Analytic functions

analysis concerned with the

complex is
theory and
analytic functionsdomain functions that
"
"

application of ,
i. e.
,

are
differentiable in some , so that
operations
of complex analysis een be applied to them .

Def .
A function flt )
domain D if fct )
is said
is
defined
to be
and
analytic
differentiable
in a

at all points of D. The function fat is said

to be analytic at a
point 2- = 2-◦ in D if
flt is
analytic in a
neighborhood of 2-0 .

Also
, by analytic function we mean e
function
that is only tic in some domain .

Another term for analytic in D is holomorphic in D.

Examples of unalike functions include
nonnegative
and
imteyqer powers
1
,
2-
,
2-2, . . •
, polynomials ,
i. e.

functions of the form

flt ) =
+ cszt czt2 t - - -
1- cmtm

where co
,
Cs , Cz ,
- - -

,
Cnn are complex constants .

two lilt
The quotient of polynomials glt ) and
,

fit )= 8£¥ ,

is called a
rattionol
function amok is analytic
except at points where LvCtl 0
(here assure
__
we

that common factors of g and h have been canceled ) .

E✗AMPLE_
We show hot flt) = 12-12 is
differentiable only at 2=0 .

flztsz ) -

flz ) =
12-+92-12 -

12-12
=
(2- + Az
)(£tAzT -
12-12
=

Az AZ gz

(2- + Az) ( E + Ñz) -

12-12 12-12+2--0=+252-+92-57-12422
= = =

Az Az

= I + Ñz + 2-
§¥ .
the limit is I -

2- =2Imlz ) .

For 2- = 0
,
the limit for At → 0 is 0
( of course also AI→o ) .

For 2- =/ 0
,
we can proceed as in the previous example and
observe that along path limit
'

we I the is 2--1-2=2 REGI ,

while along path I the limit is I -
2- = -

2iImlz)¥-2ReEV- 2- =/ 0 .

Therefore fat ,
is differentiable only at 2- = 0 and , by definition,
nowhere
analytic (there is not a
neighborhood of 0 in which it is analytic) .
Candy -

Riemann equations .

The requirement of differentiability of function of complex a

variable at point Zo imposes extremely important

e

conditions the behaviour of the reel and

imaginary
'

on

pets of Ibis function in the neighbourhood of the

point (xoxo) .

These conditions known

are the Cauchy Riemann conditions
as -

criterion for the omelet .dz complex function

They provide a
of a

W flt) relay) ivlxiy )

= = + .

Roughly , f is analytic in a domain D if and

only if the

first partial derivatives of u

and v satisfy the two

Cauchy Riemann equations

-

thx
Vy My Vx
= = -

everywhere in D .
Here the d÷ and
my
=

¥y ( same fav ) .
theorem Cauchy -

Riemann equations ( N.C.)

let telxiy ) be
ftt) =
+
ivory ) defined and continuous

in some neighbourhood of a
point 2- = ✗ try and

differentiable at 2- itself Then , at that point the

.
,

first order partial derivatives of

-
and exist and u v

satisfy the touchy Riemann equations

-

thx =

try , My = -

VE .
⑨
domain D
Hence
, if flt) is analytic in a
,
those

partial derivatives at all

exist and
satisfy ⑧

points of D.
proof .

The derivative f ' G) a limo

At → 0
& +?s¥-t exists by hypothesis .

We write Az = Ax +
Eby 2-t.bz =
✗ tsx ti (y by)
+
.

fl (a) a

¥yg[nGtHY+H+i¥¥?;g;+Ñ-Iul×,y)+ivGyD
._
.

Let consider the two

us paths in the
figure .

chose Az here
If we
path I , as → 0 we by = 0

have
, therefore
and Az =
Ax we

fyz) =

ihjy.gov#tHD-vkD-=ux+ivx.A-
him É
→0 Ax
+
DX

The last equality comes from the fact Huet fyzl exists
,
hence also the two real
limits fan an v exist
,
and
they are
equal to
ux and vy by definition .
 choose
Similarly , if we
path I we have that ,
as b. 2- → 0
, Sx =
0 ,
i. e. At --iBy .

Therefore we have

fl (f) = him É * i him YHY+-vl =

F- my iffy+

by 0
→ e-
Ay by 0 i by
→

imy
=
+
Vy
-

Also the due to the fact

in this case lest equality is that

fllt )
'
exists by hypothesis -
hence the limits
defining the

ported derivatives and

vy exist well
my as .

Now by equating the red pants and

imaginary pets of the
two results that we have obtained for f' (e) ,
we have

equating real ports

{
Vy
all = →
✗

Ny = -

my →
equating imaginary ports .

Hence the
proof of the theorem .
☒
The previous theorem condition
gives only necessary
a

for the aneliliicity of a

complex function . The following
theorem states that touchy -

Riemann equations are

also sufficient for a function to be analytic .

theorem Candy
-

Riemann equations ( B. e.)

If two red uol.net continuous functions ielxiy) and why)

of two variables ✗ and
y
have continuous first
partial derivatives that satisfy the Candy -
Riemann

equations in some domain D

,
then the complex
function flt) =
alky) +
ivlxiy) is analytic in D.

( proof skipped ) .
EXAMPLE
we sew that flt ) 2-2 =
is differentiable for all 2- and
it
hence is
analytic for all 't .

Let us see that Candy -

Riemann
equation holds :

f(E) = 2-2 =
( ✗ +
iy )2 a ✗ 2-
y2 +
Zixy with
texting

=) relay ) e
Ehty 2
u×= 2x
,
my
=
-

Ly
wlxiy ) =
2ty v×=2y , Vy
=
2x

we see that and

u×=vy my
=
vx
-

We also saw that flt)= É is not differentiable at

any 3
,

hence it is not analytic .

Indeed flz ) =
E = X -

iy ,
so that relay )= ✗
,
why )e -

Y
.

We have u×= 1
my
= 0
, Vx =
0, vy= -1 We notice Hot uy=-v×
,
.

but in =/ hey , therefore Condry

-

Rieman equations are not sohsfved

and the function is not anaclitic .
EXAMPLE
Is fct ) =
many ) + ivcx , y)
=
et ( cosy + isimy) andityc ?
we have many ) = et cosy M×= et cosy
, my
= -

Eary
( eisimy
✗
v ,y ) Vy Easy
=
x
v×= e.
sing
=

since Riemann
my z
Vy and
my
= -

VI
, Cauchy -

equations
are satisfied and hence fft ) is analytic for all 2- .

EXAMPLE
Is flat = Re (E) -

i Imltt ) analytic ?
We have eelxiy ) =
Re (2-2) = ✗
2-
yz u×= 2x aye
-

Zy
,

vlx, y) = -

Im (E) = -

Zxy Vx
= -

Zy , vyz
- 2x

u =

Vy my
=
Vx Cauchy Riemann epeohbrs one
-
-

✗
,
not
satisfied and the function not analytic
is .
Cauchy -
Riemann equations in
polar form
If we write 2- in polar form , i. e. 2- -
~ ( cost + is imo ) ,

we can write also f. G) in polar form as

flt )=uG , + ivfri .

Then the Candy -

Riemann equations become

ur =

In Vo ,
Un =
-

In no .
1*1

EXAMPLE
is fCt)=÷ analytic ?
fCE)=÷i
e

"☒
Let 2-
-
- reio .
Then =

¥ e- =

÷[ cost -80 ) + is info ] =

8
=
-
e- sink 805 + i ñ& cos C- 80)
uh , a) = -
r
-
8
sin f- 80) un 859 sin 1-80) no
=
8 a- 86s 1-8 of
,

is cos 1-80) vo=8r- 8am 1- 8D

8
VINO) = e- cost-80) vr= -8
,

Hence
Candy
-

Riemann
egs . (*) are satisfied and the
function is analytic .
LAPLACE 'S EQUATIONS .
HI ARMONK FUNCTIONS .

connected
Analytic functions are
closely with
solving the

Laplace 's equation , to which numerous

problems of mechanics
and physics reduce .
For this reason
,
the methods
of the
theory of functions of Eomplex numbers have found extensive
broad
range of problems in
and effective use
solving in a

hydrodynamics the theory of elasticity

and
aerodynamics , ,
and other natural
electrodynamics sciences .

Theorem
then
If fct-ulxiylti.ua , y) is analytic in a domain D ,

both u and v
satisfy Laplace 's equation
in =
tent leyy =
0 I

try Vw tray 0
= =
,

D D.
in and have continuous second partial derivatives in
 ⑧ i. e. An
analytic function domain S has

proof
in a

orders
. derivatives
of all .

"
"
Mt "

4
→ dx → M××= via
qq.gg?i;5 my
= -

Vx →
dye →
my,
= -

try
It can be proved that the derivative of an
analytic function
is
itself analytic? This implies that we amdv have continuous

partial derivatives of all orders

,
and in particular the mixed

partial derivatives are

equal ,
i -
e .

Very
=

vyx .

Therefor we have u ✗✗ Mart thy 0

my,
= - =

Similarly , My
=

vy → dy →
thy =
vyy

My
= -

V* → dy →
my ✗
= -

Vxx

and since my ✗ vxxt Vyy = 0 ☒

iexy
=
.
Solutions of Laplace 's equation having continuous

second -

partial derivatives
order celled are

harmonic functions and their theory is

called potential theory .

The real and

imaginary parts of an

analytic function are harmonic functions .

If two functions
armonic and u
satisfy the w

Cauchy Riemann equations in

-
domain D theya
,

are the real and imaginary part of analytic an

be
function f in D . Then v is said to a

D.
harmonic
conjugate function of u in
EXAMPU=_
Determine and b that harmonic
a so
u=ax3tb×y is .

and
find the harmonic conjugate .

Wa went to have Dtu =

tent ayy
- 0 .

We have U(Hy)= a✗3 tbxy

the 3ax2 +
by , my
=
bx

Uh, = 6a✗ tlyy

=
0
,

V-be.cl
that Uyy = Gex =D
for e- 0
,
.

relay )= .

bxy .

→
Now u×= by my = bx
,

harmonic
By the Cauchy Riemann equations the
-

conjugate UGH lies to satisfy

bx
Vy =
in =

by '
and v×= -

my =
-
⑧

We integrate Ny
went .

y
and differentiate the result
wurrt . ✗ :

guy dy =
/ by dy =
tzbyz + KG )

✓✗ = K' ( x )
g-
-

bx KG )= -

fbxdx = -

tzbx + const
.

Therefore we have vcx , g) =

tzbyz tzbxztconst =1zb(y2

-
-

✗ 2) toast .

We notice that e
conjugate harmonic function uniquely is

determined real addition constant

up to an
eubitroay .