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Lesson 1 - Circuits 1

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51 views19 pages

Lesson 1 - Circuits 1

Uploaded by

mynameisjustinemontilla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Circuit Theory

Lesson 1

By:
Engr. Verna C. Magnaye, EcE
Overview:
Electricity is an apparent force in nature that exists
whenever there is a net electrical charge between any two
objects. It is therefore essential to study the parameters involving
or related to the topic to be able to understand its usage and
limitations. Knowing the conductors from which the electricity
could easily flow, the different resistive objects, and the effects
of the environment specifically the temperature will help us
expound our idea about it. The said topics are discussed in this
lesson and it is vital to learn all of these because they are
prerequisites to the next lessons.
Objectives:
After successfully completing this lesson, you should be able to:
 Describe what is electrical circuit.
 Describe what is electricity.
 Know the different electrical parameters and units.
 Determine the best and commonly used electrical conductor.
 Determine the resistance and resistivity of a conductor.
 Analyze and determine the effect of temperature variation to
resistance of a conductor.
Course Contents

The lesson is focused on the fundamental relationship


in circuit theory of:
• Electricity
• Conductors
• Temperature effect to resistance of a
conductor
Electrical Circuit
An interconnection of electrical components designed to
produce a desired result. A basic circuit consists of a
source, a load, and an interconnecting current path.

The performance of the circuit to produce the desired


result is usually dependent on the kind of conducting or
interconnecting current path.
Electricity
A phenomenon associated with the presence and motion of
electrons and other charged particles.

Electric Current-the directional motion of electrons.


✓ Electrostatic- deals with stationary charged particles.
✓ Magnetism – effects of moving electrons
✓ Electromagnetism- magnetism due to electric current.
Electric Field and Electric Force

 Electric Field – is the area or region surrounding an


electrically charged particle or body.

 Electric Force – the force produced due to the electric field


of a charged particle or body.
Electrical Potential
 Electrical Potential – the ability of a charged body to do
work on charged particles such as electrons.
 Electrical Potential Difference – the difference between
the capacities(potentials) of two charges to do work.
 Volt(V) – the unit of potential difference. A potential of one
volt(1V) has the capacity to do one joule(1J) of work in
moving one Coulomb (1C) of charge. Named after the Italian
physicist, Alessandro Volta (1745-1827) in 1881.
 Voltage – another name of potential difference expressed in
Volts.
 Electromotive Force(emf) – the electrical force that moves
charged particles such as electrons.
Electric Current
Any directional movement of electric charges such as
electrons.

Current in gases and liquids- generally consists of a flow of


positive ions in one direction together with a flow of negative
ions in the opposite direction.
 Current in solids (such as wires) – consists of the flow of
electrons, it refers to the measure of the quantity of charge
passing any point of the wire per unit of time.
 Ampere(A) – the unit of electric current. Current of one (1A) is
equal to one Coulomb(1C) of charge flows a given point in one
second(s). Named in honor to the French physicist and
mathematician, Andre M. Ampere(1775-1836).
 Current Density (J) – the current per unit cross-sectional area.
 Direct Current – charges flow in one direction only.
 Alternating Current – the motion of electric charges is
periodically reversed.
 Conventional Current- the assumption which considered the
flow of charge from positive to negative.
 Electron flow – it is the flow electron from negative to positive.
Conductor
 Material in which electrical current is established with
relative ease.

 It has free electrons on its surface or outer ring that


allows electric charges to pass through easily.

 Examples of conductive materials are gold, copper,


silver.
Resistance of Conductors
R = ρL / A
 Where:
ρ = resistivity of material/s
L = length of the material
A = cross-sectional area of the material

Units:
ρ : ( CM-Ω )/ ft. , Ω-cm
L : ft. , cm
A: CM , (cm)2
Conversion of units
 1000 mil = 1 inch
 1CM = π/4 sq. mils
 1 sq. mil = 4/ π CM

Problems:
1) Determine the area of the conductor with a
diameter of 1mil.
Answer: ACM = (dmil)2
ACM = 1CM
2) What is the resistance of a 100 ft length of copper wire
with a diameter of 0.020 in at 20oC?
Answer: R= 2.59Ω

3) What is the resistance of a copper bus-bar as used in


the power distribution panel of a high-rise office
building with the thickness of ½ inch, width of 5
inch, and a length of 3 ft.
Answer: R= 9.768 x 10-6 Ω

4) Determine the resistance of 100ft of #28 copper


telephone wire if the diameter is 0.0126 inch.
Answer: R=6.5Ω
Temperature Effects to Resistance of a
Material
Change in Resistance due to change in
temperature and temperature coefficient
1 = 1/[ lTl + t1] or ΔR = R1 1(t2-t1)

Resistance at new temperature


R2 = R1+ ΔR or R2 = R1 [1+ 1(t2-t1)]

(lTl + t1) /R1 = (lTl + t2)/R2


Examples:
1. If the resistance of a copper wire is 50Ω at 20oC, what is its
resistance at 100oC (boiling point of water)?
1. Answer: R2 = 65.72 Ω

2. If the resistance of a copper wire at freezing 0oC is 30 Ω,


what is its resistance at -40oC?
1. Answer: R2 = 24.88 Ω
Read:
 Basic Concept of Electricity
Chapter 1
Meade, R. L. (2007). Foundation of Electronics: Circuits &
Devices (Electron Flow Version). City Part, New York:
Delman Learning

 Electrical Quantities and Components


Chapter 2
Meade, R. L. (2007). Foundation of Electronics: Circuits &
Devices (Electron Flow Version). City Part, New York:
Delman Learning
Read:
 Voltage, Current, and Resistance
Chapter 1
Floyd, T. L. (2007). Electric Circuits Fundamentals. Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.

 Electricity
Chapter 1
 Schultz, M. E.(2016). Grob’s Basic Electronics. (12th ed.). 2
Penn Plaza, New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Activities/Assessments:
1. In a closed electrical circuit, electron movement (or electron
current is from the more (negative? Positive?) _________ point
in the circuit toward the more (negative? Positive?) ________
point in the circuit.
2. Draw an electrical circuit showing voltage source, conductor
wires, and load. Show the polarity of that source, and by using an
arrow, show the direction of current flow through the circuit.
(Assume a closed circuit)
3. Differentiate the following:
a. Closed circuit
b. Open circuit
c. Short circuit
4. What is the resistance of a copper wire that is 300 feet in length
and has a cross-sectional area of 2,048CM? ( Note: 𝜌 for copper is
10.4CM-Ω/ft.)
5. If the environmental temperature conditions for a certain
conductor’s operation increase, describe what happens to its
resistance.

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