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AC Generator

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akash sharma
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167 views13 pages

AC Generator

Uploaded by

akash sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHYSICS PROJECT FILE

A.C. Generator

Session:-2024-25

Submitted By:- Submitted to:-


Name- Nisha Sharma
Class- 12th
Contents
Certificate
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Principle of A.C. Generator
Construction of A.C. Generator
Theory
Circuit Diagram
Working of A.C. Generator
Expression for Instaneous e.m.f. produced
Applications of A.C. Generator
Bibliography
Certificate
This is to certify that Nisha Sharma, a student of
Class XII has successfully completed the project
under the guidance of Mr. (PGT PHY),During the
academic year 2024-25 in partial fulfillment of
physics practical examination conducted by CBSE.
Acknowledgment

It would my utmost pleasure to express my sincere


thanks to my physics teacher Mr. Rituraj in
providing a helping hand in this project. His
valuable guidance and support and supervision all
through this project are responsible for attaining its
present form.
Introduction
A.C. Generator means Alternating current generator.
It is a device which is used to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy.

A.C. generator forces electric current to flow


through an external circuit. The source of
mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine
steam engine, water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind
turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other
source of mechanical energy.
Principle of A.C. Generator
It is based on the principle of electro-magnetic
induction, i.e., whenever amount of magnetic flux
linked with a coil changes, an e.m.f. is induced in the
coil.

The direction of current induced is given by


Fleming’s right-hand rule.
Construction of A.C. Generator
The A.C. Generator is consist of four main parts :

(1) THE COIL (ARMATURE) :


A rectangular coil ABCD consist of a large number
of turns of copper bound over a soft iron core is called
armature. The soft iron core is used to increase the
magnetic flux.

(2) MAGNETIC FIELD :


It is usually a permanent sponge magnet having
concave poles. The armature is rotated of a magnet so
that axis of the armature is perpendicular to magnetic
field lines.

(3) SLIP RINGS :


Slip rings are the magnetic rings, which are connected
to the terminal of the armature. These rings are rotated
with the coil and these are used to draw the current
from the generator.

(4) BRUSHES :
The brushes B1 & B2 just touches the slip rings. They
are not rotating with the coil and these brushes lead to
the output of load resistance.
Theory
1. The strong magnetic field is produced by a current flow
through the field coil of the rotor.

2. The field coil in the rotor receives excitation through the


use of slip rings and brushes.

3. Two brushes are spring-held in contact with the slip rings


to provide the continuous connection between the field coil
and external circuit.

4. The armature is contained within the windings of the


stator and is connected to the output.

5. Each time the rotor makes one complete revolution, one


complete cycle of AC is developed.

6. A generator has many turns of wire wound into the slots of


the rotor.

7. The magnitude of AC voltage generated by an AC


generator is dependent on the field strength and speed of the
rotor.

8. Most generators are operated at a constant speed;


therefore, the generated voltage depends on field excitation
or strength.
Circuit Diagram
Working of an A.C. Generator

The coil is rotated in the anti-clockwise direction. In


the first half rotation the arm AB is moving outward
and CD is moving inward. So the e.m.f. is induced
in the arm AB from A to B. And in the arm CD from
C to D. After half rotation (in the second half). The
arm CD is moving outward and AB is moving
inward. In this time current is induced in arm CD
from D to C. And in arm AB from B to A. In the
second-half rotation, the current direction is
changing so in this generator AC is produced.
Expression for Instaneous
e.m.f. produced
Let position of the coil at any time t. It's making
angle θ with vertical. If w is uniform angular speed
of the coil.
Then, θ =ωt

B be the strength of magnetic field n be the number


of turns in the coil and A area of the coil then
magnetic flux with the coil in this position is given
by :
Φ = nBA Cosθ = nBA Cos ωt.

Differentiate w.r.t. time:-

Maximum value of e.m.f. So ,


ε = ε° sin( )
Applications of A.C. Generator
1. Aircraft auxiliary power generation, wind
generators, high-speed gas turbine generators.

2. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drive systems,


automotive starter generators.

3. An ac generator, or 'alternator', is used to produce


ac voltages for transmission via the grid system or,
locally, as portable generators.

4. All of our household appliances run on ac current.


Ex: Refrigerator, washing machines, oven, lights,
fan, etc.

5. The main advantage of AC is ease of power


distribution.
It is more efficient to use high voltage to distribute
power, but it is not safe to have high voltage at
home. It is easy to step up (and step down) AC
voltage using a transformer.
Bibliography

• CBSE Lab manual


• NCERT Textbook
• Websites:- www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com

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