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Management Science

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13 views

Management Science

Uploaded by

Reign Glaze Abellana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MANAGEMENT SCIENCE

Chapter 3

Waiting Lines:
Queuing Theory

Caballero, Irish Pangilinan, Jaypee


Lagrosa, Richeene Petalver, Charlene Dane
Paderes, Nep-Edralin Pidor, Meryll Joy
Velasco, Beyonde Ira
WAITING LINE
WAITING LINE
WAITING LINE
WAITING LINE
WAITING LINE
Ordered set of people, items or tasks
set to be taken cared of based on a
system of prioritization depending
on the server’s policies and procedures
Waiting line or Queue
refers to an organized set of activities, elements
work stations and people designed to handle
and satisfy a queue of people, items or tasks.
Queuing system
Why is there still waiting
lines?

Underloaded Server maybe a Large demand


system & person or
Irregularity of machine
arrivals
refers to mathematical approach to dealing
with analysis of waiting lines
Queuing theory
minimize the amount of cost and time spent in the
system while maximizing the number of
entertained customers and eventually maximizing
profits
POPULATION SOURCE
- possible number of people that will pass through the system

FINITE POPULATION SOURCE


the server has a clear idea of the maximum number of people, items or
customers that will go through the system

INFINITE POPULATION SOURCE


the population source is either unlimited or indeterminable
NUMBER OF SERVERS
- number of channels (people or workstations) that can entertain customers

Single Channel, Single Phase

Single Channel, Multiple Phases

Multiple Channels, Single Phase

Multiple Channels, Multiple Phases


ARRIVAL PATTERNS
- regularity or irregularity of intervals between the entry of people, items or
tasks into the queuing system

SERVICE PATTERNS
- methodology used by the organization to entertain customers and the time
spent entertaining each customer
QUEUE DISCIPLINE
- the order of priority on how people, items or tasks are entertained

FINITE POPULATION SOURCE

NO
FIRST IN, FIRST IN,
PARTICULAR
FIRST OUT LAST OUT
ORDER
MEASURES OF SYSTEM
PERFORMANCE

The average number of customers waiting

Performance Expectations
Of Employees & Superiors
The average time customers spend waiting in line and time spent during servicing

System Utilization

The implied cost of a given level of capacity and its related waiting line

The probability that an arrival will have to wait for service


INFINITE SOURCE
Single Channel, Exponential Single Channel, Constant
Service Time Service Time
The server is human, The server is a machine,
therefore performs therefore performs
services at an average services at a constant
rate. rate.
Symbols and Representation
lamda

λ Customer Arrival Rate


myu

µ Service Rate
one over myu

1/µ Service Time

ghe

г Average number of customers being served at any given time


rho

ρ System Utilization
Symbols and Representation
em

М Number of servers or channels


L sub q

Lq Average number of customers waiting for service


L sub s

L­­s Average number of Customers in the system


W sub q

Wq Average time customers spend waiting in line


W sub s

Ws Average time customers spend in the system


Basic Relationships
Certain basic relationships which are very helpful in deriving
desired performance measures, given a few key values.

System Utilization

Average Number of Customers


being Served at any given Time

Average Number of Customers:

Average Time of Customers:

Percent of Idle Time

Idle Time per hour


Basic Relationships
Infinite-source model

System ρ = _ λ_
Utilization
Mµ

Average Number of
Customers being Served г = _ λ_
at any given Time µ
Basic Relationships
Infinite-source model

Average Number of Customers:

Waiting in line for service:


2
Single Channel, Lq = ___λ___
Exponential Service Time
µ(µ - λ)
2
Single Channel, Lq = ___λ___
Constant Service Time
2µ(µ - λ)
Basic Relationships
Infinite-source model

Average Number of Customers:


In the System: L s = L­q + r

Average Time of Customers:

Waiting in Line In the System

Wq = _L q_ Ws = Wq + _1_ _Ls _
or
λ µ λ
Basic Relationships
Infinite-source model

Percent of Idle Time Percent Idle Time = 1 – p

Idle Time per hour ( 1 – p ) x 60 minutes


Practice Problem
Customers arrive at a bakery at an average rate of 18 customers
per hour. Each clerk can serve a customer in an average of four
minutes per service offering. Suppose that the average number
of customers waiting in line is 3.6 people, determine the
following.
1. Identify the arrival rate, service time and service rate.

Arrival rate (λ) = 18 customers per hour


Service time (1/µ) = 4 mins per customer
Service rate (µ) = 15 customers per hour
How to get: (4mins/60mins = 1/15) or (60mins/4mins = 15)
Practice Problem

2. Compute the average number of customers being served at


any time.

r = _λ_ = _18_ = 1.2 customers being served at any time


µ 15

3. What is the average number of customers in the system?


Given: Lq = 3.6 customers

Ls = L q + r = 3.6 + 1.2 = 4.8 customers are in the system


(waiting in line and being served)
Practice Problem
4. What is the average time that customers wait in line?

W = _L _ = _3.6_ = 0.20 hours per customer, or 0.20 hours x


λ 18 60 minutes per hour = 12 minutes

5. Approximately how long would it take a customer to go


through the system?
Ws can be determined using either of the following approaches:
Ws = Wq + 1/µ = 0.20 hours + 1/15 hours = 0.267 hours or
approximately 16 minutes
Ws = Wq + 1/µ or (time waiting in line + service time)
= 12 minutes (from letter d) + 4 minutes per customer (given)
= 16 minutes
Practice Problem
6. Determine and interpret the system utilization for 2, 3 and 4
servers.

p = __λ__
Mµ

for M = 2 for M = 3 for M = 4


p = _18_ p = _18_ p = _18_
2(15) 3(15) 4(15)
= 0.60 = 0.40 = 0.30
Practice Problem
6. Determine and interpret the system utilization for 2, 3 and 4
servers.

If the owner is tasked with choosing the ideal number of store


clerks (from 2, 3 or 4 people) that will man the bakeshop, two is
ideal number since it is the closest to 100% efficiency. Most
people may think more people would be better, but expenses
would also be greater. 0.60 or 60% means that the tow workers
would be working 60% of the time (36 minutes every hour) and
idle 40% of the time (14 minutes every hour). If the store will
simultaneously use 4 people, they would be working 30% of the
time (18 minutes per hour) and idle for 70% of the time (42
minutes per hour).
Management Science

Thank You
For Your Attention

Group 2

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