Plane and Solid Geometry

BSEd 2C

Flover Jan Novino

Rogelio Pagran
King William Zafra
Vernalyn Bautista
Marielle Bayeta
Edelyn Daprosa
Aivelyn Moreno
Jessa Mae Ramos

November 14, 2024

Solid Shapes
Solid shapes, also known as three-dimensional (3D) shapes, are objects that have three
dimensions: length, width, and height (or depth). Unlike two-dimensional shapes, which have
only length and width, solid shapes occupy space and have volume. These shapes are found in
both natural and man-made environments, making them essential concepts in geometry,
architecture, and everyday life.
What is a Solid Shape?
Solid shapes are geometric figures that have depth, in addition to length and width,
meaning they exist in a three-dimensional shape.

 Faces – the flat or curved surfaces of a solid shape.

 Edges – the lines where two faces meet.
 Vertices – the points where edges meet.
Surface Area and Volume
Surface area and volume are calculated for any three-dimensional geometrical shape. The
surface area of any given object is the area or region occupied by the surface of the object.
Whereas volume is the amount of space available in an object.

SOLIDS:
 Cube - A cube is a solid shape with six square faces. Each square face has the same side
length and thus all the faces have the same size. A cube has 12 edges and 8 vertices. Each
vertex refers to a corner where three edges of a cube meet.
o Total Surface Area:
 TSA=6 s2
o Lateral Surface Area:
 LSA=4 s 2
o Volume
 V =s 3
 Cuboid – In geometry, a cuboid is a solid shape or a three-dimensional shape. A convex
polyhedron that is bounded by six rectangular faces with eight vertices and twelve edges
is called a cuboid. A cuboid is also called a rectangular prism. A cuboid with six square
faces is called a cube.
o Total Surface Area:
 TSA=2 ( lb+ bh+ hl )
o Lateral Surface Area:
 LSA=2 h ( l+ w )
o Volume:
 V =lbh
 Cylinder – A cylinder is a solid with congruent circular bases that are in parallel planes.
The space between the circles is enclosed. A cylinder has a radius and a height.
o Total Surface Area:
 TSA=2 π r 2 +2 πrh
o Lateral Surface Area:
 LSA=2 πrh
o Volume:
 V =π r 2 h
 Cone – A cone is a solid with a circular base and sides that taper up towards a vertex. A
cone is generated from rotating a right triangle, around one leg. A cone has a slant height.
o Total Surface Area:
 TSA=π r 2+ πrs
 s = slant height
o Lateral Surface Area:
 LSA=πrl
 s = slant height
o Volume:
2
 πr h
V=
3
 Sphere – in geometry, it is the set of all points in three-dimensional space lying the same
distance (the radius) from a given point (the center), or the result of rotating a circle about
one of its diameters. The components and properties of a sphere are analogous to those of
a circle.
o Total Surface Area:
 TSA=4 π r 2
o Lateral Surface Area:
 It does not have a lateral surface area as it does not have any bases.
o Volume:
4 3
 V= π r
3
 Hemisphere – In geometry, a hemisphere is a three-dimensional solid figure that is
exactly half the size of a sphere in terms of volume. According to this definition, if a
circle is divided into two equal parts, we will get two hemispheres due to the division.
o Total Surface Area:
 TSA=3 π r 2
o Lateral Surface Area:
 L SA=2 π r 2
o Volume:
2 3
 V= π r
3
 Spheroid – It is a three-dimensional shape obtained by rotating an ellipse about its minor
axis, resulting in an oblate spheroid, or about its major axis, resulting in a prolate
spheroid.
o The formula for the Total Surface area of a Spheroid requires a deeper
understanding in both Geometry and Calculus.
o Volume:
4
 V = πabc
3
  Where a, b, and c are axes of the spheroid.

 Pyramid – A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape. It has a polygonal base and flat

triangular faces, which join at a common point called the apex: a pyramid is formed by
connecting the bases to an apex. Each edge of the base is connected to the apex, and
forms the triangular face, called the lateral face.
 Triangular Pyramid – A triangular pyramid, also known as a tetrahedron, is a three
dimensional shape in which all the faces are triangles. It is a pyramid with a triangular
base connected by four triangular faces where three faces meet at one vertex.
o Total Surface Area:
ab 3 bs
 TSA= +
2 2
 s = slant height
 a = base height
 b = base length
o Lateral Surface Area:
3bs
 LSA=
2
 s = slant height
 a = base height
 b = base length
o Volume:
Ah
 V=
3
 Where A is the area of the triangle base and h is the height
 Rectangular Pyramid - If the base of a pyramid is rectangular, then it is called a
rectangular pyramid. Though the shape of the base is rectangular, the sides of all
pyramids are in a triangular shape.
o Total Surface Area:

 TSA=lw +l

o Lateral Surface Area:

√( 2)
w 2 2
+h + w
√( )
l 2 2
2
+h

o Volume:
LSA=l
√( 2)
w 2 2
+h + w
√( )
l 2 2
2
+h

lwh
 V=
3
 Triangular Prism – A triangular prism is a polyhedron made up of two (2) triangular
bases and three rectangular sides. It is a three-dimensional shape that has three side faces
and two base faces, connected to each other through the edges.
 Pentagonal Prism – A prism that has two (2) pentagonal bases like top and bottom and
five rectangular sides. It is a type of heptahedron with seven (7) faces, 10 vertices and 15
edges. A pentagonal prism can have pentagonal bases which give five (5) sides. A
pentagonal prism is also known as a five-sided polygon prism.
 Hexagonal Prism – A polyhedron with 8 faces, 18 edges, and 12 vertices where out of the
(8) eight faces, 6 faces are in the shape of rectangles and two (2) faces are in the shape of
 hexagons. The top and bottom of the hexagonal prism is shaped as a hexagon and are
equal to each other.
 Heptagonal Prism – A three-dimensional solid consisting of two identical heptagonal
bases joined together by seven rectangular faces. It has nine faces (two (2) heptagons and
seven (7) rectangles), 19 edges, and 14 vertices.
 Octagonal Prism – A three-dimensional solid consisting of two identical octagonal bases
joined together by eight rectangular faces. It has 10 faces (two (2) octagons and eight (8)
rectangles), 24 edges, and 16 vertices.
o Total Surface Area (Prism general formula):
 TSA=2 B+ Ph
 B = Base Area
 P = Base Perimeter
o Lateral Surface Area (Prism general formula):
 LSA=Ph
 P = Base Perimeter
o Volume (Prism general formula):
 V =Bh
 B = Base Area
 Trapezoidal Prism – A trapezoidal prism is a 3D figure made up of two congruent
trapezoids that are connected by four rectangles. The trapezoids are on the top and the
bottom. Thus, they form the base for prisms and have polygons that form their bases. The
four rectangles form the lateral faces of the trapezoid prism. So, a trapezoidal prism
consists of: Six (6) faces, eight (8) vertices, and twelve (12) edges.
o Total Surface Area:
 TSA=( b 1+ b2 ) h1 + P h2
 b 1 & b 2 = bases of the trapezoid base
 h1 = trapezoid base height
 h2 = prism height
o Lateral Surface Area:
 LSA=Ph
 h = prism height
o Volume:
 V =Bh
 B = base area

Composite Solids
These are three-dimensional shapes made up of two or more basic geometric solids.
These could include a combination of shapes like cubes, cylinders, cones, spheres, prisms,
pyramids, and more. To find properties like the volume or surface area of composite solids, you
break them down into simpler components, calculate the required property for each, and then
combine the results.
 To calculate the volume, the composite solid must be divided into simpler solid shapes.
Then find the individual volumes, and finally add all.
 To calculate the surface area, the composite solid must be divided into simpler solid
shapes. Then solve for the individual surface areas. After finding the surface area,
subtract the area of the bases where the solid shapes connect (as these are no longer a part
of the surface).