HIGHWAY AND

RAILROAD
ENGINEERING:
LESSON 5
 COURSE OUTLINE
HIGHWAY AND RAILWAY
ENGINEERING

Reference: CHED Memorandum Order No. 92 Series 2017

 FUNDAMENTALS OF
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Agenda
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1. Railways Historical Development

2. Philippine Railway System
3. Railways versus Road Transport
4. Track Components
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Historical Notes in Railways
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1824 – Nicolas Carnot, carried out the

pioneering work of developing steam
energy

1804 – Richard Trevithick designed and

constructed a steam locomotive

1814 – George Stephenson, produced the

first steam locomotive used for traction in
railways
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes in
Railways
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1825 – Recorded first

public railway in the
world was opened to
public, between
Stockholm and
Darlington
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes in
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Railways

1833 – First railway line in

USA between Mohawk
and Hudson
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
RAILWAY ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT

Historical Notes in
Railways

1835 – First railway in

Germany was opened
from Nuremberg to
Furth
 RAILWAY HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT
Historical Notes in Railways
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

1875 –King Alfonso XII of Spain

promulgated a Royal Decree
directing the Office of the Inspector
of Public Works of the Philippines to
submit a general plan for railroads
on Luzon (June 25, 1875).

The plan, was entitled

Memoria Sobre el Plan
General de Ferrocarriles en la
Isla de Luzón.
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
History of Philippine Railways

1876 – Memoria Sobre el Plan

General de Ferrocarriles en la Isla de
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Luzón Grand M aster Plan

1891 – First rail tracks laid

1892 – Openned for

commercial use, from
Ferrocarril de M anila to
Dagupan

Source: The Colonial Iron Horse

 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
History of Philippine
Railways

▪ Before series of wars

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

engulfed Philippines,
more than a thousand
route-kilometers were
built.

▪ Only 452 km were

operational after
the war.

▪ Only 129 km remain

operational (2021). Source: Esquire

▪ The government aims to expand

railway network to 1900 km by 2022
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
Greater Manila Railway
Networks
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Green – LRT 1

Blue – LRT 2 Source: Bernard Arellano III

Yellow – MRT 3

Orange – PNR
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Greater
Tokyo
Railway
Networks
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail Projects

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

LRT 1 Cavite Extension –

expected to reduce the travel
time between Baclaran and
Bacoor to around 20 minutes
from the usual one hour.
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT
Ongoing Rail Projects

LRT 2 East Extension – to add new

stations: Marikina-Pasig and Antipolo
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 PHILIPPINE
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Ongoing Rail Projects

MRT 7 – elevated railway from

North Ave. to SJDM, Bulacan.
Expected to serve 350,000 daily
commuters.
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail
Projects
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

MetroM anila Subway

Project – expected to
serve 370,000 daily
passengers.
 PHILIPPINE
RAILWAY
DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail Projects

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

North South Commuter Rail Project

Source: JICA

– Clark-Calamba Railway, expected

to be full operational by 2025
 PHILIPPINE RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT

Ongoing Rail
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Projects

Mindanao Railway
System – Phase 1
construction expected to
begin Q4 in 2021

Source: M indanao news

 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT

FEATURE RAIL TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

▪ The movement of steel wheels

on steel rails has the basic ▪ The tractive resistance of a
Tractive advantage of low rolling pneumatic tire on paved roads is
Resistance resistance. almost five times compared to that of
▪ This reduces haulage costs wheels on rails.
because of low tractive
resistance.
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
FEATURE RAIL TRANSPORT ROAD TRANSPORT

▪ A railway track is defined on two

rails and is within protected ▪ Roads, though having well defined
limits. limits, can be used by any
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Right of Way ▪ Trains work as per prescribed vehicular traffic and even by
schedule and no other vehicle has pedestrians they are open to all.
the right of way except at specified
level crossings.

▪ Owing to the heavy infrastructure ▪ The cost of construction and

Cost of Analysis and equipment, the initial as well maintenance of roads is
as maintenance cost of a railway comparatively cheaper
line is high
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature Rail Transport Road Transport

▪ The gradients of railways tracks ▪ Roads are constructed normally

are flatter (normally not more with steeper gradients of up to 1
Gradients and
than 1 in 100), and curves are in 30 and relatively much sharper
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Curves
limited up to only 10° on broad curves.
gauge.

▪ Due to the defined routes and ▪ Road transports have much more
Flexibility of facilities required for the flexibility in movement and can
movement reception and dispatch of trains, provide door-to-door services.
railways can be used only
between fixed points.
 RAIL VERSUS ROAD TRANSPORT
Feature Rail Transport Road Transport

▪ Railways have minimum ▪ Road transport creates

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Environment adverse effects on the comparatively greater

pollution environment. pollution than the railways.

▪ Road transport is best suited for

▪ Railways are best suited for
carrying lighter goods and smaller
Suitability carrying heavy goods and large
numbers of passengers over
numbers of passengers over long
shorter distances.
distances.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Track Components

The track is the railroad on which trains run.

 Track
Components
RAILS
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

▪ Rails are the members of

the track laid in two
parallel lines to provide an
unchanging, continuous,
and level surface for the
movement of trains.
▪ To be able to withstand
stresses, they
are made of high-carbon
steel.

Source: https://rekvizitai.vz.lt/en/company/vitras_s/
 Track Components
RAILS
Functions
1. Rails are similar to steel girders. These are provided to perform the
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

following functions in a track.

2. Rails provide a continuous and level surface for the movement of
trains.
3. Rails provide a pathway which is smooth and has very little friction.
4. Rails serve as a lateral guide for the wheels.
5. Rails bear the stresses developed due to vertical loads transmitted
to them through axles and wheels of rolling stock as well as due to
braking and thermal forces.
6. Rails carry out the function of transmitting the load to a large
area of the formation through sleepers and the ballast.
 Track Components
RAILS
Types of Rails
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Gauge
▪ Gauge is defined as the minimum distance between two
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

rails.
▪ The gauge is measured as the clear minimum distance
between the running faces of the two rails

2021 – CE 408 28
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Gauge
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Track Components
RAILS
Rail Specification
Every rail has a brand on its web, which is repeated at intervals
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

IRS-52kg – 710 – TISCO – I 1991 –>OB

a) IRS-52-kg: Number of IRS rail section, i.e., 52 kg

b) 710: Grade of rail section, i.e., 710 or 880
c) TISCO: Manufacturer’s name, e.g., Tata Iron and Steel Co.
d) II 1991: Month and year of manufacture (February 1991)
e) ->:An arrow showing the direction of the top of the ingot
f) OB: Process of steel making, e.g., open hearth basic (OB)
 Track Components
SLEEPERS

▪ Sleepers are the transverse ties

that are laid to support the
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

rails.
▪ They have an important role in
the track as they transmit the
wheel load from the rails to the
ballast.
 Track Components
SLEEPERS
Functions
1. Holding the rails in their correct gauge and alignment
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

2. Giving a firm and even support to the rails

3. Transferring the load evenly from the rails to a wider area of the
ballast
4. Acting as an elastic medium between the rails and the ballast to
absorb the blows and vibrations caused by moving loads
5. Providing longitudinal and lateral stability to the permanent way
6. Providing the means to rectify the track geometry during their
service life.
 Track Components
SLEEPERS
Sleeper Density and Spacing
Sleeper density is the number of sleepers per rail length. It is specified as
M +x or N +x
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

M or N is the length of the rail in meters and x is a number that

varies according to factors such as
a) axle load and speed,
b) type and section of rails, Example: If the sleeper density
c) type and strength of the is M+7 on a broad-gauge route
sleepers, and the length of the rail is 13
d) type of ballast and ballast m,
cushion, and It means that 13 +7 =20
e) nature of formation. sleepers will be used per rail
on that route.
 Track Components
BALLAST

▪ The ballast is a layer of broken stones, gravel, or any other

granular material placed and packed below and around sleepers
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

for distributing load from the sleepers to the formation.

▪ It provides drainage as well as longitudinal and lateral stability to
the track.
 Track Components
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

BALLAST
Moorum ballast - It normally used as the initial ballast in new
constructions and as sub-ballast.
 Track Components

BALLAST
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Coarse sand
ballast – used
primarily for
cast iron rails.
 Track Components

BALLAST
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Coal ash cinder –

normally used in
yards as initial
ballast in new
constructions since it
is very cheap
 Track Components

BALLAST

Broken stone
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

ballast –
made from
hard stones,
normally used
for high-
speed tracks.
 Track Components
BALLAST
Functions
1. Provides a level and hard bed for the sleepers to rest on.
2. Holds the sleepers in position during the passage of trains.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

3. Transfers and distributes load from the sleepers to a large area of the
formation.
4. Provides elasticity and resilience to the track for proper riding
comfort.
5. Provides the necessary resistance to the track for longitudinal and
lateral stability.
6. Provides effective drainage to the track.
7. Provides an effective means of maintaining the level and alignment
of the track.
 Track Components
BALLAST
Ballast Gradation

Size of Sieve % retained

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

▪ 65 mm ▪ 5% maximum

▪ 40 mm ▪ 40% to 60%

▪ Not less than 98% for machine

▪ 20 mm crushed and not less than 95%
for hand broken
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

Source: http://www.railway-fasteners.com/news/rail-fastening-system-key-techniques.html
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
For joining rail to rail - Fish plates, combination fish plates,
bolts, and nuts
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 Track Components
TRACK FITTINGS AND FASTENINGS
For joining rails to sleepers – Cast-iron bearing screws,
plate screws, pandrol clifts, rubber pads
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 References
1. Department of Public Works and Highways.1995. Standard
Specification for Public Works and Highways(Volume II –
Standard Specification for Highways, Bridges and Airports),
RAILWAY ENGINEERING

DPWH, Office of the Secretary, Bonifacio Drive, Port Area,

Manila
2. Hay, W. W. 1982. Railroad Engineering, 2nd Edition. Wiley.
3. Armstrong J. H. 2008. The Railroad: What It Is, What It Does, 5th
Edition.
4. Prof Marloe B Sundo slides
5. Engr. Kenneth Fajardo slides