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Building services
handBook

The ninth edition of Hall and Greeno’s leading textbook has been reviewed and
updated in relation to the latest building and water regulations, new technology,
and new legislation. For this edition, new updates include: the reappraisal of CO2
emissions targets, updates to sections on ventilation, fuel, A/C, refrigeration, water
supply, electricity and power supply, sprinkler systems, and much more.
Building Services Handbook summarises the application of all common elements
of building services practice, technique and procedure, to provide an essential
information resource for students as well as practitioners working in building services,
building management, and the facilities administration and maintenance sectors of the
construction industry. Information is presented in the highly illustrated and accessible
style of the best-selling companion title Building Construction Handbook.
THE comprehensive reference for all construction and building services students,
Building Services Handbook is ideal for a wide range of courses including NVQ
and BTEC National through Higher National Certificate and Diploma to Foundation
and three-year Degree level. The clear illustrations and complementary references to
industry Standards combine essential guidance with a resource base for further reading
and development of specific topics.

Fred Hall had a varied career in the building services industry before lecturing on
craft, technician, and professional examination courses at Guildford College. His
numerous books on the subject have assisted countless students to successfully pursue
their qualification objectives.
Roger Greeno is a well-known author of construction texts. He has extensive
practical and consultancy experience in the industry, in addition to lecturing at several
colleges of further and higher education, and the University of Portsmouth. He has
also examined for City & Guilds, Edexcel, the Chartered Institute of Building, the
University of Reading, and the University College of Estate Management.
Building
services
handBook
ninth edition

Fred hall
and

roger greeno
First edition published 2001
by Butterworth-Heinemann
This edition published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 Fred Hall and Roger Greeno
The right of Fred Hall and Roger Greeno to be identified as authors of this work has been
asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form
or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or
medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from the use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN13: 978-1-138-24435-1 (pbk)

ISBN13: 978-1-315-27697-7 (ebk)

Typeset in Chudley by
Cenveo Publisher Services
Contents

Preface xiii

Part One—Introduction 1

the Industry 2
Building services in the Construction Process 3
Legislative and support Documents 4
Health and safety at Work etc. Act 5
the Building Act 10
the Water Industry Act 11
British, european and International standards 14
Building Research establishment 15
Loss Prevention Certification Board 15
Design and Installation standards 16

Part Two—Cold Water and Supply Systems 19

Rain Cycle † sources of Water supply 20

Acidity and Alkalinity in Water 21
Filtration of Water 22
sterilisation 23
storage and Distribution of Water 24
Disinfection of Water 25
Water Mains 28
Valves and taps 32
Joints on Water Pipes 38
Pipe Jointing Materials 40
Direct system of Cold Water supply 41
Indirect system of Cold Water supply 42
Hard and soft Water 44
Water softening 46
Water Conditioning and treatment 48
Backflow Protection 53
secondary Backflow Protection 54
Cold Water storage Cisterns 57
Cold Water storage Calculations 61
Boosted Cold Water systems 62
Delayed Action Float Valve 65
Pipe sizing by Formula 70
Hydraulics and Fluid Flow 75

v
Contents

Part Three—Hot Water Supply Systems 81

Direct system of Hot Water supply 84

Indirect system of Hot Water supply 85
Unvented Hot Water storage system 86
expansion and temperature-Relief Valves 89
Hot Water storage Cylinders 92
Primatic Hot Water storage Cylinders 93
Indirect Hot Water system for a three-storey Building 94
Indirect supplementary Hot Water system 95
sealed Indirect Hot Water system for a High-Rise Building 96
Primary thermal stores 97
types of Boiler 101
secondary Circulation 107
Duplication of Plant 108
electric and Gas Water Heaters 109
solar Heating of Water 118
Hot Water storage Capacity 125
Boiler Rating 126
Pipe sizing 127
Pressurised systems 129
Circulation Pump Rating 130
Legionnaires' Disease in Hot Water systems 131
ssHee 132
Galvanic or electrolytic Action 137
Water treatment 138

Part Four—Heating Systems 143

Heat emitters 144

Low-temperature, Hot Water Heating systems 147
Panel and Underfloor Heating 154
expansion Facilities in Heating systems 160
expansion Vessels 161
solar space Heating 162
High-temperature, Pressurised Hot Water Heating systems 164
steam Heating systems 166
District Heating 171
Combined Heat and Power 174
Pipework expansion 175
thermostatic Control of Heating systems 177
timed Control of Heating systems 179
Zoned Controls 185
Programmable Control 186
energy Management systems 190

vi
 Contents

Warm Air Heating system 196

Heating Design 197
Domestic Heating Circulator/Pump 207
Modulating Pump 208

Part Five—Fuel Characteristics and Storage 215

Fuels † Factors Affecting Choice 216

solid fuel † Properties and storage 217
Domestic solid Fuel Boilers 219
solid fuel † Biomass 220
solid fuel † Flues 223
oil † Properties 229
oil † storage and supply 231
oil-Fired Burners and Appliances 236
oil † Flues 240
natural Gas † Properties 242
Liquid Petroleum Gas † Properties and storage 243
electric Boiler 246
electricity † electrode Boiler 247

Part Six—Ventilation Systems 249

Ventilation Requirements 251

Guide to Ventilation Rates 252
Domestic Accommodation 253
Mechanical Ventilation 261
types of Fan 267
Fan Laws 270
sound Attenuation in Ducting 273
Air Filtration 278
Low-Velocity Air Flow in Ducts 284
Air Diffusion and Distribution Patterns 285
Air Curtain 287
Ventilation Design 288
Resistances to Air Flow 296

Part Seven—Air Conditioning 301

Air Conditioning † Principles and Application 302

Central Plant system 303
Air-Processing Unit 304
Humidifiers 306
Variable Air Volume 307
Induction (Air/Water) system 308

vii
Contents

Fan-Coil (Air/Water) Unit and Induction Diffuser 309

Dual Duct system 310
Chilled Beams and Ceilings 311
Cooling systems 312
Refrigeration Power Units 314
Refrigerant Properties 317
Refrigerant system Characteristics 318
Packaged Air-Conditioning systems 322
Psychrometrics † Processes and Applications 324
Heat Pumps 332
Heat Recovery Devices 340
Legionnaires' Disease 341
Health Considerations and Building-Related Illnesses 343

Part Eight—Drainage Systems, Sewage Treatment and Refuse Disposal 345

Combined and separate systems 346

Partially separate system 347
Rodding Point system 348
sewer Connection 349
Drainage Ventilation 350
Unventilated stacks 352
Drain Laying 353
Means of Access 354
Bedding of Drains 360
Drains Under or near Buildings 362
Drainpipe Materials 366
Joints Used on Drainpipes 367
Anti-Flood Devices 368
Garage Drainage 371
Drainage Pumping 372
subsoil Drainage 377
tests on Drains 380
soakaways 381
Cesspools and septic tanks 382
Drainage Fields and Mounds 387
Rainwater Management 391
Drainage Design and Formulae 402
Waste and Refuse Processing 410

Part Nine—Sanitary Fitments and Appliances: Discharge and Waste Systems 417

Flushing Cisterns, troughs and Valves 418

Water Closets 423
Bidets 425
showers 427

viii
 Contents

Baths 433
sinks 434
Wash Basins and troughs 436
Unplugged Appliances 438
thermostatic temperature Control 440
Urinals 446
Hospital sanitary Appliances 449
sanitary Conveniences 450
sanitary Conveniences for Disabled People 454
traps and Waste Valve 457
single-stack system and Variations 461
one- and two-Pipe systems 465
Pumped Waste system 467
Wash Basins † Waste Arrangements 468
Washing Machine and Dishwasher Wastes 469
Air test 471
sanitation † Data 472
offsets 474
Ground-Floor Appliances † High-Rise Buildings 475
Fire stops and seals 476
Flow Rates and Discharge Units 478
sanitation Design † Discharge stack sizing 479

Part Ten—Gas Installation, Components and Controls 483

natural Gas † Combustion 484

Mains Gas supply and Installation 487
Gas service Pipe Intake 489
Meters 494
Gas Controls and safety Features 496
Gas Ignition Devices 502
Purging and testing 503
Gas Appliances 507
Balanced Flue Appliances 509
open Flue Appliances 513
Flue Blocks 516
open Flue terminals 517
stainless steel Flue Lining 519
shared Flues 520
Fan-Assisted Gas Flues 524
Ventilation Requirements 526
Combusted Gas Analysis 529
Gas Laws 531
Gas Consumption 535
Gas Pipe and Flue sizing 536

ix
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Contents

Part Eleven—Electrical Supply and Installations 541

three-Phase Generation and supply 542

electricity Distribution 544
electricity Intake to a Building 550
earthing systems and Bonding 551
Consumer Unit 556
Power and Lighting Circuits 560
overload Protection 568
Insulated Cable 571
testing Completed Installation 575
Cable Rating 577
Diversity 578
Industrial Installations 579
electric space Heating 582
Controls for electric night storage space Heaters 587
Construction site electricity 588
Light sources, Lamps and Luminaires 591
Lighting Controls 604
extra-Low-Voltage Lighting 606
Lighting Design 608
Daylighting 610
telecommunications Installation 615

Part Twelve—Mechanical Conveyors – Lifts, Escalators and Travelators 619

Planning Lift Installations 620

Roping systems for electric Lifts 622
Controls 626
Lift Doors 627
Lift Machine Room and equipment 628
Lift safety Features 629
Installation Details 630
typical single Lift Dimensions 631
Paternoster Lifts 632
oil-Hydraulic Lifts 633
Lift Performance 636
estimating the number of Lifts Required 637
Firefighting Lifts 638
Vertical transportation for the Disabled 640
Builders' and electricians' Work 642
escalators 644
travelators 646
stair Lifts 647

x
 Contents

Part Thirteen—Fire Prevention and Control Services 649

sprinklers 650
Drenchers 666
Hose Reel Installations 668
Hydrants 671
Foam Installations 672
Gas extinguishers 674
Fire Alarms 677
smoke, Fire and Heat Detectors 679
Fire Detection electrical Circuits 683
Fire Prevention in Ventilating systems 685
Fire Dampers in Ductwork 686
Pressurisation of escape Routes 687
smoke extraction, Ventilation and Control 688
Portable Fire extinguishers 691
Carbon Monoxide Detectors 695

Part Fourteen—Security Installations 699

Physical security 700

Intruder Alarms 701
Micro-switch and Magnetic Reed 704
Radio sensor, Pressure Mat and taut Wiring 705
Acoustic, Vibration and Inertia Detectors 706
Ultrasonic and Microwave Detectors 707
Active Infra-Red Detector 708
Passive Infra-Red Detector 709
Lightning Protection systems 711

Part Fifteen—Accommodation for Building Services 715

Underground Utilities 716

Ducts for engineering services 717
notching and Holing Joists 719
Floor and skirting Ducts 721
Medium and Large Vertical Ducts 722
Medium and Large Horizontal Ducts 723
subways or Walkways 724
Penetration of Fire structure by Pipes 725
Raised Access Floors 726
suspended and False Ceilings 727

Part Sixteen—Alternative and Renewable Energy 729

energy Production 730

Alternative energy 731

xi
Contents

Renewable energy 732

Anaerobic Digestion 733
Biogas 734
Wind Power 735
Wind Power and Fuel Cells 738
Water Power 739
Geothermal Power 741
Micro-Combined Heat and Power 743
solar Power 744
Photovoltaic systems 746
Biomass or Biofuel 748
Underground Coal Gasification 749
Carbon Capture and storage 750
Hydraulic Fracturing 751

Part Seventeen—Appendices 753

Appendix 1 † Glossary of Common Abbreviations 754

Appendix 2 † Abbreviations for Pipework 756
Appendix 3 † Abbreviations for Pipework Components 757
Appendix 4 † Abbreviations Used for Drainage systems 758
Appendix 5 † Abbreviations Used for sanitation systems 759
Appendix 6 † Graphical symbols for Pipework 760
Appendix 7 † Identification of Pipework 761
Appendix 8 † Graphical symbols for electrical Installation Work 763
Appendix 9 † Metric Units 764
Appendix 10 † Water Pressure and Head † Comparison of Units 767
Appendix 11 † Conversion of Common Imperial Units to Metric 768

Index 771

xii
PReFACe

The Building Services Handbook originated as Fred Hall’s Essential Building Services
and Equipment some 30 years ago. Since then, under its new title, the content has been
regularly expanded, updated and revised retaining the original presentation of simple
illustrations, easily accessible text, tables and charts, calculations and references for
further study. In combination with the Building Construction Handbook this book is
an essential reference for the building industry and for all students pursuing building
services and construction-related courses.
Building services encompass a range of professions and specialised practices, the
extent of which is impossible to contain in one comprehensive volume. This book is a
learning resource that presents aspects of the services most commonly encountered in
existing and new buildings. It is not intended to be prescriptive, neither is it extensive.
A library of texts and reference material is needed to develop this subject in full and
many excellent specialised texts exist for this purpose. As a handbook it provides the
reader with an understanding and appreciation of the importance of building services
to the environment in which we live, work and play.
Building services are the dynamics in a static structure. They provide facilities for
light, comfort, movement, communications and convenience. The impact of services
in a modern building can be measured against the amount of space they occupy and
the cost of installation, notwithstanding the maintenance bill thereafter. In spatial
terms, the equivalent of one floor in six (i.e. over 15% of a building’s volume) may
be attributed to accommodating cables, ducts, pipes, etc. As a proportion of the capital
cost of constructing a highly serviced structure, such as a hospital or a sports centre, in
excess of 75% is not unusual. A typical modern office block can require about 50% of
the construction budget for its services.
Historically, building services have been little more than a few cables, pipes and ducts.
In the past half-century the role of mechanical and electrical (M & E) engineers, as
they were known, has transformed to architectural design team consultants and
construction site coordinators. The complexity and impact of building services has not
always been appreciated, as indicated by the architect Louis Kahn when in 1964 he
wrote disparagingly in World Architecture: ‘I do not like ducts, I do not like pipes.
I hate them so thoroughly, I feel that they have to be given their place. If I just hated
them and took no care, I think they would invade the building and completely destroy
it.’ Designers now accept services as an integral part of a building and that they can
be accommodated within raised flooring and suspended ceilings. Some architects
have even featured the pipes and ducts on the outside of their designs, namely the
Pompidou Centre in Paris (Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers) and the Lloyds Building
in London (Rogers).

xiii
Preface

Today, sustainable design has political, economic and social importance to modern
buildings. Conservation and the control of diminishing fossil fuels, atmospheric
pollution and other ‘green’ issues are at the forefront of research and development.
This new edition contains examples of contemporary practice designed to attain
these objectives, including guidance on a variety of alternative and renewable energy
concepts and initiatives.
Roger Greeno

xiv
1 IntroductIon

Statutes

Statutory Instruments

Supplementary Design and Installation Guides

tHE InduStrY

BuILdInG SErVIcES In tHE conStructIon ProcESS

LEGISLAtIVE And SuPPort docuMEntS

HEALtH And SAFEtY At WorK etc. Act

tHE BuILdInG Act

tHE WAtEr InduStrY Act

BrItISH, EuroPEAn And IntErnAtIonAL StAndArdS

BuILdInG rESEArcH EStABLISHMEnt

LoSS PrEVEntIon cErtIFIcAtIon BoArd

dESIGn And InStALLAtIon StAndArdS

1
The Industry

the building services industry is based on engineering principles that

are applied to the construction of buildings and the built environment.
In many respects, building services are responsible for the artificial
environment in which we live and work, and associated with that, the
environmental condition of our planet.

Its origins as a science and technology are well documented, not least
the use of Archimedes' `spiral for movement of water' and the concept
of underfloor heating in roman palaces. More recently, it has evolved
in response to the demands of population growth and the expectation
of comfortable shelter, convenience and a healthy home and workplace
environment. As an industry it is vast in terms of the diversity of
professions and trades that it encompasses.

Fossil fuels became readily and abundantly available during the mid- to
latter part of the twentieth century, and building design responded
with mechanical and electrical systems that in many instances
consumed the fuel excessively. Large single-glazed areas caused
overheating, glare and solar discomfort in the summer, combined with
cold draughts and high heat losses in the winter. thermostatic control
was often rudimentary and compensated by opening and closing
windows accordingly. the industry has responded, and buildings are
now designed to be sustainable, energy conscious and environmentally
friendly. Inevitably this has changed the image of the industry
professionals from those that run pipes or cables from one place to
another, to that of high-profile consultants on building design with
responsibilities for environmental issues, fuel conservation and energy
performance.

Progress has been effected through government legislation formulated

from consultation with the industry professional bodies and
research organisations. Advances have also been made by product
manufacturers' research and development in response to market
competition.

the industry is generally divided between design and installation.

design is undertaken by specialist consultancies and installation
undertaken by specialist contractors. the latter subcontracted on site
under the overall administration of a construction management main
contractor. Some design and installation practices exist, which simplify
contractual and communication relationships.

2
 Building Services in the Construction Process

Finance,
e.g. banks

Solicitor Estate agent

Quantity
surveyor
Client

Land
surveyor

Local
authority: Structural
Planning engineer
Public health
Bldg. control
Highways Bldg. services *
Fire consultants
Civil engineer

Architect
Environment *
consultant

Nominated Nominated
suppliers subcontractors

Public *
HSE utilities:
Gas
Electricity
NHBC Water
Main contractor
inspector Telecoms.

Builders Plant and Direct labour Specialist Bldg. services *

merchants equipment hire and staff subcontractors subcontractors

Specialist Specialist *
Manufacturers Manufacturers supplier supplier

Interrelationship between the various parties to a typical housing development

* Building services

3
Legislative and Support Documents

Statute † an Act of Parliament that establishes a standard of law.

Primary legislation.

Statutory Instrument † a regulation made under a statute to provide

guidance that satisfies a particular standard of law. Secondary
legislation.

the number of statutes and associated secondary legislation that

influence the building services industry is extensive. Some of the most
significant include:

l the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act.

l the Building Act.
l the Water Industry Act.
l the consumer Protection Act.
l the Housing Act.
l the clean Air Act.
l the Environment Act.
l the Energy Act.
l the climate change Act.

there is also a category of legislation known as by-laws. these are

authorised by a state charter that allows a municipal or corporate
administration to effect a standard of law through its own regulation
(e.g. Greater London Authority and by-laws relating to Inner London).

Practice guidance documents † often quoted in support of legislation.

these too are extensive, some of which include:

l British Standards (BS).

l European Standards (BS En).
l International Standards (BS En ISo).
l Building research Establishment:
digests
Good Building Guides
Good repair Guides
Information Papers.
l Loss Prevention certification Board (Loss Prevention Standards).
l cIBSE Guides.
l ' ment † certificates.
British Board of Agre
l the Institution of Engineering and technology Wiring regulations
(BS 7671).

4
 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act

this statute is fundamental in application to all persons engaged

in the workplace and to any others that could be affected by the
work activity. Administration is through the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE) from national, regional and locally based offices.
the HSE inspectorate is empowered to access building sites and
other workplaces to review procedures and safety records. Where
appropriate, improvement and prohibition notices can be issued and if
necessary, prosecutions.

the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act incorporates numerous

supplementary Statutory Instruments. Some of the more relevant
include:

l construction (design and Management) regulations.

l construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) regulations.
l Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) regulations.
l Management of Health and Safety at Work regulations.
l control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations (coSHH).
l control of Asbestos regulations.
l Manual Handling operations regulations.
l Work at Height regulations.
l Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) regulations.
l control of Major Accident Hazards regulations (coMAH).
l Lifting operations and Lifting Equipment regulations (LoLEr).
l Personal Protective Equipment at Work regulations.
l Electricity at Work regulations.
l Gas Safety (Management) regulations.
l Gas Safety (Installation and use) regulations.

other related statutes † regulation of environmental standards

with particular regard to health and safety in the workplace is
also effected through the long-established Factories Act and the
offices, Shops and railway Premises Act. In addition to many
other commitments under these statutes, employers are obliged to
provide acceptable levels of lighting, temperature and atmospheric
conditions.

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Health and Safety at Work etc. Act – Secondary Legislation (1)

l construction (design and Management) regulations.

these are applicable to all building and engineering construction work

involving more than 500 employee days or lasting more than 30 days.
they create an integrated and planned approach to health and safety,
with responsibility apportioned to every person involved in the project
workplace. the project client has overall responsibility and must appoint
a principal designer (usually the architect), provide them with information
on health and safety matters and advise them of perceived hazards and
commitments to care of third parties. the principal designer to cooperate
with the principal contractor (the builder) in preparing a construction
phase plan. this must contain specific reference to identification and
assessment of all risks (i.e. health and safety), and information conveying
the plan's content to all specialist building services subcontractors and
others engaged in the work. See also Part 1 of the Building construction
Handbook (r. chudley and r. Greeno 2016 routledge).

l construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) regulations.

[now withdrawn as an independent set of regulations, but the

requirements are retained and incorporated within the cdM regulations.]
these establish objectives for the well-being of all persons involved
in a construction site-related project. the main requirements apply
to groundwork, ventilation of workplaces, accessibility of workplaces
(ladders), safety at the workplace (scaffold), welfare (first-aid, etc.),
accommodation (shelter, rest room, sanitary facilities) and protective
clothing. See also Part 2 of the Building construction Handbook.

l Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) regulations.

these cover the wide range of health, safety and welfare issues
mentioned above, but have particular application to most workplaces
other than construction work on building sites. this can include
schools, hospitals, offices, factories, hotels, places of entertainment,
etc. responsibility is placed on employers to satisfy certain minimum
standards for their employees and also for others on their premises,
possibly those attending for purposes of plant maintenance, repair or
alterations.

l Management of Health and Safety at Work regulations.

these regulations provide guidance on the general duties and

obligations that employers have to their employees and third parties.
they also contain guidance on the responsibilities that employees have
to themselves and their colleagues.

6
 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act – Secondary Legislation (2)

l control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations (coSHH).

these require product manufacturers to declare on their product

packaging any possible health risk that could be associated with the
contents (e.g. plastic pipe solvent jointing adhesive is labelled `Irritant'
and `do not Breath Vapour' among other guidance). Manufacturers
of and employers using products having a potential health risk to
personnel, are required to determine what safety measures and other
controls are needed. Where toxins, irritants, solvents, dusts, etc. are
apparent, users are required to wear appropriate personal protective
clothing. Where applications create fumes or other air contaminants,
employers are required to monitor exposure, retain records and to
document procedures.

l control of Asbestos regulations.

Since the 1970s, it has become apparent that some people

with respiratory health problems have related this to previous
employment that exposed them to asbestos insulation on industrial
pipes and boilers. until this time, insulation was commonly produced
from a slurry of asbestos fibres mixed with water. the slurry was
applied by hand to a wire-reinforced surface. Many people who
worked with asbestos, notably pipe-fitters and laggers, have since
suffered lung disorders (asbestosis) leading to claims against former
employers and manufacturers. there is now a legacy of asbestos in
industrial plant rooms, process plant and hospital services. In these
workplace situations an employer is obliged to undertake a risk
assessment by survey and analysis. the regulations provide strict
guidelines on handling asbestos and its removal, a procedure normally
undertaken by specialist licensed contractors.

l Manual Handling operations regulations.

these require employers to provide operatives with training in the

correct procedures for handling and carrying equipment without
incurring injury, to recognise their limitations and to identify
appropriate use of mechanical handling facilities. this includes planning
for efficient use of storage and loading areas to avoid unnecessary
double handling, and informing suppliers of suitable quantities and
package sizes relative to available resources.

7
Health and Safety at Work etc. Act – Secondary Legislation (3)

l Work at Height regulations.

these regulations place emphasis on employers to ensure that suitable

and sufficient safe access facilities are provided. For building services
applications this will include work below ground, work at ground level
and above. Support to trench excavations, barriers to prevent falls,
scaffolding and ladders for use above ground and in all situations
suitable means for safe access and egress, must be constructed by
experienced and qualified persons. Equipment inspections and safety
reports must be undertaken within seven days of use, following
adverse weather and after alterations. reports are mandatory and
must be retained on file. See also Part 2 (scaffold) and Part 4 (trench
support) of the Building construction Handbook.

l the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) regulations.

these require employers to provide health and safety signs, in order

to draw attention to potential hazards. they are commonly seen at
the entrances to building sites and are colour coded according to
significance:

Prohibition † red and circular, showing what must not be done.

Mandatory † blue and circular, showing what must be done.
Warning † yellow and triangular, showing a risk, hazard or danger.
Safe † green square or oblong, showing escape routes, first-aid, etc.

l control of Major Accidents Hazards regulations (coMAH).

coMAH regulations apply specifically to the practical use of

dangerous substances or equipment. Every operative must take all
necessary measures to prevent accidents with equipment in their
charge and to limit their consequences. An example is an awareness
of precautionary procedures with the fire and explosive potential of
welding equipment, particularly portable units.

l Lifting operations and Lifting Equipment regulations (LoLEr).

these regulations relate to increased use of mechanical plant for

conveying people (hoists) and materials (hoists and cranes) around
building sites. the regulations are principally about the safe and
correct use of this equipment with regard to assessment of risks by
trained operatives.

8
 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act – Secondary Legislation (4)

l Personal Protective Equipment at Work regulations.

Employers are required to provide suitable personal protective

equipment (PPE) to employees who may be exposed to any identifiable
risk to their health and safety. Self-employed subcontract personnel
are required to provide themselves with PPE. Examples of protective
clothing include earmuffs, safety helmets, safety footwear, eye shields,
gloves and overalls.

l Electricity at Work regulations.

these regulations ensure that the electrical installation and equipment

in places of employment are of a satisfactory standard, suitably
detached and insulated to prevent accidental damage. Provision must
be made for isolation of individual circuits and overall power cut off.
responsibility for this is not solely with the employer, as employees
and the self-employed also have responsibility for safe use of
electricity in their work situation. the regulations apply to all places
of work and are effected under four main areas:

Installation systems.
connected equipment.
conductors.
competence of people using or near to electrical equipment.

l Gas Safety (Management) regulations and the Gas Safety

(Installation and use) regulations.

the `management' regulations apply to the conveyance of natural gas

to its point of use in domestic and other premises. Four main areas are
covered:

conveyance management through the network of pipes to end users.

Procedures to be adopted during an emergency.
Procedures for dealing with incidents such as a gas escape.
composition of the gas conveyed.

Both regulations include duties of care by providers, installers

and landlords to their customers. Emphasis is on safe installation and
maintenance of gas appliances with work only undertaken by qualified persons.
For this purpose the HSE recognises engineers on the `Gas Safe register'.

the `installation and use' regulations specifically require landlords and

property managing agents to have installations and appliances in their
care checked at least once annually. Gas safety certificates are to
be kept for at least 2 years and tenants issued with a safety check
record within 28 days of check completion.

9
The Building Act

the Building Act of 1984 consolidates previous by-laws and enables

the Secretary of State (dept. for communities and Local Government)
to make regulations for the design and construction of buildings. this
includes the provision of building services facilities and equipment.

Building regulations † Statutory Instruments made under the Building Act

to include approval of building inspectors and inspection fees. the main
aspect of the Building regulations is establishment of minimum performance
standards applicable to the construction and environmental performance of
buildings. these standards are supported by practical guidance Approved
documents that are regarded as an acceptable means for compliance.

Approved documents † England (other uK regions may vary)

Part title

Basements for dwellings

A Structure

B* Fire safety: Vol. 1 dwellinghouses

Vol. 2 Buildings other than dwellinghouses

c Site preparation and resistance to contaminants and moisture

d toxic substances

E resistance to the passage of sound

F* Ventilation

G* Sanitation, hot water safety and water efficiency

H* drainage and waste disposal

J* combustion appliances and fuel storage systems

K Protection from falling, collision and impact

L* conservation of fuel and power

L1A: new dwellings

L1B: Existing dwellings

L2A: new buildings other than dwellings

L2B: Existing buildings other than dwellings

M Access to and use of buildings: Vol. 1 dwellings

Vol. 2 Buildings other than

dwellings

P* Electrical safety

Q Security † dwellings

r* Electronic communications

A.d. to regulation 7* of the Building Act † Materials and workmanship.

*
Indicates those particularly relevant to the building services industry.

10
Random documents with unrelated
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 I grew impatient of this parley. He knew something, and it must
out.
“Look at me, George Padiham!” I said. “Stop your lathe a minute,
and charge me for the time a hundred times over! I know the hand
that painted these pictures. My portrait and my friend’s, and my
horse’s portrait, are here on your wall. Only one person in the world
can have painted them, Ellen Clitheroe. Here are her initials in the
corner. You know where she is. I wish to see her. I must see her, at
once, now!”
“Keep cool, young man! This is my shop. I’m master here. I’ve
put bigger men than you out of this door before. What’s all this must
and shall about? What’s your name?”
“Richard Wade.”
Padiham left his lathe, came toward me, surveyed me earnestly
again, and then took down the drawing wherein I appeared. He
compared the man standing before him with his counterfeit
presentment. There could be no mistaking me. I had the honor to
resemble myself, as the artist had remembered me.
“You’re the man,” said Padiham. “I’ve heard of you. I wasn’t
looking sharp not to have known you when you first came in and
stood there by the door waiting for me to speak first. Richard Wade,
give me your hand! I suppose if I am the best mechanic in England,
called so on good authority, you wont mind striking palms with me.”
I shook him by the hand pretty vigorously.
“You’ve got a middling strong grip of your fist for one of the
overgrown sort,” said he. “Where’s your friend, John Brent?”
“Here in London, searching for Miss Clitheroe!”
“Where’s your horse?—the Black?”
“Dead! Shot and drowned in the Missouri, helping off a fugitive
slave.”
 “That’s brave. Well, Richard Wade, my dear child Ellen Clitheroe
and her father are here in my house. They are safe here, after all
their troubles, up in that room where perhaps you marked the roses
in the window. She has been sick at heart to have heard nothing
from you since she came to England. It will be the one thing she
lacks to see you, and if you will let me say a few words to you first,
I’ll take you to them.”
“Go on. If you have protected my friends, you are my friend, and
I want to hear what you have to say.”
 CHAPTER XXXIII.

“CAST THY BREAD UPON THE WATERS.”

“I am short, and I shall try to make a long story short,” said
Padiham. “I wish to tell you, in as few words as I may, why Mr.
Clitheroe and his daughter are in my house.
“Look at me, a stunted man! Life in a coal-mine stunted me. I
suppose I was born underground. I know that I never remember
when I was not at work, either harnessed like a dog, and dragging
coals through a shop where I could not stand upright, or, when I
grew stronger,—bigger I was not to grow,—down in the darkest
holes, beating out with a pickaxe stuff to make other men’s houses
warm and cheery. If I had had air and sun and light and hope, I
might have been a shapely man.
“It was in Lancashire, the coal-mine where I had been shut up,
boy and man, some twenty years, as I reckon. There came one day
a weakly man, who hadn’t been used to work hard, into the shaft,
and they put him at drawing out the coals I dug. Hugh was the
name he gave, and he hadn’t been long enough underground to get
his face black, before we’d baptized him Gentleman Hugh. I had
never seen a gentleman to know him, but I had a feeling of what
one ought to be, and so had my mates in the pit. Gentleman Hugh
seemed to us to suit the nickname we gave him. We’re roughs down
in the coal-pits, and some of us are brutes enough; but Gentleman
Hugh managed to get us all on his side, and there wasn’t a man of
us that wouldn’t give him a lift.
 “Gentleman Hugh took a fancy to me, and so did I to him. Nature
had misused me, and life had misused him. We had something to
pity each other for. But I had the advantage in the dark damp hole
where we worked. I had lost nothing; I knew of nothing better; I
was healthy and strong, if I was stunted; I could help Gentleman
Hugh, and save him wearing himself out. And so I did. He was the
first person or creature I had ever cared for.
“I did what I could for him in lightening his work; but he gave me
back a hundred times what I could give. I was hands without head,
or without any head that could make my hands of use. He had head
enough, and things in his head, but his hands were never meant for
tools to get a living. Gentleman Hugh waked up my brains. I knew
how to pick and dig, and sometimes wondered if that was all I
should ever be at. But air and daylight seemed as if they did not
belong to me. I was a drudge, and never thought of anything but
drudging, until Gentleman Hugh came down into my shaft and
began to tell me what there was outside of coal-mines.
“He told me about himself; that he was Hugh Clitheroe, a
gentleman, and how he had been ruined by factories and coal
speculations. It was his losing his fortune in a coal-mine that set him
on coming into ours to make his bread, and poor bread too, for a
gentleman. He said he was sick of daylight. It was better to be a
drudge, so he said, down in the blackest and wettest hole of any
coal-pit in Lancashire, than to beg bread of men that pretended to
be his friends when he was rich, and sneered at him for his folly in
losing his wealth. I found out that there were wrongs and brutality
above ground as well as under it.
“By and by, when Gentleman Hugh and I had got to be friends,
he took me one holiday and showed me his daughter. She was a
sweet little lass. He had left her with the rough women, the miners’
wives. But she had her own way with them, just as he had had with
us. They called her little Lady Ellen, and would have cut up their own
brats, if they hadn’t been too tough, if she had wanted such diet.
Little Ellen, sweet lass! was not afraid of me, Dwarf George and Runt
George as they called me. She did not run away and cry, or point
and laugh at me as the other children did. She was picking daisies
on the edge of an old coal-pit when we first saw her,—a little curly-
haired lass of five years old. She was crowned with daisies, and she
didn’t seem to me to belong to the same class of beings as the
grimy things I had been among all my days. She gave me a daisy,
and asked me if I knew who made it. And when I said I didn’t know,
unless it came of itself, she named God to me. Nobody had named
God to me before except in oaths.
“Do I tire you, sir,” said Padiham, “with this talk about myself?”
“Certainly not; you interest me greatly.”
“The old gentleman will hardly be ready to see you yet. It is
almost nine, and at the stroke of nine he has his breakfast. I always
go up then to give him good morning. You can go with me.”
“Meantime, tell me how you found them again.”
“I found them by a drawing of hers. But I will go on
straightforward with my story.
“I couldn’t stay a dolt, though I had to drudge for many a day
after I first saw little Ellen, and she gave me the daisy and named
God to me. Whenever I could get away, and that was only once a
quarter or a half-year, I went up to see her. She made a friend of
me, and told me to take care of her father. He was very much down,
quite broken and helpless, with just enough strength to do half his
appointed work. So I helped him with the rest.
“After a long time the owners found out that he had education,
and they took him into the office. All the men were sorry to lose
Gentleman Hugh, and when he went, I lost heart, and took to
drinking up my miserable earnings with the rest. There I was, a
drudge in the dark, and getting to be a drunkard, when Gentleman
Hugh came to me and told me how some one had left him a legacy,
and I must get out of the pit and share with him. He said little Ellen
would not be happy unless she had me.
 “So he took me up into the air and sun, and put me to school. But
I could never learn much out of books. Put tools in my hands and I
can make things, and that is what my business is in the world. You
see those arms, well made as your own. You see those hands,
strong as a vice, and those fingers, fine as a woman’s. They are
tools, and able to handle tools. The rest of my body is stunted; my
brain is stunted. I’m no fool; but I’m not the man I ought to be.
Every day I feel that I cannot put my thoughts into the highest
form.”
“Every man of any power feels that,” I said, “by whatever
machinery his power finds expression.”
“Perhaps so. Well, when Mr. Clitheroe had once given me a start
in the open air, and I had got tools in my hands, pretty soon they
began to talk of me as one of the masters in Lancashire. There’s a
great call in England for thorough workmen. I came up to London. I
fell in with the gentleman who sent you here, and I got on well.
There’s as much good work goes out of this little shop as out of
some big establishments with great names over the door. People try
to get me to start a great shop, and make a great fortune, and have
George Padiham talked about. But I’m Dwarf George, born in a coal-
mine and stunted in a coal-mine; and Lamely Court, with my little
shop in the basement, suits me best.
“I never forgot how I owed all my good luck to Gentleman Hugh
and my dear little Ellen. If it had not been for them, I should have
died underground of hard work, before thirty, as most of my mates
did. Their help of me gave me a kindly feeling toward broken-down
gentlefolks. I owed the class my luck, and when I got on and had
money to spend, having no one of my own to spend it for, I looked
up people as badly off as Gentleman Hugh was when I first knew
him, and helped them. They are a hard class to help—proud as
Lucifer sometimes, with their own kind. I took this house here, out
of the way as much as any spot in London. Whenever I knew of a
gentleman, or a gentlewoman, given out, or worn out, so that they
couldn’t take care of themselves, I brought them in here. If they
were only given out, I put stuff into them again, cheered them up,
and found some work for them to do. Gentlefolks are not such fools,
if they only had education. If I found one that was worn out beyond
all patching, I packed him into a snug corner up-stairs, and let him
lie there. They like it better than public hospitals and retreats.
“All the while I was getting on and getting rich in a small way,
with some small shares in patents I own. But I kept my eye on
Gentleman Hugh. I knew what would come to him, and I never took
in ten shillings that I did not put away one for him and his daughter.
“I knew of his going to America with the Mormons,—damn ’em! I
went down to Clitheroe to persuade him to give up the plan. He
would not. He quarrelled with me,—our first hard words. He forbade
his daughter to write to me.
“I knew he would come back some time or other, stripped and
needy. I watched the packet’s lists of passengers. He did not come
under his own name; but I saw last winter an old Lancashire name
on a list of arrivals,—the name of that worn-out shaft where Ellen
had picked the daisy for me. It was a favorite spot of his. Part of his
money had gone down it, and he used to sit and stare into it as if
the money was going to bubble up again. I traced them by that to
London. Here for a time I lost them.
“He got very low in London,—poor old man!” continued Padiham.
“Nothing dishonest, I hope,” said I.
“No, no. Only gambling, with a crazy hope of getting even with
the world again. In this way he spent all that he had left, and Ellen’s
hard earnings beside. It made him wild for her to refuse him; so she
was forced to give him all that she could spare,—all except just
enough to pay for a poor place to live in and poorer fare. She never
knew where he spent the long nights; she only saw him creep back
to his garret in the early morning destitute and half alive. Richard
Wade, you may read books, and hear tales, and go through the
world looking for women that help and hope, and never give up
helping and hoping; but you’ll never find another like her,—no, not
like my dear lass,—as grand a beauty, too, as any at the Queen’s
court.”
“You are right, Padiham. None like her.”
“But I promised you to talk as short as I could. I must tell you
how I found them. The poor gentle-folks that I take care of
generally know something of ornamental work that they learnt to do,
for play, when they were better off. I set them at doing what they
can do best, and sell it for them. There is always some one among
my family can draw. What of their drawings I can’t dispose of at the
print-shops I buy myself, and scatter ’em round among mechanics to
light up their benches. You were right when you said a man cannot
be a good artisan unless he has a bit of the artist in him.
“It was by going to a print-shop with drawings to sell that I found
my dear lass. She had painted me, and sold the picture to the dealer
for bread. I wouldn’t have noticed the picture except for the dwarf in
it, and now I wouldn’t be a finished man for the world. Yes, there I
was, Dwarf George, picking daisies on the edge of a coal-pit; there I
was, just as I used to look, with the coal-dust ground into me, trying
to make friends with the fresh innocent daisies in the sunshine.
“By that picture I found them just in time. When I got to their
garret, Ellen was lying sick, ill in body, and tired and sorrowed out.
Their money was all gone, for Gentleman Hugh had been robbed of
his last the night before. I brought my dear child and her father
here. What I had was theirs.
“As soon as her father was safe with me, his old friend, she got
well. As soon as his daughter was out of the way of harm and want,
and the old gentleman had nothing to be crazy about and nothing to
run away from, he stopped dead. He fell into a palsy.
“There he is now up-stairs. Ellen chose the upper room, where
they could look over the house-tops and of clear days see the Surrey
Hills. I’ve got some skill in my fingers for mending broken men, but
Hugh Clitheroe can’t be mended. It’s as well for him that he can’t.
He’s been off track too long ever to run steady in this world. But he
has come to himself, and sees things clearer at last. He lies there
contented and patient, waiting for his end. He sees his daughter,
who has gone with him though thick and thin, by his side, and
knows she will love him closer every day. And he knows that his old
mate, Dwarf George, is down here in the basement, strong enough
to keep all up and all together.”
“Let me be the one, Mr. Padiham;” said I, “to ask the honor of
shaking hands with you. I think better of the world for your sake.”
“Young man,” said he, with his clear, frank voice, “a noble woman
like my Ellen betters every true man. There strikes nine. A pleasant
church-clock that! I gave it to ’em. Now you’re well tired of my talk,
I dare say. Come, Ellen will have all she has missed when she sees
you and your friend. Many times she has told me of that ride of
yours. Many times she has cried, as a woman only cries for one loss,
when she told me how day after day she waited to hear from you,
and had never heard.”
“She wrote?”
“Repeatedly.”
“We never heard.”
“Her father took her letters from her to post.”
“And kept them or destroyed them for some crazy suspicion.”
“She dreaded you might have been chased and cut off by the
Mormons. She would not believe that you had forgotten her.”
“Forgotten! Come, I’ll follow you.”
 CHAPTER XXXIV.

THE LAST OF A LOVE-CHASE.

“How easy it seems for noble souls to be noble!” thought I, as I
followed Padiham up the neat staircase of his House of Charity.
“What a beautiful vengeance it is of this man upon nature for
blighting him! A meaner being would be soured, and turn cynic, and
perhaps chuckle that others were equalized with him by suffering.
He simply, and as if it were a matter of course, gives himself to
baffling sorrow and blight. It is Godlike.” And I looked with renewed
admiration at the strange figure climbing the stairs before me.
He was all head and shoulders, and his motions were like a
clumsy child’s. I went slowly after him. Was it true that this long
love-chase over land and sea was at its ending? Joy is always a giant
surprise,—success a disappointment among the appointed failures.
Was this grim dwarf to be a conjurer of happiness?
Padiham tapped at a door in the upper story.
A voice said, “Come in.”
Her voice! That sweet, sad voice! That unmurmuring, unrebellious
voice! That voice of gentle defiance, speaking a soul impregnable!
How full of calm hopefulness! while yet I could detect in it the power
of bursting into all the horror of that dread scream that had come
through the stillness to our camp at Fort Bridger.
The dwarf opened the door quietly.
The sunshine of that fresh June morning lay bright upon the roses
in the window. My glance perceived the old blue-gray infantry
surtout hanging in a corner. Mr. Clitheroe was sitting up in bed,
lifting a tea-cup with his left hand. His long white beard drifted over
the cool bedclothes. An appetizing breakfast, neatly served, was
upon a table beside him. And there in this safe haven, hovering
about him tenderly as ever in the days of his errant voyaging in the
hapless time gone by, was his ministering angel, that dear daughter,
the sister of my choice.
She turned as we entered.
The old steady, faithful look in the gray eyes. The same pale,
saddened beauty. The unblenching gaze of patient waiting.
She looked at me vaguely, while life paused one pulse. Then, as I
stepped forward, the eloquent blood gushed into her face,—for she
knew that the friend could not long outrun the lover. She sprang into
my arms. Forgive me, John Brent, if I did put my lips close to her
burning cheek. It was only to whisper, “He is in London, searching
for you. He has never rested one moment since you were lost to us.
In an hour he will be here.”
“Dear father,” she said, drawing herself away, and smiling all
aglow, while tears proclaimed a joy too deep for any surface smile to
speak, “this is our dear friend, my preserver, Mr. Wade.”
Mr. Clitheroe studied me with a bewildered look, as I have seen
an old hulk of a mariner peer anxiously into a driving sea-fog from
the shore, while he talked of shipmates shaken from the yard, or of
brave ships that sunk in unknown seas. Then the mist slowly cleared
away from the old gentleman’s dim eyes, and he saw me in the
scenery of my acting with him.
“Ah yes!” he said, in a mild, dreamy voice, “I see it all. Sizzum’s
train, Fort Bridger, the Ball, the man with a bloody blanket on his
head, you and your friend galloping off over the prairie,—I see it all.”
He paused, and seemed to review all that wild error of his into
the wilderness.
 “Yes, I see it all,” he continued. “My dear Mr. Wade, I remember
you with unspeakable gratitude. You and your friend saved me this
dearest daughter. I have suffered wearing distress since then, and
you must pardon me for forgetting you one instant. Excuse my left
hand! Dwarf George is a capital machinist, but he says he cannot
put new springs into my right. That is nothing, my dear Mr. Wade,
that is nothing. God has given me peace of mind at last, my dear
daughter has forgiven me all my old follies, and my stanch old mate
will never let me want a roof over my head, or a crust of his bread
and a sup of his can.”

There is a Hansom cab-horse, now or late of London, who must

remember me with asperity.
But then there is a cabman who is my friend for life, if a giant
fare can win a cabman’s heart.
By the side of the remembrance of my gallop down Luggernel
Alley, I have a picture in my mind of myself, in a cab, cutting
furiously through the cañons of London in chase of a lover. The
wolves and cayotes of the by-streets—there are no antelopes in
London—did not attempt to follow our headlong speed. We rattled
across Westminster Bridge, up Whitehall, and so into May Fair to
Lady Biddulph’s door.
The footman—why did he grin when he saw me?—recognized me
as the family friend of yesterday, and ushered me without ceremony
into the breakfast-room, where the family were all assembled.
Why did the footman grin? I perceived, as I entered. A mirror
fronted me. My face was like a Sioux’s in his war-paint. There had
been flies in Padiham’s shop, and I had brushed them away from my
face, alas! with hands blackened over the lathe.
All looked up amazed at this truculent intruder. It was,—
 “Enter Orlando, with his sword drawn.”
“Forbear, and eat no more!”
An injunction not necessary for poor Brent, who sat dreary and
listless.
The rest forbore at my apparition. Egg-spoon paused at egg’s
mouth. Sugar sank to the floor of coffee-cup. Toast silenced its
crackle.
Brent recognized me in the grimy pirate before him.
He sprang to his feet. “You have found her!” cried he.
“Yes.”
He looked at me eagerly.
“Well and happy,” I said; “in a safe haven with a faithful friend.
Lady Biddulph will pardon me, bringing such tidings, for rushing in in
my war-paint, American fashion.”
“You are always welcome, Mr. Wade, in what costume you
please,” said she. “Doubly so with this happy news. My dear Ellen! I
must see her at once,—as soon as closer friends have had their hour.
But, Mr. Brent, you are not going without your breakfast!”
Everybody smiled.
“Come! Come!” cried Brent.
“Come!” and as we hurried away, there was again the same light
in his eye,—the same life and ardor in his whole being, as when, in
that wild Love-Chase on the Plains, we galloped side by side.

THE END.
 Transcriber’s Note:
Words may have multiple spelling variations or inconsistent
hyphenation in the text. These have been left unchanged. Jargon,
dialect, obsolete and alternative spellings were left unchanged.
Three misspelled words were corrected.
Obvious printing errors, such as backwards, upside down, or
partially printed letters and punctuation, were corrected. Final stops
missing at the end of sentences and abbreviations were added.
Duplicate words at line endings or page breaks were removed.
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