Elevation : 2024.81 m

Humera S: The Station is marked by a drilled hole on a small rock-in-situ ,

projecting about 40 cm above ground level, closely situated to the air strip at
Humera and 100 m S. of Tekeze River (International Border between Ethiopia
and Eritrea) and about 4.5 Km from Humera Town.
Easting : 238326.312
Northing : 1580721.692
Elevation : 577.95 m

3.2 Work Organization, Instruments and Personnel

3.2.1 Instruments
The following Instruments were used for conducting topographical surveys for the
project.
GPS
Leica Geosystem 1230 with 2 receivers, Double frequency Real Time
Total Stations
Leica 1102 with 4 prisms and target rods
Leica TC1600 with 8 prisms and target rods
Auto Levels
Sokkia C320 with 2 leveling staffs

3.2.2 Personnel and Work Organization

The GPS control for the entire road was completed by a survey team by the first
week of October 2005. The subsequent survey work was carried out jointly by a local
survey team and a team from India. The whole survey was carried out under close
supervision of a senior surveyor all the time at site.
The field survey offices were established at various places to ensure minimum travel
time to and from working site, adequate control, and effective supervision.

Topographical Survey
3-2
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

Survey Crew:
(1) GPS Group: Sri K V. Narayanan Sept. 2005 – Oct. 2005
Tewodros Tadesse
Gebreyesuse Worede
(2) Traverse and Topographic survey
Sri S P Singh Jan 3, 2006, Feb. 25, 2205
Gagan Puri
Shemeles Bekele
(3) Traverse and Topographic survey
Mr. Stefano Solingo Oct. 2005 - Feb. 25, 2006-03-30
Mr. Kunfu Paoulos and others

3.3 Methodology Adopted In doing the Topographic Survey

The Consultants have conducted detailed topographical survey along the length of
proposed project road using the most up-to-date survey equipments such as GPS,
Total stations, and Auto Levels etc. The composite process of topographical survey,
as described below, has been implemented in stages by first carrying out the control
survey to provide highly accurate frame work covering the entire project road length
and then conducting the detailed topographical survey to map the entire road
feature and generate the DTM.

3.3.1Primary and Secondary Traverse Control Survey

The control survey consists of establishment of permanent monuments and
assigning precise planimetric values in terms X and Y coordinates and also precise
height i.e., Z values.

3.3.2 Planimetric Control Survey

The planimetric control survey has been further categorized in
o Primary control survey by GPS, and
o Secondary control Survey using Total Station.

3.4 Primary Control Survey (GPS)

 Shire – Shiraro - Humera Road
In order to follow the survey principle ‘Whole to Part’, the entire project road is
controlled by carrying out highly accurate GPS survey in static mode by using double
frequency receivers.

GPS control points are established as cement concrete pillars having a sharp mark in
the top centre on nail fixed in the centre of the pillar. The pillars are embedded in the
ground and properly grouted all around with cement and concrete so that they are
not easily disturbed. The location of the pillar is so selected that it has no obstacle
above 15 degrees altitude to receive satellite signal. These pillars are fixed about 5
km apart along the road side but safely away from the road so it is not accidentally

Topographical Survey
3-3
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

disturbed during construction. Each GPS control pillar is supplemented by one

additional inter-visible pillar of same specification within the vicinity of 200 to 300 m.

The co-ordinates of all these control points are observed using double frequency
GPS receivers in static mode. The twin pillars facilitate the checking of bearings and
used for the starting of independent survey in any 5 km stretch. The pillars will also
be used as permanent control stations for all the survey layout work at a later stage.
All these GPS pillars are suitably numbered and their description has been recorded
and photographed, to ensure easy identification and accessibility in future.

The first GPS observations were recorded at GPS 1 in static mode for about 6 hours
and coordinates computed in ‘Single Point Positioning’ mode to establish precise
coordinates of this point and being used as reference point for all other successive
points. Observations on all other points were recorded for a period of 15 minutes to
45 minutes depending upon the distance between two receivers and coordinates
were computed in ‘Base Line’ mode.

 Projection and Transformation reference

GPS by default gives coordinates of all the points based on internationally accepted
geocentric system WGS1984. In order to link the GPS control network to the national
reference coordinates system of Ethiopia, WGS84 coordinates were transformed to
local datum Clarke1880. The transformed spherical coordinates were converted to
local datum and projected to UTM zone 37 to get local grid coordinates using LGO
(Leica Geo Office) software. GPS observations were also recorded on two control
stations received from EMA (Ethiopian Mapping Agency) and included in the network
established for the project survey. The computed local grid coordinates of the whole
network were adjusted to exactly match the given coordinates of Shire S., and
Humera S. by applying linear transformation.

Accuracy of the GPS system is of the order of 10mm ± 2ppm and the accuracy
achieved of the complete network of planimetric control from Shire S. to Humera S. is
4ppm i.e. 4mm per kilometer.

The list of grid (X, Y and Z) coordinates of all the GPS Pillars fixed is given in Table
3.1, and list of Geodetic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude) in Table 3.2. The
schematic diagram of the complete GPS network is given in Figure 3.1.

Topographical Survey
3-4
 Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

Table 3.1 GPS LOCATION

SHIRE-SHIRARO-HUMERA
LOCAL GRID COORDINATES OF GPS CONTROL POINTS
Chainag Easting Northing RL Offset Scale Elevation Grid
Station Side
e (m) (m) (m) (m) Factor Factor Factor
422743.81 2024.81 0.9996734 0.9996731
SHIRE S 0 1557598.529 0 7 0.99999968 5
421768.43 1910.27 0.9996753 0.9996750
0.030 GPS1 5 1558464.135 7 14 LHS 4 0.99999970 4
421781.53 1914.48 0.9996753 0.9996750
0.400 GPS1A 0 1558848.776 5 13 LHS 1 0.99999970 1
422710.78 1915.62 0.9996735 0.9996732
5.277 GPS5 1 1563452.291 2 19 RHS 3 0.99999970 3
422702.27 1913.35 0.9996735 0.9996732
5.760 GPS5A 6 1563935.022 0 24 LHS 5 0.99999970 5
420398.74 1864.58 0.9996780 0.9996777
11.175 GPS10 6 1568259.940 1 14 RHS 0 0.99999971 1
420112.65 1873.22 0.9996785 0.9996782
11.500 GPS10A 5 1568116.573 8 14 LHS 6 0.99999971 7
417622.46 1887.24 0.9996835 0.9996832
16.150 GPS15 6 1571648.732 6 35 RHS 3 0.99999970 4
417558.13 1887.87 0.9996836 0.9996833
16.312 GPS15A 7 1571871.671 0 18 RHS 6 0.99999970 7
415112.92 1846.87 0.9996887 0.9996884
21.500 GPS20 6 1576292.911 9 22 RHS 0 0.99999971 1
414642.82 1845.59 0.9996896 0.9996894
22.055 GPS20A 7 1576574.674 2 12 LHS 9 0.99999971 0
411322.01 1827.54 0.9996968 0.9996965
27.475 GPS25 3 1580705.108 8 15 LHS 0 0.99999971 1
411178.63 1831.99 0.9996971 0.9996968
27.780 GPS25A 8 1580974.145 6 14 LHS 1 0.99999971 3
410458.92 1838.12 0.9996986 0.9996984
32.325 GPS30 3 1585132.884 0 13 RHS 9 0.99999971 1
410469.43 1841.28 0.9996986 0.9996983
32.510 GPS30A 8 1585319.429 8 21 RHS 7 0.99999971 8
411092.65 1781.77 0.9996973 0.9996970
37.522 GPS35 6 1590236.125 4 22 LHS 0 0.99999972 2
411201.79 1786.52 0.9996970 0.9996967
37.819 GPS35A 0 1590524.682 4 21 LHS 6 0.99999972 8
411368.86 1754.07 0.9996967 0.9996964
42.212 GPS40 2 1593458.856 7 17 LHS 0 0.99999972 2
411218.30 1751.48 0.9996970 0.9996967
42.380 GPS40A 6 1593525.959 3 15 LHS 3 0.99999973 5
408562.61 1625.34 0.9997029 0.9997026
46.060 GPS45 4 1593823.242 0 39 LHS 2 0.99999974 6
408204.74 1614.46 0.9997037 0.9997034
46.400 GPS45A 6 1593893.494 0 20 LHS 3 0.99999975 7
405163.11 1515.31 0.9997107 0.9997104
50.150 GPS50 3 1594440.615 6 20 LHS 1 0.99999976 8
404993.79 1515.81 0.9997111 0.9997108
50.375 GPS50A 7 1594618.973 0 19 RHS 1 0.99999976 7
401342.49 1540.63 0.9997198 0.9997195
54.470 GPS55 8 1594072.570 3 20 RHS 1 0.99999976 7
401127.06 1548.13 0.9997203 0.9997200
54.690 GPS55A 8 1594085.619 2 19 LHS 4 0.99999976 9
398880.47 1482.74 0.9997258 0.9997256
58.350 GPS60 3 1595804.452 1 23 RHS 7 0.99999977 4
398481.34 1470.40 0.9997268 0.9997266
58.734 GPS60A 1 1595795.363 0 20 LHS 6 0.99999977 3
394761.78 1454.36 0.9997363 0.9997361
62.780 GPS65 9 1596384.235 9 30 RHS 3 0.99999977 0
394412.06 1457.71 0.9997372 0.9997370
63.107 GPS65A 9 1596637.674 0 24 RHS 4 0.99999977 1
66.735 GPS70 391130.17 1597747.822 1497.91 18 RHS 0.9997459 0.99999976 0.9997456

Topographical Survey
3-5
 Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

1 6 0 7
390805.83 1498.48 0.9997467 0.9997465
67.060 GPS70A 3 1597733.507 3 20 LHS 7 0.99999976 4
387530.82 1304.42 0.9997557 0.9997555
71.540 GPS75 5 1596612.846 8 36 LHS 1 0.99999980 0
387366.88 1302.77 0.9997561 0.9997559
71.700 GPS75A 6 1596572.316 5 50 LHS 6 0.99999980 6
384355.79 1210.66 0.9997646 0.9997644
76.490 GPS80 3 1593255.319 5 18 LHS 2 0.99999981 3
384051.23 1194.74 0.9997654 0.9997653
76.780 GPS80A 3 1593201.124 0 41 RHS 9 0.99999981 0
380245.96 1111.17 0.9997765 0.9997763
81.000 GPS85 5 1592781.313 2 42 RHS 3 0.99999983 6
380054.91 1110.72 0.9997771 0.9997769
81.220 GPS85A 3 1592582.719 9 42 LHS 0 0.99999983 2
375423.83 1073.24 0.9997910 0.9997908
85.878 GPS90 7 1592830.578 6 19 LHS 4 0.99999983 7
375019.10 1070.06 0.9997922 0.9997921
86.282 GPS90A 9 1592873.510 9 15 RHS 8 0.99999983 1
370454.20 1043.89 0.9998065 0.9998064
91.150 GPS95 2 1592263.678 4 18 LHS 8 0.99999984 2
370180.61 1047.68 0.9998074 0.9998072
91.424 GPS95A 9 1592246.342 5 21 LHS 5 0.99999984 9
367040.56 1061.65 0.9998176 0.9998174
95.800 GPS100 8 1590283.482 1 33 LHS 1 0.99999983 5
366774.76 1059.70 0.9998184 0.9998183
96.100 GPS100A 3 1590175.685 0 51 LHS 8 0.99999983 2
363268.56 1091.65 0.9998301 0.9998299
101.825 GPS105 8 1586344.987 0 33 RHS 3 0.99999983 6
363176.79 1101.00 0.9998304 0.9998302
102.075 GPS105A 3 1586115.908 3 31 RHS 4 0.99999983 7
361586.75 1094.20 0.9998358 0.9998356
106.500 GPS110 9 1581993.242 8 41 LHS 3 0.99999983 6
361413.86 1096.46 0.9998364 0.9998362
106.900 GPS110A 2 1581623.494 5 40 RHS 2 0.99999983 5
358571.06 1089.48 0.9998462 0.9998460
111.675 GPS115 0 1578719.840 9 22 RHS 2 0.99999983 5
358132.15 1112.87 0.9998477 0.9998475
112.166 GPS115A 4 1578520.427 3 24 LHS 5 0.99999983 7
354799.24 1066.85 0.9998595 0.9998593
116.950 GPS120 7 1575780.264 8 26 LHS 3 0.99999983 6
354525.83 1066.85 0.9998605 0.9998603
117.230 GPS120A 3 1575707.595 8 23 RHS 1 0.99999983 4
350700.87 0.9998743 0.9998742
121.817 GPS125 6 1575249.321 953.346 20 RHS 8 0.99999985 3
350389.11 0.9998755 0.9998753
122.170 GPS125A 4 1575082.511 943.098 40 LHS 3 0.99999985 8
346430.21 0.9998903 0.9998901
127.488 GPS130 8 1571741.392 950.600 45 RHS 1 0.99999985 6
346388.58 0.9998904 0.9998903
127.765 GPS130A 4 1571451.754 946.046 23 LHS 6 0.99999985 2
345207.18 0.9998949 0.9998948
132.310 GPS135 5 1567475.798 906.070 22 LHS 5 0.99999986 1
345135.72 0.9998952 0.9998950
132.430 GPS135A 4 1567369.506 908.238 32 RHS 2 0.99999986 8
343008.30 0.9999033 0.9999032
136.650 GPS140 6 1564004.160 864.828 28 LHS 9 0.99999986 5
342833.68 0.9999040 0.9999039
136.838 GPS140A 0 1563894.218 864.066 43 RHS 6 0.99999986 3
340200.82 0.9999143 0.9999142
141.100 GPS145 8 1561866.842 771.999 31 LHS 4 0.99999988 1
340155.63 0.9999145 0.9999143
141.450 GPS145A 7 1562233.264 801.239 17 LHS 1 0.99999987 9
338027.51 1044.73 0.9999229 0.9999227
146.030 GPS150 5 1560042.088 3 22 RHS 4 0.99999984 8

Topographical Survey
3-6
 Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

337697.83 1044.86 0.9999242 0.9999241

146.515 GPS150A 1 1559682.119 4 21 LHS 6 0.99999984 0
333753.91 0.9999402 0.9999400
151.585 GPS155 8 1558590.208 986.094 19 LHS 1 0.99999985 6
333418.36 0.9999415 0.9999414
151.945 GPS155A 2 1558454.658 979.651 31 LHS 9 0.99999985 3
329196.05 1051.43 0.9999591 0.9999589
156.220 GPS160 0 1558651.231 5 17 LHS 2 0.99999983 6
328880.42 1056.22 0.9999604 0.9999602
156.536 GPS160A 7 1558686.586 7 17 LHS 5 0.99999983 8
326004.37 1062.97 0.9999726 0.9999725
161.040 GPS165 0 1560895.285 9 22 RHS 7 0.99999983 0
325947.70 1075.09 0.9999729 0.9999727
161.400 GPS165A 7 1561270.882 6 12 RHS 1 0.99999983 4
323671.77 1120.95 0.9999827 0.9999825
166.175 GPS170 6 1565333.450 4 24 LHS 3 0.99999982 5
323646.65 1118.31 0.9999828 0.9999826
166.350 GPS170A 0 1565499.008 8 25 RHS 4 0.99999982 6
319866.55 1107.13 0.9999994 0.9999992
171.290 GPS175 8 1567644.308 7 18 RHS 2 0.99999983 5
319617.85 1101.10 1.0000005 1.0000003
171.632 GPS175A 5 1567886.462 1 12 RHS 3 0.99999983 5
316010.32 1082.63 1.0000167 1.0000165
176.485 GPS180 3 1567621.827 2 24 LHS 1 0.99999983 4
315727.73 1067.73 1.0000179 1.0000178
176.800 GPS180A 6 1567789.164 7 19 RHS 9 0.99999983 2
311953.20 1.0000352 1.0000351
182.810 GPS185 6 1563555.085 965.162 17 RHS 9 0.99999985 4
311618.46 1.0000368 1.0000366
183.310 GPS185A 0 1563186.828 957.436 25 LHS 4 0.99999985 9
307859.12 1.0000544 1.0000543
189.020 GPS190 8 1558959.167 896.087 26 RHS 5 0.99999986 1
307865.10 1.0000544 1.0000542
189.250 GPS190A 3 1558725.556 892.192 24 LHS 2 0.99999986 8
305032.12 1.0000679 1.0000677
193.332 GPS195 3 1556028.938 922.175 25 RHS 2 0.99999986 7
304779.36 1.0000691 1.0000689
193.800 GPS195A 8 1555638.912 920.855 20 LHS 3 0.99999986 9
300659.79 1.0000891 1.0000890
198.878 GPS200 1 1553403.127 926.897 20 LHS 4 0.99999985 0
300276.84 1.0000910 1.0000908
199.270 GPS200A 8 1553503.072 935.901 15 LHS 2 0.99999985 8
295817.81 1.0001131 1.0001130
204.070 GPS205 3 1553914.150 979.387 20 LHS 9 0.99999985 4
295576.02 1.0001144 1.0001142
204.310 GPS205A 8 1553946.311 974.600 20 RHS 1 0.99999985 6
291237.81 1.0001364 1.0001363
208.870 GPS210 2 1554698.683 942.792 17 LHS 7 0.99999985 3
290949.76 1.0001379 1.0001378
209.900 GPS210A 7 1554529.748 937.253 25 RHS 6 0.99999985 1
286935.52 1.0001588 1.0001586
213.630 GPS215 0 1556061.430 939.434 15 RHS 1 0.99999985 7
286502.30 1.0001610 1.0001609
214.066 GPS215A 3 1556109.926 936.287 20 LHS 9 0.99999985 4
282666.11 1.0001814 1.0001813
218.633 GPS220 3 1557306.693 850.937 20 RHS 3 0.99999987 0
282478.03 1.0001824 1.0001823
218.900 GPS220A 7 1557504.509 841.724 22 LHS 4 0.99999987 1
279078.89 1.0002007 1.0002006
223.750 GPS225 1 1560648.280 822.339 25 RHS 9 0.99999987 6
278520.76 1.0002038 1.0002037
224.335 GPS225A 2 1560850.386 807.028 15 LHS 2 0.99999987 0
273831.95 1.0002296 1.0002295
229.550 GPS230 8 1562935.843 774.634 20 RHS 6 0.99999988 4
229.955 GPS230A 273626.30 1563262.012 759.654 15 RHS 1.0002308 0.99999988 1.0002306

Topographical Survey
3-7
 Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

2 1 9
269491.59 1.0002540 1.0002539
235.000 GPS235 2 1565869.617 721.314 15 RHS 6 0.99999989 5
269288.00 1.0002552 1.0002551
235.200 GPS235A 7 1565916.929 720.812 20 RHS 2 0.99999989 0
265138.40 1.0002790 1.0002788
239.800 GPS240 3 1567656.285 699.152 20 LHS 0 0.99999989 9
264963.10 1.0002800 1.0002799
240.030 GPS240A 5 1567794.793 698.509 20 RHS 1 0.99999989 0
260959.11 1.0003033 1.0003032
244.465 GPS245 4 1569729.785 682.359 20 RHS 8 0.99999989 7
260560.88 1.0003057 1.0003056
244.910 GPS245A 0 1569920.932 680.385 30 RHS 2 0.99999989 2
255956.60 1.0003331 1.0003330
249.984 GPS250 4 1572057.147 661.116 25 LHS 3 0.99999990 2
255708.84 1.0003346 1.0003345
250.285 GPS250A 6 1572237.726 660.111 17 RHS 2 0.99999990 1
251888.98 1.0003577 1.0003576
254.500 GPS255 3 1574008.761 646.984 20 RHS 7 0.99999990 7
251653.64 1.0003592 1.0003591
254.750 GPS255A 5 1574107.681 646.175 30 LHS 1 0.99999990 1
247898.05 1.0003823 1.0003822
259.015 GPS260 8 1576124.358 632.069 25 LHS 4 0.99999990 4
247651.44 1.0003838 1.0003837
259.300 GPS260A 0 1576258.636 631.326 20 LHS 7 0.99999990 8
243985.10 1.0004068 1.0004067
263.545 GPS265 1 1578394.664 619.583 24 LHS 2 0.99999990 2
243887.75 1.0004074 1.0004073
263.700 GPS265A 7 1578516.630 619.270 30 LHS 3 0.99999990 3
242245.22 1.0004178 1.0004177
266.100 GPS267 2 1580282.979 614.151 20 LHS 2 0.99999990 2
Center of
242035.80 round about
266.435 GPS267A 1580537.714 607.139
2 at Humera 1.0004191 1.0004190
town 5 0.99999990 5

TABLE 3.2 : GPS CONTROL POINTS WITH GEODETIC DETAIL

SHIRE- SHERARO- HUMERA ROAD
LIST OF GPS CONTROL PILLARS (WGS-84; GEODETIC)
Sr.
Stn. Id. Latitude Longitude Ell. Height
No.
1 SHIRE GPS 14° 05' 24.31943" N 38° 17' 06.72617" E 2009.9322
2 GPS 1 14° 05' 52.39624" N 38° 16' 34.11200" E 1895.2439
3 GPS 1A 14° 06' 04.91694" N 38° 16' 34.50923" E 1899.4341
4 GPS 5 14° 08' 34.84549" N 38° 17' 05.03058" E 1900.7075
5 GPS 5A 14° 08' 49.71318" N 38° 17' 04.73727" E 1989.7486
6 GPS 10 14° 11' 10.24582" N 38° 15' 47.45062" E 1940.9352
7 GPS 10 A 14° 11' 05.55018" N 38° 15' 37.92176" E 1949.5929
8 GPS 15 14° 13' 00.25140" N 38° 14' 14.46520" E 1963.5786
9 GPS 15A 14° 13' 08.34778" N 38° 14' 12.25249" E 1873.0904
10 GPS 20 14° 15' 31.13369" N 38° 12' 50.21381" E 1923.309
11 GPS 20A 14° 15' 40.25228" N 38° 12' 34.49457" E 1922.0246
12 GPS 25 14° 17' 54.30864" N 38° 10' 43.19035" E 1903.9372
13 GPS 25A 14° 18' 03.89982" N 38° 10' 38.32794" E 1817.512
14 GPS 30 14° 20' 18.31643" N 38° 10' 13.85501" E 1914.5404
15 GPS 30A 14° 20' 25.24254" N 38° 10' 14.13806" E 1826.9054
16 GPS 35 14° 23' 04.48135" N 38° 10' 34.40259" E 1858.0992
17 GPS 35A 14° 23' 13.88544" N 38° 10' 38.01202" E 1862.8517
18 GPS 40 14° 24' 49.40085" N 38° 10' 43.24116" E 1830.3237
19 GPS 40A 14° 24' 51.56728" N 38° 10' 38.20562" E 1827.7272

Topographical Survey
3-8
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

20 GPS 45 14° 25' 00.92857" N 38° 09' 09.48807" E 1701.5961

21 GPS 45A 14° 25' 03.17196" N 38° 08' 57.52909" E 1690.6547
22 GPS 50 14° 25' 21.46394" N 38° 07' 15.84168" E 1500.9013
23 GPS 50A 14° 25' 27.24770" N 38° 07' 10.16470" E 1501.3834
24 GPS 55 14° 25' 09.00039" N 38° 05' 08.30505" E 1526.1496
25 GPS 55A 14° 25' 09.39714" N 38° 05' 01.10941" E 1533.6456
26 GPS 60 14° 26' 05.04278" N 38° 03' 45.85451" E 1468.1973
27 GPS 60A 14° 26' 04.69382" N 38° 03' 32.52658" E 1455.8464
28 GPS 65 14° 26' 23.35365" N 38° 01' 28.22803" E 1439.7527
29 GPS 65A 14° 26' 31.55340" N 38° 01' 16.51280" E 1443.0923
30 GPS 70 14° 27' 07.22044" N 37° 59' 26.74784" E 1483.3037
31 GPS 70A 14° 27' 06.70802" N 37° 59' 15.91794" E 1483.8401
Sr.
Stn. Id. Latitude Longitude Ell. Height
No.
32 GPS 75 14° 26' 29.75912" N 37° 57' 26.71229" E 1289.6216
33 GPS 75A 14° 26' 28.41585" N 37° 57' 21.24366" E 1287.9649
34 GPS 80 14° 24' 40.01459" N 37° 55' 41.20420" E 1195.6843
35 GPS 80A 14° 24' 38.20457" N 37° 55' 31.04325" E 1179.7527
36 GPS 85 14° 24' 23.95414" N 37° 53' 24.05224" E 1096.0901
37 GPS 85A 14° 24' 17.46107" N 37° 53' 17.70512" E 1095.6442
38 GPS 90 14° 24' 24.78501" N 37° 50' 43.03731" E 1058.0746
39 GPS 90A 14° 24' 26.11596" N 37° 50' 29.51666" E 1054.8707
40 GPS 95 14° 24' 05.50855" N 37° 47' 57.20669" E 1028.6083
41 GPS 95A 14° 24' 04.89789" N 37° 47' 48.07544" E 1032.3985
42 GPS 100 14° 23' 00.48062" N 37° 46' 03.58798" E 1046.264
43 GPS 100A 14° 22' 56.92633" N 37° 45' 54.73347" E 1044.3084
44 GPS 105 14° 20' 51.64744" N 37° 43' 58.38414" E 1076.1936
45 GPS 105A 14° 20' 44.17629" N 37° 43' 55.36275" E 1085.5351
46 GPS 110 14° 18' 29.73008" N 37° 43' 03.05248" E 1078.6508
47 GPS 110A 14° 18' 17.66648" N 37° 42' 57.35078" E 1080.8984
48 GPS 115 14° 16' 42.65811" N 37° 41' 23.02791" E 1073.835
49 GPS 115A 14° 16' 36.08811" N 37° 41' 08.42017" E 1097.2153
50 GPS 120 14° 15' 06.29780" N 37° 39' 17.73867" E 1051.1364
51 GPS 120A 14° 15' 03.88152" N 37° 39' 08.63064" E 1053.2374
52 GPS 125 14° 14' 48.23808" N 37° 37' 01.10889" E 937.6374
53 GPS 125A 14° 14' 42.74951" N 37° 36' 50.74093" E 927.3851
54 GPS 130 14° 12' 53.25015" N 37° 34' 39.34564" E 934.7675
55 GPS 130A 14° 12' 43.81689" N 37° 34' 38.01577" E 930.1993
56 GPS 135 14° 10' 34.20177" N 37° 33' 59.42228" E 890.1213
57 GPS 135A 14° 10' 30.72872" N 37° 33' 57.06071" E 892.2881
58 GPS 140 14° 08' 40.79176" N 37° 32' 46.80615" E 848.8334
59 GPS 140A 14° 08' 37.17893" N 37° 32' 41.00579" E 848.0759
60 GPS 145 14° 07' 30.67158" N 37° 31' 13.63722" E 756.0423
61 GPS 145A 14° 07' 42.58561" N 37° 31' 12.05340" E 785.2677
62 GPS 150 14° 06' 30.84547" N 37° 30' 01.56110" E 1028.8022
63 GPS 150A 14° 06' 19.06360" N 37° 29' 50.64606" E 1028.9263
64 GPS 155 14° 05' 42.70291" N 37° 27' 39.39603" E 970.2581
65 GPS 155A 14° 05' 38.22069" N 37° 27' 28.23895" E 963.8644
66 GPS 160 14° 05' 43.70420" N 37° 25' 07.43458" E 1035.7455
67 GPS 160A 14° 05' 44.78545" N 37° 24' 56.90465" E 1040.5448
68 GPS 165 14° 06' 56.01593" N 37° 23' 20.52101" E 1047.3874
69 GPS 165A 14° 07' 08.22436" N 37° 23' 18.54596" E 1059.5266
70 GPS 170 14° 09' 19.89813" N 37° 22' 01.72364" E 1105.5499
71 GPS 170A 14° 09' 25.27925" N 37° 22' 00.84732" E 1102.8101

Topographical Survey
3-9
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

72 GPS 175 14° 10' 34.21318" N 37° 19' 54.29032" E 1091.6818

73 GPS 175A 14° 10' 42.03429" N 37° 19' 45.93903" E 1085.6165
74 GPS 180 14° 10' 32.57670" N 37° 17' 45.70125" E 1067.1902
75 GPS 180A 14° 10' 37.95413" N 37° 17' 36.23717" E 1052.2986
76 GPS 185 14° 08' 19.28959" N 37° 15' 31.41912" E 949.6891
77 GPS 185A 14° 08' 07.22708" N 37° 15' 20.34975" E 941.968
78 GPS 190 14° 05' 48.76097" N 37° 13' 16.08227" E 880.5909
79 GPS 190A 14° 05' 41.16113" N 37° 13' 16.33979" E 876.7487
80 GPS 195 14° 04' 12.72469" N 37° 11' 42.59603" E 906.7207
81 GPS 195A 14° 03' 59.97234" N 37° 11' 34.27126" E 905.3662
Sr.
Stn. Id. Latitude Longitude Ell. Height
No.
82 GPS 200 14° 02' 46.19380" N 37° 09' 17.55428" E 911.4526
83 GPS 200A 14° 02' 49.35015" N 37° 09' 04.76697" E 920.5728
84 GPS 205 14° 03' 01.57182" N 37° 06' 36.05908" E 964.0322
85 GPS 205A 14° 03' 02.55423" N 37° 06' 27.99253" E 959.23
86 GPS 210 14° 03' 25.88689" N 37° 04' 03.21747" E 927.4359
87 GPS 210A 14° 03' 20.31375" N 37° 03' 53.66445" E 921.8925
88 GPS 215 14° 04' 09.05984" N 37° 01' 39.46391" E 924.0937
89 GPS 215A 14° 04' 10.51934" N 37° 01' 25.01287" E 920.9384
90 GPS 220 14° 04' 48.39429" N 36° 59' 16.82777" E 835.4638
91 GPS 220A 14° 04' 54.77711" N 36° 59' 10.50325" E 826.249
92 GPS 225 14° 06' 36.09019" N 36° 57' 16.30896" E 806.7508
93 GPS 225A 14° 06' 42.50607" N 36° 56' 57.64770" E 791.428
94 GPS 230 14° 07' 48.99784" N 36° 54' 20.74769" E 758.9734
95 GPS 230A 14° 07' 59.54797" N 36° 54' 13.79551" E 743.9883
96 GPS 235 14° 09' 23.15472" N 36° 51' 55.18331" E 705.5398
97 GPS 235A 14° 09' 24.63325" N 36° 51' 48.38232" E 705.0217
98 GPS 240 14° 10' 19.96632" N 36° 49' 29.51588" E 683.384
99 GPS 240A 14° 10' 24.41850" N 36° 49' 23.62902" E 682.7212
100 GPS 245 14° 11' 25.28434" N 36° 47' 09.66059" E 666.4279
101 GPS 245A 14° 11' 32.22786" N 36° 46' 56.20119" E 664.439
102 GPS 250 14° 12' 40.27238" N 36° 44' 22.01218" E 645.0916
103 GPS 250A 14° 12' 46.06755" N 36° 44' 13.69335" E 644.0795
104 GPS 255 14° 13' 42.45384" N 36° 42' 05.75515" E 630.8761
105 GPS 255A 14° 13' 45.59554" N 36° 41' 57.87583" E 630.0573
106 GPS 260 14° 14' 49.96877" N 36° 39' 51.98251" E 615.9056
107 GPS 260A 14° 14' 54.25534" N 36° 39' 43.71425" E 615.1599
108 GPS 265 14° 16' 02.51677" N 36° 37' 40.73749" E 603.4384
109 GPS 265A 14° 16' 06.45103" N 36° 37' 37.44989" E 603.12
110 GPS 267 14° 17' 03.34859" N 36° 36' 42.07166" E 597.9897
111 GPS 267A 14° 17' 11.56292" N 36° 36' 35.00036" E 590.9796
112 GPS HUMERA 14° 17' 16.29399" N 36° 34' 31.23119" E 571.6527

Topographical Survey
3-10
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

Figure 3.1

 Humera – Lugdi Road

Topographical Survey
3-11
 Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

The upgradation work for Humera – Lugdi road to a 7 m wide gravel road is under
implementation stage. Almost half the road length, from Gondar junction to Maikdara
town is at different stage of embankment construction. There is no final level of the
finished road available which could be surveyed. Therefore, as per approval of ERA,
only GPS control points at every 2 km have been fixed. The details are in Table 3.3
(a) and (b). The schematic GPS net work is illustrated in Figure 3.2.

Table 3.3 (a) GPS LOCATION

HUMERA-LUGDI

LOCAL GRID COORDINATES OF GPS CONTROL POINTS

Northing
Chainag Easting RL Offset Scale Elevation Grid
Station Side
e Factor Factor Factor
(m) (m) (m) (m)
242516.16 1.0004196 0.9999172 1.0003368
176.989 GPSL01 0 1571954.803 618.224 60 RHS 0 9 6
242436.92 1.0004201 0.9999174 1.0003375
176.630 GPSL01A 2 1571601.173 617.224 30 RHS 1 5 2
241814.73 LHS 1.0004240 0.9999166 1.0003406
174.500 GPSL02 3 1569563.501 622.656 24 8 1 5
241708.89 LHS 1.0004247 0.9999163 1.0003410
174.140 GPSL02A 3 1569241.477 624.279 26 5 6 8
240897.73 LHS 1.0004292 0.9999157 1.0003450
171.642 GPSL05A 4 1566856.766 626.012 30 9 4 0
240256.61 LHS 1.0004340 0.9999178 1.0003518
169.500 GPSL07 3 1564821.978 615.104 30 6 3 6
240130.48 LHS 1.0004348 0.9999178 1.0003526
169.110 GPSL07A 7 1564443.372 615.086 24 7 4 8
239257.31 RHS 1.0004405 0.9999173 1.0003578
166.950 GPSL10 8 1562471.713 618.348 20 0 4 0
239088.41 RHS 1.0004415 0.9999176 1.0003591
166.550 GPSL10A 3 1562110.163 616.658 24 9 1 6
238263.88 LHS 1.0004469 0.9999182 1.0003651
164.360 GPSL12 6 1560080.860 612.627 30 2 4 3
238187.90 LHS 1.0004474 0.9999182 1.0003656
164.020 GPSL12A 3 1559749.272 612.598 30 1 5 3
237915.21 1.0004491 0.9999172 1.0003664
161.850 GPSL15 4 1557617.764 618.810 50 RHS 8 8 3
237121.55 LHS 1.0004543 0.9999162 1.0003705
159.545 GPSL17 8 1555908.548 625.603 100 4 1 1
237167.05 LHS 1.0004540 0.9999162 1.0003702
159.245 GPSL17A 7 1555614.454 625.535 100 4 2 3
237478.20 LHS 1.0004520 0.9999146 1.0003665
157.040 GPSL19 8 1553429.248 635.852 20 2 1 9
238042.50 LHS 1.0004483 0.9999134 1.0003617
154.068 GPSL22A 4 1550513.746 643.583 26 6 1 3
238204.82 LHS 1.0004473 0.9999114 1.0003587
151.825 GPSL25 2 1548279.453 656.204 33 1 4 1
238170.53 LHS 1.0004475 0.9999110 1.0003585
151.395 GPSL25A 4 1547851.044 658.674 30 4 4 4
238120.52 RHS 1.0004478 0.9999098 1.0003577
149.300 GPSL27 1 1545756.056 666.292 150 6 8 0
233862.98 RHS 1.0004756 0.9999141 1.0003897
13.118 GPSL31 4 1547675.086 639.199 25 7 2 5
233574.17 RHS 1.0004775 0.9999144 1.0003919
12.830 GPSL31A 4 1547697.647 637.235 25 7 3 6
231308.02 1.0004925 0.9999145 1.0004070
10.560 GPSL34 7 1547659.160 636.988 25 LHS 7 0 2
231027.64 RHS 1.0004944 0.9999145 1.0004089
10.280 GPSL34A 3 1547708.939 636.612 32 3 5 5
8.225 GPSL36 228980.55 1547513.324 651.384 32 RHS 1.0005081 0.9999122 1.0004202

Topographical Survey
3-12
 Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

1 1 3 9
228666.64 1.0005102 0.9999115 1.0004217
7.910 GPSL36A 8 1547418.469 655.682 35 LHS 1 6 3
226672.94 1.0005236 0.9999074 1.0004310
5.800 GPSL39 3 1547220.292 681.909 30 LHS 5 3 3
226206.60 LHS 1.0005268 0.9999064 1.0004331
5.342 GPSL39A 5 1547175.021 688.376 27 0 1 6
224099.20 LHS 1.0005411 0.9999072 1.0004483
3.165 GPSL42 8 1547743.335 683.228 48 3 2 0
223848.02 LHS 1.0005428 0.9999070 1.0004498
2.900 GPSL42A 1 1547822.533 684.037 40 5 9 9
221323.48 RHS 1.0005601 0.9999092 1.0004693
0.095 GPSL46 2 1548476.640 670.449 50 7 2 4
221291.25 RHS 1.0005603 0.9999093 1.0004696
0.020 GPSL46A 9 1548538.571 669.902 40 9 3 7

Table 3.3 (b): GPS coordinates for Humera-Lugdi Road

(Latitude, Longitude, Ell. Ht)
GPS CONTROL SURVEY (WGS 84 DATA observed directly)
Latitude Longitude Ellipsoidal
Station
D M S D M S heights
BM1498 14 11 59.874018 36 36 46.337260 613.043
GPS265 14 16 2.516670 36 37 40.737490 603.438
GPSL01 14 12 32.596636 36 36 54.009670 617.192
GPSL01A 14 12 21.069774 36 36 51.487486 616.211
GPSL02 14 11 14.584451 36 36 31.440933 621.586
GPSL02A 14 11 4.073147 36 36 28.023615 623.185
GPSL05A 14 9 46.220356 36 36 1.794395 624.880
GPSL07 14 8 39.806129 36 35 41.118418 613.923
GPSL07A 14 8 27.446322 36 35 37.043909 613.896
GPSL10 14 7 23.002894 36 35 8.621788 617.126
GPSL10A 14 7 11.182919 36 35 3.117078 615.432
GPSL12 14 6 4.900368 36 34 36.333893 611.443
GPSL12A 14 5 54.093880 36 34 33.915732 611.415
GPSL15 14 4 44.699428 36 34 25.560523 617.634
GPSL17 14 3 48.861251 36 33 59.706676 624.463
GPSL17A 14 3 39.314265 36 34 1.323449 624.395
GPSL19 14 2 28.368455 36 34 12.439717 634.729
GPSL22A 14 0 53.760904 36 34 32.233578 642.447
GPSL25 13 59 41.166569 36 34 38.404111 655.050
GPSL25A 13 59 27.225162 36 34 37.408769 657.545
GPSL27 13 58 19.087507 36 34 36.459881 665.002
GPSL29 13 59 3.827166 36 33 32.140022 651.329
GPSL29A 13 59 3.479234 36 33 23.836354 650.609
GPSL31 13 59 20.062374 36 33 14.016263 637.969
GPSL31A 13 59 20.698838 36 32 4.390300 636.026
GPSL34 13 59 18.676260 36 32 48.935724 635.588
GPSL34A 13 59 20.199148 36 30 39.580561 635.223
GPSL36 13 59 13.140153 36 29 31.475136 650.001
GPSL36A 13 59 9.948005 36 29 21.054844 654.298
GPSL39 13 59 2.806395 36 28 14.732203 680.544
GPSL39A 13 59 1.170937 36 27 59.219283 687.044

Topographical Survey
3-13
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

GPSL42 13 59 18.897633 36 26 48.831472 681.885

GPSL42A 13 59 21.384580 36 26 40.438432 682.686
GPSL46 13 59 41.780806 36 25 16.133290 669.121
GPSL46A 13 59 43.783324 36 25 15.037515 668.433

Topographical Survey
3-14
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

Figure 3.2

Topographical Survey
3-15
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

The relevant photographs showing the location of GPS points are presented at the
end. However, the details monographs have been submitted separately in
Topographical survey Report.

3.5 Secondary Control Survey

The primary control net work established by GPS about 5 kilo meters apart, has
further been strengthened through addition of intermediate points. These
intermediate points are called secondary control traverse points. In order to achieve
the goal, mostly Total Station traverse has been carried out to establish secondary
control points, 300 m to 500 m apart, starting with one pair of GPS control point and
closing on to the next GPS control point.

The traverse observations completed by Total station in the stretch of 0 km (at Shire)
to 185 km, were recorded in the form of Horizontal angles, vertical angles and sloped
distances. The appropriate calculations were carried out using standard formula and
proper adjustments were carried out to get final coordinates of all the secondary
traverse control pillars.

However, in the last 77 km (from km185 to km 267), GPS was used in static mode to
carry out secondary traverse fixation to expedite the survey process.

All the secondary traverse control points are fixed along the road side with suitable
offset from the centre line of the existing road. The monuments are in the form of
cement concrete pillars, caste- in-situ with an 8mm iron rod in the centre, painted and
uniquely numbered.

Adjustment accuracy of secondary traverse control points fixed by Total Station was
better than 1:10,000 however the accuracy achieved by GPS traverse was of the
order of 1:100,000.

3.6 Vertical Control Survey

The elevations of all primary and secondary control points have been established by
running double level (fore & back direction) using Auto Levels. All the GPS and
traverse points established will be used as permanent Bench Marks. The elevation of
the control points has been established with respect to the Standard control points
provided by EMA.
In addition to the control points established above, a number of intermediate,
temporary benchmarks (TBMs) have been established, using auto levels, at suitable
locations along the road e.g. culverts, bridges, important buildings, wells or any other
suitable structure.
For elevations using Auto Levels, the agreement with the reference benchmarks is
better than K cm between two consecutive benchmarks, where K stands for
distance surveyed between the benchmarks in kilometres.

The co-ordinate details: Easting, Northing, and Elevation, of all the secondary
traverse control points, designated also as Bench marks, may be referred in
Annexure 3.1.

3.7 Detailed Topographical Survey

Based on the previously acquired control network, as discussed in section 3, (both
for horizontal and vertical), topographical survey using Total Station equipment has

Topographical Survey
3-16
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

been carried out in order to collect co-ordinate data (x, y, z) of all the topographical
features as required for the preparation of plan and Digital terrain Model. In general,
these include:
 Road centre line
 Pavement edges
 Outer shoulder edges
 Toe lines of fills and cuts
 Longitudinal and transverse drains / ditches
All man-made and natural topographical features have been surveyed, including:
 Water sources
 Structures
 Buildings
 Utilities etc. as visible, falling inside the corridor
Surveys have been extended to a minimum of 25m beyond each side of the centre
line of the existing carriageway, or to the ROW boundary, whichever is more.
Accordingly, a corridor of about 50m (25m on either side of the existing centre line)
has been surveyed. Surveys are carried out to pick up sufficient level points in the
corridor to create accurate digital terrain model.

3.8 Scale Factor

Scale factor was suitably applied to all the measurements through setting in the Total
Station based on the formula
SF = SF0(1+ x2 / 2R2)
where SF is the scale factor at any point
SF0 is the scale factor at the central meridian 0.9996; central meridian 39° E
X is the difference easting of the point where scale factor is to be calculated
R is the radius of the earth (6372 km)
The scale factors of SSH road, and HL road are given in Annexure 3.2, and 3.3
respectively.

3.9 Survey at Bridges/Culverts

Additional surveys for bridge sites, culverts and water ways were also undertaken. All
the culverts and bridges were surveyed in details showing the bed levels, soffit
levels, parapet walls, abutments deck levels etc. The defined channel was surveyed
up to 100 to 200m down stream and 100 to 200m up stream depending upon the
width of the channel including the gorges.
3.10 Survey at Road Junctions
At locations, where the existing alignment crosses other roads, the survey is
extended to a minimum of 100m on either side of the centre of the road and of
sufficient width to allow for geometric improvements.
Surveys for longitudinal and cross-sections for major and minor streams as required
for detailed design were also carried out.

Topographical Survey
3-17
Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study, Environmental and
Social Impact Assessment and Detailed Engineering Design for Engineering Report
Shire-Shiraro-Humera -Lugdi Road Upgrading Project, Ethiopia

3.11 Traverse Adjustment

As discussed above the primary control points were fixed using GPS where error was
limited to 4 ppm only. While fixing the secondary control points, two teams were
working. The one team working from Shire side used Total station for carrying out the
traverse, and the other team working form Humera side used the GPS for fixing the
traverse control points.
The vertical control was carried out by auto levels. The other team since used GPS
for fixing traverse control / secondary points the accuracy was of a very high order
and there was no adjustment required in X and Y values. The vertical control points
were adjusted between two secondary control points in proportion of their distance.
The accuracy was maintained within (k)0.5 where k is the distance in km and the
accuracy is in cm.
The X, Y obtained from the Total station between two consecutive GPS primary
points were adjusted in proportion of the distance two secondary control points. The
List of such adjustments may be referred in Annexure 3.4 which indicates that the
accuracy has been better than 1:10,000.

3.12 Data Processing

All data from the Total Stations, and other field records, is downloaded regularly on to
the field computer to ensure completeness of data in the field itself. Adequate field
checks were applied to ensure quality of the surveyed data. Based on the final X, Y &
Z coordinates, Digital Terrain Model was created using SCC (Survey Control center
ver. 1.9 from Atlas Computers) software to ensure perfect matching with the ground.
The center line profile and cross section were generated from the DTM and checked
to ensure over all quality of the field survey data. The final survey data was supplied
to the design team in a format suitable for design and preparation of drawings.

Topographical Survey
3-18