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 Types of Tissues
Tissue – a collection of cells of the same type that
perform a common function
There are 4 major tissue types in the body:
1. Connective tissue – binds and supports body parts
2. Muscular tissue – moves the body and its parts
3. Nervous tissue – conducts nerve impulses
4. Epithelial tissue – covers body surfaces; lines body
cavities

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 Connective tissue

Connective tissue" is a term used for various body tissues that connect,
support, and bind other tissues
• Major functions of connective tissues:

1. Bind other tissues and support organs and the whole body.

2. Protect the body.

3. Insulate sensitive organs such as kidneys.

4. Store fuel (in fat cells).

5. Help transport substances throughout the body.

Connective tissue
The three primary constituents of any connective tissue are cells, fibers, and matrix,
which is an amorphous extracellular substance
A. Connective tissue cells :
1. Fibroblast:
• This spindle-shaped cell with processes is the main component of connective
tissue.
• The cell is formed like a spindle and has processes.
Function: It creates and preserves the matrix and fibers of connective tissue.
2. Immune cells: These are moving blood cells, including mast cells, lymphocytes,
and macrophages.
Function: They contribute to immunity.
3. Specialized cells: discovered a specific connection. Tissue, including
chondrocytes in cartilage, osteocytes in bone, and adipocytes in adipose tissue
 B. Connective tissue Fibers
1. Collagen fibers:

• These fibers are strong and non-stretching.

• Among all fiber types, they are the most prevalent.

• Type I collagen protein is present in them.

2. Reticular fibers:

• These tiny, delicate fibers are what give organs their fiber networks.

• Have collagen type III protein.

• They create a network of tiny fibers and are supportive.

3. Elastic fibers:

• Since they are elastic, they can be stretched and stretched again to a previous length.

• They have proteins called elastin

C. Matrix:

The ground substance, the connective tissue matrix, is a thick gel composed of water
and other glycoproteins.

Its high-water content causes tissues to become hydrated and aids in the diffusion of
nutrients, nourishing the tissue.
Connective Tissue
 Connective Tissue Types

There are three main types of connective tissue:

1. Fibrous
2. supportive
3. Fluid

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 1. Fibrous connective tissue
1. Loose fibrous connective tissue
Loose fibrous connective tissue supports epithelium and many
internal organs
Areolar, adipose, and reticular connective tissues are the three
subtypes of loose connective tissue
1. Areolar connective tissue.

• It has scant tissue that resembles mesh and an uneven network of collagen and elastic
fibers in a sizable amount of matrix (ground material).
2. Adipose connective tissue:
• The predominant cell type in this tissue is adipocytes or fat cells.

3. Reticular connective tissue:

• It is not the same as areolar connective tissue since it has fine reticular fibers rather than
collagen fibers.

5
1. Fibrous connective tissue

5
 1. Fibrous connective tissue

B. Dense connective tissue:

• Dense connective tissues have more fibers .

1. Dense regular C. T.:

mostly made up of collagen fibers that are organized uniformly

and closely packed

2. Dense irregular C. T

Consists mainly of collagen fibers that are organized erratically and

closely together
3. Elastic C. T.:
It is primarily composed of elastic fibers. 5
 1. Fibrous connective tissue

B. Dense connective tissue:

• Dense connective tissues have more fibers .

1. Dense regular C. T.:

mostly made up of collagen fibers that are organized uniformly

and closely packed

2. Dense irregular C. T

Consists mainly of collagen fibers that are organized erratically and

closely together
3. Elastic C. T.:
It is primarily composed of elastic fibers. 5
 Connective Tissues Found in the Knee
(Figure 4.2)

(all photos): © ED Reschke

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 2. Supportive connective tissue
Two major types: cartilage and bone
Cartilage
It is an avascular connective tissue that reinforces the walls of the upper respiratory system,
the external ear, and caps bones and extremities at joints.

Cartilage cells:
The chondrocytes are the mature principal cartilage cells lodged in the lacunae (cavities in the
cartilage matrix).

Matrix of the cartilage:

Cartilage is composed of a rubbery substance called glycosaminoglycan and water.

Fibers of the cartilage:

Cartilage may contain collagenous or elastic fibers according to its type
Hyaline cartilage – fine collagen fibers, found in the tip of the nose,
ends of long bones and the fetal skeleton
Elastic cartilage – lots of elastic fibers, found in the outer ear
Fibrocartilage – strong collagen fibers, found in the disks between
vertebrae
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Cartilage Type
 2. Supportive connective tissue
Bone
□ Rigid connective tissue, matrix is made of collagen and
calcium salts
□ There are two types of bone tissue: compact and
spongy
• Compact bone makes up the shafts of long bones
I. Consists of cylindrical structural units called osteons
II. The central canal contains blood vessels and nerves
III. Bone cells are located in lacunae
• Spongy bone is inside the ends of long bones, Lighter
than compact bone, but strong

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 3. Fluid Connective
There are two types of fluid connective tissue: blood and lymph
Blood:
Made of a fluid matrix called plasma and cellular
components called formed elements.
3 formed elements:
I. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) – cells that carry oxygen
II. White blood Cell (leukocytes) – cells that fight
infection
III. Platelets (thrombocytes) – pieces of cells that clot blood

Lymph
Derived from the fluid surrounding the tissues.
Contains white blood cells.
Lymphatic vessels absorb excess interstitial fluid and return lymph to
the cardiovascular system
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2. Muscular Tissue

1-The muscular tissues are connected to the same nerve

bundles.
2-The nerve impulse from the brain tells the muscles to
contract.
3-Each muscle cell contains the proteins actin and myosin.
These proteins slide past one another when the signal is
received for contraction.
4- A single cell contracts up to 70% in length. The entire
muscle shortens during contraction
5-Muscular tissues help in the movement of bones, squeeze
different organs, or compress chambers
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 Properties of Muscular Tissue

Properties of Muscular Tissue

1- Contractibility– It is the ability of muscle cells to shorten
forcefully.
2- Extensibility– A muscle has the ability to be stretched.
3- Elasticity– The muscles have the ability to recoil back to its
original length after being stretched.
4- Excitability– The muscle tissue responds to a stimulus
delivered from a motor neuron or hormone.
2. Muscular Tissue

Muscular Tissue Moves the Body

Specialized to contract, cells are called muscle
fibers
Three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardi

The muscular tissue is of three types:

Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue

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1. Skeletal muscle
▪ These muscles are attached to the skeleton and help in its
movement.
▪ These muscles are also known as striated muscles because
of the presence of alternate patterns of light and dark bands.
▪ These light and dark bands are sarcomeres which are highly
organized structures of actin, myosin, and proteins. These
add to the contractility and extensibility of the muscles.
▪ skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles composed of muscle
fibers.
▪ The cells of these tissues are multinucleated..
▪ They bring about the movement of the organs of the body

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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
 2. Smooth muscle

2. Smooth muscle
▪ These are non-striated, involuntary
muscles controlled by the Autonomous
Nervous System.
▪ It stimulates the contractility of the
digestive, urinary, reproductive systems,
blood vessels, and airways.
▪ The actin and myosin filaments are very
thin and arranged randomly, hence no
striations.
▪ The cells are spindle-shaped with a single
nucleus
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 3. Cardiac Muscle

▪ These are found only in the heart.

▪ These are involuntary muscles and the
heart pumps the blood through cardiac
contractions.
▪ The cells of the cardiac muscles known
as the cardiomyocytes are striated.
▪ They are single-celled and
uninucleated.
▪ The ends of the cells are joined and
the junctions are called intercalated
discs. The cells are attached to each
other by desmosomes
 3. Nervous Tissue
Function Of Nervous Tissue

▪ Neurons generate and carry out nerve impulses. They produce

electrical signals that are transmitted across distances, they do
so by secreting chemical neurotransmitters.
▪ Responds to stimuli
▪ Carries out communication and integration
▪ Provides electrical insulations to nerve cells and removes
debris
▪ Carries messages from other neurons to the cell body
 3. Nervous Tissue
Nervous or the nerve tissue is the main tissue of our nervous system.
It monitors and regulates the functions of the body. Nervous tissue
consists of two cells (neurons and neuroglia)
Neuron Has three parts: dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
I. Dendrites carry information toward the cell body
II. The cell body contains the nucleus and other organelles
III. Axon conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body, covered
in myelin, a fatty substance
• Nerves – bundles of axons traveling to and from the brain and
spinal cord
Neuroglia : Main function is to support and nourish neurons

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 4. Epithelial tissue
• Epithelial tissue consists of layers of tightly interconnected cells
that form a protective covering on the body's outer surface and line
the internal organs and cavities.
The main functions of epithelial tissues are:
Epithelial Tissue Functions
1- Protection: As it covers the entire body surface, it is the first line of defence against any
kind of mechanical injury, chemical exposure, excessive fluid loss and infections. Ciliary
projections present in the nose or upper respiratory tract, trap the dust particles and
prevent it from entering the body
2- Absorption: The epithelial lining of the digestive tract absorbs water and nutrients
3- Exchange of substances: Epithelial tissue regulates the exchange of substances between
body and external environment as well as the internal exchange between different parts of
the body. Everything that enters the body or enters the bloodstream by absorption has to
cross the epithelial barrier
4-Sensation: Sensory receptors are present in the epithelial tissue of the nose, eyes and
ears, taste bud, etc. that help in transmitting signals from the external stimuli to the brain
5- Secretion: Various glands made up of epithelial cells secrete hormones, enzymes, saliva,
mucus, sweat, etc .
 4. Epithelial Tissue Protects
(epithelium, or plural, epithelia)
I. Made of tightly packed cells, Lines body cavities, covers body
surfaces, and is found in glands
II. Anchored by a basement membrane on one side and is free on the
other side
III. Named for the number of cell layers and the shape of the cells

I. Simple epithelium
• Single layer of cells
II. Stratified epithelium
• Multiple layers of cells

III. Pseudostratified

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 Epithelial Tissue (Figure 4.7)

a. Classes of epithelium

b. Cell shapes

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I. Simple epithelia
Comprised of a single layer of cells sitting on a basement membrane, the simple
epithelium has four different types

1. Simple squamous epithelium

▪ It consists of a single layer of flattened (plate-like) cells.

▪ That is, found in the lungs, where it functions in gas exchange

2. Simple cuboidal epithelium

▪ Single layer of cube-shaped cells

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3. Simple columnar epithelium: Single layer of column-shaped cells

II. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

• This simple epithelium type is made up of a single layer of columnar cells with
different heights having the look of having multiple layers.

• Location: Mostly located in the respiratory tract lining, it also covers the
epididymis duct

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III. Stratified epithelia
• Consists of several layers of cells (Fig. 3) resting also on a
basement membrane.
There are four types of this epithelium

1. Stratified squamous epithelium:

• Consists of several layers of cells, the most superficial one is
squamous in shape, which is actually formed of dying cells.
• There are two subtypes of this epithelium, keratinized and non-
keratinized.
Location:
The non-keratinized one forms the lining epithelium of the mouth
esophagus, and vagina. The keratinized one forms the epidermis
of skin.

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III. Stratified epithelia
2. Stratified cuboidal epithelium:
• Consists of several layers of cells, the most
superficial one is cuboidal.
Location: Lines the ducts of sweat, salivary, and
mammary glands.
3. Stratified columnar epithelium:
Consists of several layers of cells, the most superficial
one is columnar.
Location: Male urethra. Function: Protection and
secretion.
4. Transitional epithelium:
Consists of multiple layers of epithelial cells the most
superficial one is pear shaped.
Location:
Found in the lining of the ureter and urinary bladder.

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