2023-24

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 केन्द्रीय विद्यालय संगठन
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN
जयपुर संभाग / JAIPUR REGION
STUDY MATERIAL SESSION (2023-24)
CLASS XII MATHEMATICS

CHIEF PATRON
Sh. B.L. MORODIA
DEPUTY COMMISSIONER

PATRON PATRON PATRON

Sh. D R MEENA Sh. G S MEHTA Sh. MADHO SINGH
ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER

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 CONTENT TEAM MEMBERS
SL. NO. NAME OF KV NAME OF TGT(MATHS)

1 01 KV AJMER NO.1 NARENDRA KUMAR SAINI

2 01 KV AJMER NO.1 BHAWANA BERODIA

3 02 KV AJMER NO.2 RAKESH NARAYAN

4 03 KV NASIRABAD MOHIT SINGH

5 04 KV ALWAR NO.1 PREM SINGH SHEKHAWAT

6 04 KV ALWAR NO.1 DEVI LAL PRAJAPAT

7 06 KV ANUPGARH BSF MANOJ KUMAWAT

8 08 KV AVIKANAGAR SURESH CHAND GUPTA

9 09 KV BANSWARA BABU LAL BAIRAGI

10 11 KV BEAWAR GIRISH DUTT

11 12 KV BHARATPUR HEM SINGH

12 13 KV BHILWARA RAMNIWAS MEENA

13 14 KV BIKANER NO.1 HARI PRAKASH SWAMI

14 15 KV BIKANER NO.2 KRISHAN KUMAR

15 16 KV BIKANER NO.3 NARENDRA KUMAR SAINI

16 17 KV CHURU SURESH KUMAR YADAV

17 18 KV BSF DABLA HARISH CHANDER

18 19 KV DEOLI CHETAN KUMAR JAIN

19 20 KV JAISALMER AFS HEMANT MAHESHWARI

20 21 KV JAIPUR NO.1 ANIL KUMAR SHARMA

21 22 KV JAIPUR NO.2 PREETI MEENA

22 23 KV JAIPUR NO.3 KAPIL KUMAR KOCHHAR

23 23 KV JAIPUR NO.3 DR B S INDOLIA

24 25 KV JAIPUR NO.5-1ST SANJAY KUMAR JAIN

25 25 KV JAIPUR NO.5-1ST GAUTAM JANGID

26 27 KV JAIPUR NO.6 SHIPRA YADAV

27 29 KV UTTARLAI MAMTA PUNJABI

28 29 KV UTTARLAI SUNIL KUMAR SHARMA

29 30 KV JHALAWAR MAHESH KUMAR GUPTA

30 31 KV JHUNJHUNU RAVINDRA PRATAP SINGH RATHORE

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31 32 KV BANAR JODHPUR PANKAJ GAHLOT

32 33 KV JODHPUR BSF MOOL SINGH SHEKHAWAT

33 34 KV JODHPUR NO.1 AFS VINOD KUMAR

34 34 KV JODHPUR NO.1 AFS MOHAMMED AALAM SHERANI

35 35 KV JODHPUR NO.1 ARMY JAYANT PARWANI

36 36 KV JODHPUR NO.2 AFS SUNIL GAUR

37 36 KV JODHPUR NO.2 AFS NARENDRA SINGH POONIA

38 37 KV JODHPUR NO.2 ARMY MAHESH SINGH SENGAR

39 38 KV KOTA NO.1 SH. RAJESH KUMAR

40 39 KV KOTA NO.2 VIKAS DUBEY

41 41 KV PHULERA SHRI RAM SHARMA

42 42 KV POKHRAN BSF HARISH KUMAR MEENA

43 43 KV LALGARH JATTAN RAJNEESH ARORA

44 45 KV SIKAR VIKRAM PARIHAR

45 46 KV SURATGARH NO.1 AFS NAROTTAM KUMAR DIXIT

46 49 KV SURATGARH STPS MANOJ KUMAR

47 50 KV SAWAI MADHOPUR DEVENDAR KUMAR JAIN

48 51 KV NO.1 UDAIPUR SHIV LAL MEENA

49 51 KV NO.1 UDAIPUR LAXMI LAL SUTHAR

50 53 KV GANGAPURCITY CHANDRA KANT JAIN

51 55 KV KHETRINAGAR RAVI KUMAR

52 56 KV DUNGARPUR MURLI KHATRI

53 57 KV CHITTORGARH BABU LAL SAINI

54 60 KV DEOGARH PUKHRAJ

55 62 KV TONK TARACHAND KUMAWAT

56 65 KV JALORE MUKESH GOTHWAL

57 70 KV HANUMANGARH ISHWAR SINGH

58 71 KV NAGAUR MAHESH KUMAR YADAV

59 72 KV JAIPUR NO.7 CISF BHUPENDRA SINGH

60 74 KV DHOLPUR MAYA RAM RAWAT

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 INDEX
S. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.
1 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 6 - 14

2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 15 - 18

3 MATRICES 19 - 26

4 DETERMINANTS 27 – 33

5 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY 34 - 42

6 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES 43 - 51

7 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 52 - 61

8 DEFINITE INTEGRATION 62 – 69

9 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS 70 - 72

10 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS 73 - 81

11 VECTOR ALGEBRA 82 - 91

12 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY 92 - 103

13 PROBABILITY 104 - 113

5
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
*Relation: Let A and B be two non-empty sets. Then the relation R from a set A to the set B is a subset
of 𝐴 × 𝐵. This is denoted by a R b. If (𝑎, 𝑏) ∈ 𝑅 then we say that a is related to b.
Example: For A = {a, b} and B = {1, 2, 3};
A X B = {(a, 1), (a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3)}
Then Relations can be defined as R1 = {(a, 1), (b, 2)}, R2 = {(a, 2), (a, 3), (b, 1), (b, 3)}, etc.
Note: In relation R1 above; (i). ‘1’ is the image of ‘a’ and ‘a’ is the pre-image of ‘1’.
(ii). Domain of R1 = {a, b} and Range of R1 = {1, 2}
*Empty Relation : R is an empty relation from A to B if R =Ø, in which no element of set A is related
to any element of set B.
*Universal Relation: R is a universal relation from A to B if 𝑅 = 𝐴 × 𝐵 in which all the elements of
set A are related to every element of set B.
*Number of Relations: If n(A) = p and n(B) = q then n(A X B) = p X q, Number of subsets of A X B =
2pq. Therefore, total number of relations from set A to set B = 2pq (Since every subset of A X B is a
relation from A to B)
Note: Number of non-empty relations are 2pq–1 (Subtract one empty relation)
Example: Let n(A)=2 & n(B)=3 then total number of relations from A to B=22X3=26=64 & Number of
non-empty relations=64 – 1=63.
Note: Total number of relations from set A to A (in set A) = 22X2 = 24= 16
*Types of relations:
(1) Identity relation I: Every element of set A must be related to itself only. I = {(x,x): x  A}
For A = {1, 2, 3}, I = {(1,1),(2,2),(3,3)}
(2) Reflexive relation: Every element of set A is related to itself. Elements of set A may have another
image also. xA ⟹ (x,x)R
Examples: R1 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2)}, R2 = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (2, 1), (2, 3)} are reflexive relations.
R3 = {(a, b) / a divides b, a, b ϵ N} is a Reflexive relation as every natural number divides itself.
Note: Every Identity relation is always a reflexive relation but the converse is not true.
(3) Symmetric relation: If ‘a’ is related to ‘b’ then ‘b’ is also related to ‘a’ OR if ‘b’ is the image of ‘a’
then ‘a’ is also the pre-image of ‘b’ OR (a, b)ϵ R⟹ (b, a)ϵ R.
Example: R1={(1,2), (2,1), (2,3), (3,2)} is symmetric as (1,2)ϵR1⟹(2,1)ϵ R1 and (2,3)ϵR1 ⟹ (3,2)ϵ R1.
R2 = {(a, b) / (a - b) is a multiple of 5, a, b ϵ R} is symmetric as (b – a) is also a multiple of 5.
Note: Every Identity relation is symmetric.
(4) Transitive relation: If (a, b) ϵ R and (b, c) ϵ R then (a, c) ϵ R. Example: R1 = {(1,2), (2, 3), (1, 3)} is
transitive.

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 R2= {(1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(2, 3),(1, 3)} is also transitive.
R3 = {(a, b) / a < b, a, b ϵ Z} is Transitive as a < b and b < c implies a < c for all integers.
Note: Every Identity relation is Transitive as there is no case of transitivity.
(5) Equivalence Relation: A relation which is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive is known as
Equivalence relation.
Example 5.1: R={(a, b):(a – b) is even, a, b ϵ Z }is an Equivalence relation as it is; Reflexive: (a – a)= 0
is an even integer, Symmetric: If (a – b) is even integer then (b – a) is also an even integer and
Transitive: If (a – b) and (b – c) are even integers then (a - c) is also an even integer
[Here (a – c) = (a - b) + (b - c)]
Note: Every Empty relation is Symmetric and Transitive but not Reflexive [(a, a) is not in the empty relation]
Every Universal relation A × A in the set A and the Identity relation I is an Equivalence relation.
*Equivalence Class of an element: Let R be an equivalence relation in set A then equivalence class
of an element ‘a’ is the set of all the images of element ‘a’ and is written as [a].
In the above example 5.1; [0] = {...-4, -2, 0, 2, 4,...} and [1] = {...-3, -1, 1, 3,...}
(Their intersection is ø and Union is the set Z).
*For a set A with ‘n’ elements:
Number of ↓ General Formula For n = 2 For n = 3 For n = 4
Reflexive relations 2n(n - 1) 4 64 4096
Symmetric Relations 2n(n+1)/2 8 64 1024
Reflexive & Symmetric 2n(n-1)/2 2 8 64
Relations
Equivalence Relations No general formula 2 5 15
Important Problems:
1. Find the domain & range of the relation R = {(x, y) / 3x – y = 12} defined on the set of natural
numbers N.
Solution: Here x = (y + 12)/3, so y should be a multiple of 3;
hence values of y = Range of relation R = {3, 6, 9, 12,...}
Putting the values of y, we have; values of x = Domain of relation R = {5, 6, 7, ....}
2. Show that the relation R on the set R of real numbers, defined as R = {(a, b) : a ≤ b2} is neither reflexive
nor symmetric nor transitive.
Solution: We will use appropriate examples for this purpose:
Reflexive: ½ ≤ (½)2 is not true, so not reflexive
Symmetric: 1 ≤ 22 is true hence (1, 2) ϵ R but 2 ≤ 12 is not true hence (2, 1) ɇR, so not symmetric.
Transitive: By taking three real numbers 2, -2 and 1, we have; (2, -2) ϵ R as 2 ≤ (-2)2, (-2, 1) ϵ R
as (-2) ≤ 12 but (2, 1) ∉R, So f is not transitive.
3. Prove that the relation R in N X N such that (a, b) R (c, d) if ad (b + c) = bc (a + d) is an equivalence
relation.

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 Solution: Reflexive: (a, b) R (a, b) ⟹ ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is true for all (a,b) ϵ N X N, Hence R is
reflexive.
Symmetric: (c, d) R (a, b) ⟹ cb(d + a)=da(c +b) ⟹ bc(a + d)=ad(b + c)
⟹ ad(b + c)=bc(a + d) ⟹ (a, b)R(c, d), hence symmetric.
Transitive: (a, b) R (c, d) ⟹ ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)and(c, d) R (e, f) ⟹ cf(d + e) = de(c + f)
adb + adc = bca + bcd bca – adb = adc – bcd
 ab(c – d) = cd(a – b)...........(i) and ef(c – d) = cd(e – f)...........(ii)
 ab/ef = (a-b)/(e-f)
 abe – abf = aef – bef
 abe + bef = abf + aef
 be(a + f) = af(b + e) ⟹ (a, b) R (e, f) is true, hence R is transitive.
 R is Reflexive, Symmetric and Transitive relation; hence R is an Equivalence relation.
4. Check whether the relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} as R = {(a, b) : b = a + 1} is Reflexive,
Symmetric or Transitive.
Solution: Reflexive : Since a ≠ a + 1⟹ (a, a) ∉ R⟹ R is not reflexive.
Symmetric: For a = 1 and b = 2, 2 = 1 + 1 ⟹ (1, 2) ϵ R but 1 ≠ 2 + 1 ⟹ (2, 1) ∉ R ⟹R is not symmetric.
Transitive: For a = 1, b= 2 and c = 3, we have 2 = 1 + 1 and 3 = 2 + 1 but 3 ≠ 1 + 1⟹ R is not transitive
5. How many ordered pairs should be added to the relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 1), (2,2)} to make it
i) Reflexive ii) Symmetric iii) Transitive
Solution: i). 1 ordered pair (3, 3) ii). 2 ordered pairs (3, 2) & (1,3) iii). 1 ordered pair (2, 1)
Function: A relation from a set A to another set B is said to be a function if every element of set A has
unique image in set B. Set A is said to be its domain and set B the co-domain.
Example: f: N →N, f(x) = x + 3, f:R →R, f(x) = x2, f: R →R, f(x) = sin x, f: R+ → R, f(x) = log x
Number of functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q, Total number of functions from A to B = n(B) n(A)
Types of functions:
a. One-One (Injective function): Elements of set B have unique pre-image in set A.
Example: f: Z →Z such that f(x) = x + 3, f(x) =f(y), x+3=y+3 ⟹x = y .
To prove a function one–one, we assume f(x) = f(y) and prove x = y. Function which is not one-one is
many one function.
b. Onto(Surjective function):All the elements of set B must have some(one or more) pre-image in set A.
Example: f: Z →Z such that f(x) = x + 3, f(x) = y = x + 3 ⟹ x = y – 3, for every y ϵ Z, there exist some x ϵ Z
such that f(x) = y.
To prove a function onto, show that Range of the function = Co-domain. A function which is not onto is into
function.
c. One-One & Onto (Bijective Function): A function which is both one-one and onto is known as
Bijective function.

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The necessary condition for a function to be bijective is n(A) = n(B)
Note: A function f is said to be invertible if it is a bijective function.
Number of one – one / onto functions: For n(A) = p and n(B) = q, we have the following results:
Condition For p =
For p = 3 For p = 2 For p = 4 For p = q
p=q p<q p>q 3&q=
→ &q=2 &q=3 &q=3 =3
4
Number of one 𝑞!
– one functions p! 0 0
(𝑞 − 𝑝)! 6 24 0 3! = 6
Number of onto qp – qC1 (q – 1)p +
functions p! 0
qC
2(q – 2)p + ... 6 0 0 36 3! = 6
Number of
bijective p!
functions
0 0 0 0 0 0 3! = 6

Important questions:
4𝑥+3 2
1. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥−4 , 𝑥 ≠ 3 is a bijective function.
4𝑥+3 4𝑦+3
Sol. One-one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ 6𝑥−4 = 6𝑦−4 ⇒ (4𝑥 + 3)(6𝑦 − 4) = (4𝑦 + 3)(6𝑥 − 4)

⇒𝑥=𝑦 ⇒ 𝑓 is one-one
4𝑥+3
Onto – We will find the range of the function; let 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 6𝑥−4 ⇒ 𝑦(6𝑥 − 4) = 4𝑥 + 3
4𝑦 + 3 2
⇒𝑥= ,𝑦 ≠
6𝑦 − 4 3
Hence the Range of the function f = co-domain of function f ⇒ f is onto function, hence Bijective.
2. Show that the following function f : N → N is bijective function:
𝑥 + 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥 − 1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
Sol. Here 𝑓 = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 6), (6, 5),...}.
It is clear that every element of co-domain N has unique pre-image
in domain N. Hence f is invertible function. Also, the given function
can be proved invertible/bijective by drawing an arrow diagram→

𝑥
3. Show that the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = is neither one-one nor onto.
𝑥 2 +1
𝑥 𝑦
Sol. One one – Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑦) ⇒ 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑦 2 +1 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 = 𝑦𝑥 2 + 𝑦 ⟹ 𝑥𝑦(𝑥 − 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑦) = 0 ⟹

(𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥𝑦 − 1) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1/𝑦. Hence the function is not one-one.

𝑥 1±√1−4𝑦 2
Onto – 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 +1 ⟹ 𝑦𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = , 𝑦 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 ≠ 𝐶𝑜 − 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 .Hence
2𝑦

f is not onto.

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 MCQs
Q.1 The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1,2,3} are
(A) 1 (B)2 (C) 3 (D) 5
Q.2 Let R be the relation in the set N given by R= {(a, b):a=b-2, b>6}. Choose the correct answer
(A) (2,4)∈R (B) (3,8)∈R (C) (6,8)∈R (D) (8,7)∈R
Q.3 For any real numbers x and y, define x R y if and only if 𝑥 − 𝑦 + √2 is an irrational number. Then the
relation R is
(A) reflexive (B) symmetric (C) transitive (D) none of these
Q.4 Let A={1,2,3} , then number of relations containing (1,2) and (1,3) which are reflexive and symmetric
but not transitive are
(A)1 (B)2 (C)3 (D)4
Q.5 If a relation R on the set {1,2,3} be defined by R = {(1,2)}, then R is
(A) reflexive (B) transitive (C) symmetric (D) None of these
Q.6 Let R be the equivalence relation in the set A = {0,1,2,3,4,5} given by R = {(a, b) : 2 divides (a-b)}, then
the equivalence class of 0 is
(A) {0,2,4} (B) {2,4} (C) {0,1,3,5} (D) {1,3,5}
Q.7 Let A = {1, 2, 3, …9} and R be the relation on 𝐴 × 𝐴 defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a +d=b +c for all (a, b), (c,
d) ∈ 𝐴 × 𝐴. Then equivalence class [(2,5)] is
(A) {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,6)} (B) { (1,4),(3,6),(4,7), (5,8),(6,9)}
(C) {(1,4), (2,5), (3,6), (4,7), (5,8), (6,9)} (D) None of these
Q.8 If A={a, b, c, d}, then a relation R={(a, b),(b, a),(a, a)} on A is
(A) symmetric and transitive only (B) reflexive and transitive only
(C) symmetric only (D) transitive only
Q.9 S is the relation on set R of all real numbers and it is given by a S b if and only if ab≥ 0. Then S is
(A) symmetric and transitive only (B) reflexive and symmetric only
(C) reflexive only (D) an equivalence relation
Q.10 Number of Reflexive relations defined on set A = {2, 3} are-
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Q.11 If R is a relation on set A = {1, 3, 5} be defined by R={(1,5), (3, 3)} is ………….. relation.
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric (C) Transitive (D) None of these
Q.12 Which one of the following functions from Z to Z is bijective?
(A) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (B) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 2 (C) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 1 (D) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 + 1
Q.13 If 𝑓: [2, ∞) → 𝑅 be the function defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, then the range of 𝑓 is-
(A) R (B) [1, ∞) (C) [4, ∞) (D) [5, ∞)
Q.14 Which of the following graphs is not a graph of function?

𝑥2
Q.15 If 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝐴, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +1 is an onto function then A is:
(A) R (B) [0, 1] (C) (0, 1] (D) [0, 1)
Q.16 Given set A = {1,2,3} and a relation R = {(1,2), (2,1)}, the relation R will be-
(A) reflexive if (1,1) is added (B) symmetric if (2,3) is added
(C) transitive if (1,1) is added (D) none of these
Q.17 – 20 Assertion reason based questions
In the following, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R ). Choose the correct
answer out of the following choices:
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A) Both (A) & (R ) are true and (R )is the correct explanation of (A)
B) Both (A) & (R ) are true and (R )is not the correct explanation of (A)
C) (A ) is true and (R )is false
D) (A ) is false and (R )is true
Q.17 Assertion (A) : If R ={ (x, y) : x +2y = 8} is a relation on a natural number N, then range of R is equal to
{1, 2, 3}
Reason (R) : Every relation which is symmetric and transitive is reflexive also.
Q18. Assertion (A) : If f : R→R is defined by f(x)=3x+2 then f(f(x)) is 9+8x
Reason (R) : A function f : A→B is said to be one to one or injective, if different elements in A have
different f images in B
Q19. Assertion (A) : Function f : R→R is defined as f(x)=[x], where [x] is greatest integer less than and
equal to x is onto function
x−1
Reason (R) : If f(x) = |𝑥−1| , x ≠ 1  R, then range of f is {-1, 1}
Q20. Assertion (A) : Let N be the set of natural numbers and function f :N→N be define by f(n)=2n+3 
nN then f is injective.
Reason (R) : If A and B are two sets having m and n elements respectively, such that 1 ≤ n ≤ m, then
𝑛
number of onto functions of A to B is ∑𝑟=1(−1)𝑛−𝑟 ncr 𝑟 𝑚 .
Q21. Assertion: A relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 3), (3, 5)} defined on the set A={1,3,5}is reflexive.
Reason: A relation R on the set A is said to be transitive if for (a, b)∈R and (b, c)∈R, we have (a, c)∈R
Q22. Assertion: A relation R={(a, b):|a−b|<2}defined on the set A={1,2,3,4,5}is reflexive.
Reason: A relation R on the set A is said to be reflexive if for (a, b)∈R and(b, c)∈R, we have (a, c)∈R.
Q23. Assertion: A relation R={(x, y):|x−y|=0}defined on the set A = {3, 5, 7} is symmetric.
Reason: A relation R on the set A is said to be symmetric if for (a, b)∈R, we have (b, a)∈R.
Q24. Assertion: The relation R in the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} defined as R = {(x, y) : y is divisible by x} is an
equivalence relation.
Reason: A relation R on the set A is equivalence if it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Q25. Assertion: The relation f : (1,2,3,4) →( x,y,z,p) defined by f = (1,x) , (2,y), (3,z) is a bijective function.
Reason: The function f : (1,2,3) →( x,y,z,p) such that f = (1,x) , (2,y), (3,z)is one-one.
Answers
Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans D C A A B A C C B D C B B B D D C D D B D C A D D

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1 Let A= R-{3}, B=R-{1}. If f: A→B be defined by f(x)= (x-2)/(x-3), ∀x ∈A.
Then, show that f is bijective
Q.2 If A = {1,2,3,4} define relations on A which have properties of being
(i) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric.
(ii) Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive.
(iii) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive
Q.3 Let A = {1 ,2,3,4…….9} and R be the relation on A×A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if a+d= b +c on
A×A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation and also obtain the equivalent class [(2,5)].

Q.4 Let A = N x N be the set of all ordered pairs of natural numbers and R be the relation on the set
A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) iff ad = bc. Show that R is an equivalence relation

Q.5 Show that the relation R on R defined as R = {(a, b): a ≤ b}, are reflexive and transitive but not
symmetric.

11
Q.6 Let A = (x∈Z:0≤x≤12}. Show that R ={(a, b):a, b ∈A ;|a–b| is divisible by 4} is an equivalence
relation. Find the set of all elements related to 1. Also write the equivalence class of 2.

Q.7 Let f: 𝑅+→[-9,∞) be a function defined as : f(x) = 5𝑥2+ 6x – 9. Show that f(x)is bijective.
Q.8 Determine whether each of the following relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive:
Relation R in the set A of human beings in a town at a particular time given by
(a) R = {(x, y) : x is wife of y}
(b) R = {(x, y) : x is father of y}
(c) R = {(x, y) : x and y work at the same place}
ANSWER – LONG QUESTIONS
Q.1 Let f(𝑥1) = f(𝑥2)⇒ (x1 -2)/(x1-3)= (x2-2)/(x2-3)⇒ 𝑥1=𝑥2 ⇒ one-one .Similarly, find range
of f(x) = Co domain. Therefore f(x) is onto. Hence f(x) is bijective.

Q.2 (i){(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(1,2)} (ii){(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(2,4),(4,2)}

(iii){(1,1),(2,2),(3,3),(4,4)}

Q.3 If (a, b) R (c, d) then a + d = b + c

Reflexive: 𝐼𝑓 (a, b) R (a, b) if a + b = b + a, which is true Therefore relation is reflexive.
Symmetric:-If (a, b)R(c, d)then a + d = b + c
⇒ If (c, d) R (a, b) then c + b = d + a, which is true, therefore symmetric
Transitive :If (a, b) R(c, d) then a + d = b + c… (i)
And if (c, d)R(e, f) then c + f = d + e (ii)
Adding (i) and(ii), we get a + f = b + e
Therefore (a, b)R(e, f).Therefore relation is an equivalence relation. Now, equivalence class
containing [(2,5)] is {(1,4),(2,5),(3,6),(4,7),(5, 8),(6,9)}.
Q.4 (a, b) R (c, d) if and only if a d= b c.
(I) (a,b)R(a,b) iff ab=ba, which is true.[∵ab=ba ∀ a,b ∈ N] Thus, R is reflexive.
(II) (a,b)R(c,d)⇒ad=bc (c,d)R(a,b)⇒cb=da.
But cb = bc and da = ad in N.
∴(a,b) R (c,d)⇒(c,d) R (a,b).Thus, R is symmetric.
(III) (a,b) R (c,d) ⇒ ad = bc…(1)
(c,d) R (e, f) ⇒ cf = de…(2)
Multiplying(1) and (2), (ad).(cf) = (bc).(de)
⇒ af = be ⇒ (a,b) R (e,f).
Thus, R is transitive.
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Q.5 We have: R={(a, b)}=a ≤b}.
Since, a ≤a ∀a ∈R,∴(a, a)∈R, Thus, R reflexive.
But R is not symmetric [∵(3, 5) ∈R but (5, 3) ∉ R as 3 ≤ 5 but 5 ≥ 3
Now, (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
⇒a ≤ b and b ≤ c ⇒a ≤ c ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R. Thus, R is transitive

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 Q.6 We have: R={(a, b) :a, b ∈A;|a–b| is divisible by 4}.
(1)Reflexive :For any a ∈A, ∴(a, b) ∈R. |a– a| =0,which is divisible by 4.Thus, R is reflexive.
Symmetric :Let(a, b)∈R⇒|a–b| is divisible by 4⇒ |b – a| is also divisible by 4 Thus, R is
symmetric.
Transitive: Let (a, b) ∈R and (b, c) ∈R ⇒|a – b| is divisible by 4 and |b–c| is divisible by4⇒
|a–b| =4λ ⇒a–b=±4λ ................................................................................................................... (1)
And |b– c|=4µ ⇒b– c=±4µ ............................................ (2)
Adding (1) and (2),(a-b)+(b-c) =±4(λ+ µ)
⇒a– c=±4 (λ+µ)⇒( a, c)∈R .Thus, R is transitive.
Now, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
(ii)Let ‘x’ be an element of A such that (x,1) ∈R
⇒|x–1| is divisible by 4⇒ x–1=0,4,8,12,…⇒x =1,5,9,13,…
Hence, these all elements of A which are related to1 are {1,5,9}.
(iii)Let (x, 2)∈ R. Thus |x– 2|=4k, where k≤3. ∴x=2,6,10. Hence, equivalence class [2]={2,6,10}.
Q.7 Let f(𝑥1) = f(𝑥2)⇒ 5𝑥12+6𝑥1–9 = 5𝑥22+6𝑥2–9 ⇒ 𝑥1=𝑥2 ⇒one-one.
Similarly, find range of f(x), Range of f(x)=Codomain of f(x). Therefore f(x) is onto. Therefore f(x)
is bijective
Q.8 (a) Neither reflexive nor symmetric but transitive.
(b) Neither reflexive nor symmetric nor transitive.
(c) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

CASE STUDY 1. Sherlin and Danju are playing Ludo at home during Covid-19. While rolling the dice, Sherlin’s sister
Raji observed and noted the possible outcomes of the throw every time belongs to set {1,2,3,4,5,6}. Let A be the
set of players while B be the set of all possible outcomes.

A = {S, D}, B = {1,2,3,4,5,6}

1. Let 𝑅 ∶ 𝐵 → 𝐵 be defined by R = {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑥 }. Then check whether the given relation is reflexive.
2. Raji wants to know the number of functions from A to B. How many numbers of functions are possible?
3. Let R be a relation on B defined by R = {(1,2), (2,2), (1,3), (3,4), (3,1), (4,3), (5,5)}. Then check whether the relation
is transitive.
OR
Raji wants to know the number of relations possible from A to B. How many numbers of relations are possible?
CASE STUDY 2: Students of Grade 9, planned to plant saplings along straight lines, parallel to each other to one
side of the playground ensuring that they had enough play area. Let us assume that they planted one of the rows
of the saplings along the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 4. Let L be the set of all lines which are parallel on the ground and R be a
relation on L. Answer the following using the above information.

13
1. Let relation R be defined by R = {(𝐿1, 𝐿2): 𝐿1║𝐿2 where L1,L2  L} then R is______ relation

2. Let R = {(𝐿1, 𝐿2) ∶ 𝐿1┴𝐿2 where L1, L2  L} then prove that R is not transitive?
3. Show that the function f: R→R defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 – 4, is bijective.
OR
Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4. Then write the range of 𝑓(𝑥).
ANSWERS CASE STUDY 1.
1.Yes 2. 62 3. None of these three OR 212
ANSWERS CASE STUDY 2.
1. Equivalence 2. R is Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive 3. Bijective Or R

14
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
We know that a function f : A →B is said to be an invertible function if and only if it is bijective (one-one
and onto). To make a function bijective, its domain and range are to be restricted.
Therefore, to define the Inverse Trigonometric Functions, we restrict their respective domain and range as
per the following table:
Inverse Trigonometric Domain (x) Range (y)
Functions (Principal value branch)
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 [-1, 1] −𝜋 𝜋
[ , ]
2 2
−1
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 [-1, 1] [0, 𝜋]
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 R −𝜋 𝜋
( , )
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 R −𝜋 𝜋
[ , ] − {0}
2 2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) 𝜋
[0, 𝜋] − { }
2
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 R – (-1, 1) (0, 𝜋)

Some important properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions:

Property - 1 Remarks Property – 2 Remarks Property - 3 Remar
ks
𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) = 𝜃 𝜃 must sin(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑥 must be 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) 𝑥 must
be in in the = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 be in
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 Principal cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 domain 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (−𝑥) the
value mentioned = 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 domain
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) = 𝜃 branch in tan(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥 in above 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−𝑥) mentio
above table = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 ned in
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃) table cosec(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥) above
=𝜃 =𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 table
−1 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃)
𝑠𝑒𝑐 =𝜃 sec(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−𝑥)
= 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃) = 𝜃 cot(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−𝑥)
= 𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥

Examples:

15
1. Find the principal value of the following:
1 −2
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( )
√2 √3
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = (Here the angle lies in first quadrant which is the
√2 4 4 4

principal value branch of sin-1𝑥).

𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (−1) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1) = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 ) = − 4
−2 2 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
c. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( ) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 ( 3) = 𝜋 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (sec 6 ) = 𝜋 − 6 =
√3 √ 6

2. Find the principal value of the following:

3𝜋 13𝜋 7𝜋 −17𝜋 43𝜋
a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) e. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 )
5 6 6 8 5

3𝜋 3𝜋
Solutions: a. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ), here the angle lies in second quadrant which is not the principal value
5 5

branch of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥.
3𝜋 3𝜋 3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
Therefore 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )≠ . Now 𝑠𝑖𝑛 = sin (𝜋 − ) = sin [Because sin(π – θ) = sinθ]
5 5 5 5 5
3𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
Now we can write 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )=  [ 2 , 2]
5 5 5

13𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
b. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos (2𝜋 + 6 )) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 6 ) =
6 6

7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋 𝜋
c. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝜋 + 6 )) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑡𝑎𝑛 6 ) =  ( 2 , 2)
6 6

−17𝜋 17𝜋 𝜋
d. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 + 8 ))
8 8

𝜋 𝜋 −𝜋
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( )) =
8 8 8
[𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 sin(−x) = − sin x and sin−1 (−x) = −sin−1 x]
√3
3. Find the value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )].
2

√3 𝜋 𝜋 √3
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 . 6 )] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [2 sin 3 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2 . ) =
2 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√3) = 𝜋⁄3.

cos 𝑥
4. Simplify: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−sin 𝑥)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
Solution: 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1−sin 𝑥) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 𝑥
2
𝑥
2
𝑥 𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2 2 2
𝑥 2
2
]=
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 2 2 2 2 2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝑥
2
𝑥 ]=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ 2
𝑥 ] = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [𝑡𝑎𝑛 (4 + 2)] = 4 + 2(Here 1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 2

5. Find the domain of sin-1 (x2−4).

Solution: -1≤ x2−4≤1 ⇒ 3≤ x2≤5 ⇒ x  [−√5 , −√3] U [√3 , √5 ](required domain)

16
 MCQs
Q1. The domain of the function 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (2𝑥 − 1) is:
(a) [0, 1] (b) [-1, 1] (c) (-1, 1) (d) [0, 𝜋]
−√3 𝜋
Q2. The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 6 ] is:
2

(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) -1 (d) none of these

33𝜋
Q3. The value of 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 [𝑐𝑜𝑠 ] is:
5
3𝜋 −7𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) (b) (c) 10 (d) − 10
5 5

1 √5
Q4. The value of 𝑡𝑎𝑛 [2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 3 )] is

3+√5 3−√5 −3+√5 −3−√5

(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
3𝜋 2𝜋
Q5. Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin )= , then ‘k’ is:
4 𝑘

(a) 3 (b) 8 (c) 6 (d) 9

5𝜋 5𝜋
Q6. The value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (cos ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin ) is:
3 3
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

Answers:
Q.1 Q.2 Q.3 Q.4 Q.5 Q.6
a a d b b a

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose
the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Q1 Assertion [A]: The principal value of sin−1(−1/2)is −π/6.
Reason [R]: sin−1(−x) = −sin−1 (x) if x ∈ [−1,1]
Q2. Assertion [A]: The principal value of cos−1(−1/√2)is −π/4
Reason [R]: cos−1(−x) = π−cos−1x if x ∈ [−1,1].
Q3. Assertion [A]: The principal value, of tan−1(tan3π/4) is −π/4.
Reason [R]: The range of tan−1x is (−π/2,π/2).
Q4. Assertion [A]: The principal value of cos−1(cos5π/3) = π/3
Reason [R]: The range of cos−1x is [0,π]
Q5. Assertion [A]: tan−1(−x) = −tan−1x, x ∈ R
Reason [R]: sec−1(−x) = π−sec−1x,x∈R
Q6. Assertion [A]: The value of cos(sec−1(5/3)) is, 3/5.
Reason [R]: Value of sec−1x is cos−11/x.
Q7. Assertion: 𝑖𝑓 2 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2 − 5(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) + 2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ℎ𝑎𝑠 2 solutions.
17
 Reason: 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (sin 𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅
Q8. Assertion: The domain of the function sec −1 𝑥 is the set of all real numbers.
Reason: For the function sec −1 𝑥, x can take all real values except in the interval (-1, 1).

Answers
Q1 A Q5 C, R is false as x ∈ R−(−1,1)

Q2 D, cos−1(−1/√2)=π−cos−1(1/√2)=π−π/4=3π/4 Q6 A

Q3 A, tan−1(tan(π−π/4))=tan−1(−tanπ/4)=−π/4 Q7 D

Q4 A Q8 D

18
 MATRICES
Matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (real or complex) kept inside brackets [ ] or () and denoted by capital
letters. The numbers are called elements or members or entry

Order of a matrix: A matrix having “m” number of rows and “n” number of columns is of order mxn

Example A=𝑟𝑜𝑤 → 1 −1 3 ↓ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, is a matrix of order 2X3 having element

[ ]
2 5 −7

1.Sum of two matrices: for Matrix A=[aij]mxn and B= [bij]mxn, the sum of two matrices A & B defined as matrix C
=[cij]mxn
Where cij = aij + bij for all i,j. (To add two matrices of same order, their corresponding elements are added)
2.Multiplication of matrix by scalar : If A=[aij]mxnis a matrix and k is a scalar then kA is another matrix which is
obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k
3.Product of Matrices: Matrix A can be multiplied to matrix B if number of columns in A is equal to number of
rows in B. If
A =[aij]mxn and B=[bjk]nxp are two matrices then AB=[cik]mxp and cik = ∑𝑛𝑗=1 aij bjk
[Remark- if AB is defined then BA need not be defined]
2 7 (1)(2) + (−1)(−1) + (2)(5) (1)(7) + (−1)(1) + (2)(−4)
1 −1 2
For [ ] [−1 1 ] = [ ]=
0 3 4 (0)(2) + (3)(−1) + (4)(5) (0)(7) + (3)(1) + (4)(−4)
5 −4
13 −2
[ ]
17 −13
Transpose of a matrix: For Matrix A =[aij]mxn transpose of A is denoted by AT or A’ and AT =[aji]nxm for example
3 5
3 √3 0
If A=[√3 1 ] ,then A’ = [ −1] [Hint : interchange rows and columns]
−1 5 1
0 5
5

Properties of transpose of matrix

1. (A’)’=A 2. (A±B)’=A’±B’ 3. (AB)’=B’A’
2. Symmetric and skew symmetric matrix: A square matrix A =[aij]mxn is symmetric if A’=A i.e. aij = aji and a
square matrix A =[aij]mxn is skew symmetric matrix if 𝐴’ = −𝐴 e.g. aji = - aij & aii=0 for all possible values of i
and j.
√3 2 3 0 −2 3
Example A= [ 2 −1.5 −1] is symmetric matrix as A’=A and B= [ 2 0 −1] is skew symmetric
3 −1 1 −3 1 0
matrix as B’=-B [Remark :For any square matrix A , A+ A’ is always symmetric and A-A’ is always skew
symmetric matrix ]
Invertible Matrix and Inverse of a matrix : Any n-rowed square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists
a n-rowed matrix B such that 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 = 𝐼𝑛 , where In is the unit matrix of order n. Inverse of A is denoted by
A-1.
19
 Important Questions:
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. If a matrix has 5 elements what are the possible order it can have?
[Ans. 1×5 and 5×1]
1
2. Construct 3X2 4matrix whose elements are given by aij=2|i-3j|,
5
1 2
1
Ans. 2
2
3
[0 2 ]
3. Find number of all possible matrices of order 2X2 with each entry 1or2 [Ans. 24=16]
EXTRA QUESTIONS
3 1 1 0
1. If A=[ ] and I=[ ] , Find 𝑎 and 𝑏 so that A2+ 𝑎I= 𝑏 A [𝐀𝐧𝐬 b=8 and 𝑎 = 8 ]
7 5 0 1
2 −12 2 13
2 3 2 −2 5 5 5 5
2. Find X and Y if 2X+3Y=[ ] and 3X+2Y=[ ] [𝐀𝐧𝐬 X=[−11 ]& Y=[14 ]]
4 0 −1 5 3 −2
5 5

1 −2 −7 −8 −9 1 2 3
3. Find the matrix P so that [ ]𝑃 =[ ] Ans P=[ ]
2 0 2 4 6 4 5 6
2 𝑎 5
4.If the matrix A=[−1 4 𝑏] is a symmetric matrix then find 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 [𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝑎 =-1, 𝑏=-4, 𝑐 = 5 hence 𝑎 + 𝑏
𝑐 −4 9
+𝑐 =0]

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

3 −2 −4
1. Express matrix A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where A=[ 3 −2 −5]
−1 1 2
1 5
3 −2
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 6 1 −5 2
1 1 1 1
Solution-P=2 (𝐴 + 𝐴′ ) =2 [[ 3 −2 −5] + [−2 −2 1 ]]=2 [ 1 −4 −4] = 2 −2 −2 (𝑃′ = 𝑃)
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 −5 −4 4 5
[− 2 −2 2]
−5 3
0 −2
3 −2 −4 3 3 −1 0 −5 −3 2
1 1 1 5
P is symmetric matrix Q=2 (𝐴 − 𝐴′ )=2 [[ 3 −2 −5] − [−2 −2 1 ]]=2 [5 0 −6]= 2 0 −3
−1 1 2 −4 −5 2 3 6 0 3
[2 3 0]
′
(𝑄 = −𝑄) Q is skew symmetric matrix.
1 3 2
2. If A=[2 0 −1], then show that 𝐴3 − 4𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 11𝐼 = 𝑂
1 2 3
1 3 2 1 3 2 9 7 5
2
Solution: A =[2 0 −1] [2 0 −1]=[1 4 1],
1 2 3 1 2 3 8 9 9
9 7 5 1 3 2 28 37 26
A3= A2A= [1 4 1] [2 0 −1]=[10 5 1]
8 9 9 1 2 3 35 42 34
28 37 26 9 7 5 1 3 2 1 0 0
3 2
A -4A -3A+11I=[10 5 1 ] − 4 [1 4 1] − 3 [2 0 −1] + 11 [0 1 0]
35 42 34 8 9 9 1 2 3 0 0 1

20
 28 37 26 36 28 20 3 9 6 11 0 0 0 0 0
=[10 5 1]−[4 16 4 ] − [6 0 −3] + [ 0 11 0 ] = [0 0 0]=O
35 42 34 32 36 36 3 6 9 0 0 11 0 0 0

MCQs
0 1
Q.1 [ 𝑥 1][ ]=O, then 𝑥 equals to
0 −2
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) -2 (d) -1
0 0 4
Q.2 The matrix P=[0 4 0] is a
4 0 0
(a) Square matrix (b) diagonal matrix (c) unit matrix (d) None of these
𝛼 0 1 0
Q.3 If matrix A=[ ] ,𝐵 = [ ]. If A2=B , then 𝛼 is equals to–
1 1 5 1
(a)1 (b)-1 (c)0 (d)none of these
0 0
Q.4 If A=[ ], then A16 is-
4 0
0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ]
4 0 0 4 0 1 0 0
Q.5 Let A be a 5X7 matrix , then each column of A contains ,number of elements
(a)7 (b)5 (c)12 (d) none of these

cos 𝛼 −sin 𝛼
Q.6 If A=[ ], such that A+A’=I, then the value of 𝛼 is-
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(a)6 (b)3 (c) 𝜋 (d) 2
Q.7 The value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 from the following equation is –
𝑥 5 3 −4 7 6
2[ ] + [ ] = [ ]
7 𝑦−3 1 2 15 14
(a)11 (b)9 (c)7 (d)2
0 1 −2
Q.8 For what value of 𝑥 , is the matrix A=[−1 0 3 ] is a skew-symmetric matrix
𝑥 −3 0
(a) 0 (b)2 (c)9 (d)5
3 4
Q.9 If A=[ ] , then the matrix f(A) is, where f(x)=x2-5x+7
−4 −3
−15 −20 15 20 20 20 −20 15
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ]
20 15 −20 −15 15 −15 20 −15
3 −4 5 2 𝑝 𝑞
Q.10 If X=[ ] , B=[ ] and A=[ ] satisfy the equation AX=B,then the
1 −1 −2 1 𝑟 𝑠
matrix A is equal to
−7 26 7 26 −7 −4 −7 26
(a)[ ] (b)[ ] (c)[ ] (d)[ ]
1 −5 4 17 26 13 −6 23
1 −1
Q.11 If matrix A=[ ] and A2=kA, then the value of k is –
−1 1
(a)1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)5
1 0 2 𝑥
Q.12 If [𝑥 −5 −1] [0 2 1] [4]=0,then the value of x is
2 0 3 1
(a) 5√5 (b) ±4√3 (c) ±3√5 (d) ±6√5
0 2 1 0
Q.13 The matrix A satisfies the equation [ ] 𝐴 =[ ], then matrix A is-
−1 1 0 1
1
2 0 1 −2 −1 1 2
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [21 ] (d) [ ]
1 0 1 0 0 −1 0
2
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
Q.14 If E(𝜃)=[ ] , then E(𝛼)E(𝛽)is equal to –
− sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
(a) E(𝛼𝛽) (b)E(𝛼 − 𝛽) (c) E(𝛼 + 𝛽) (d)-E(𝛼 + 𝛽)
21
Q.15 Suppose 3 x 3 matrix A = [aij] , whose elements are given by aij=i2-j2 ,then a32 is
equal to
(a)5 (b)1 (c)2 (d)3
1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 = 𝑗
16. if A = [aij] is square matrix of order 2 such that aij= { then A50 is
0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 0
17. if A=[ ] then A1001 is equal to
0 0
1 0 0 1001 0 0 1001 0
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1001

2 0
18. If P+Q= [ ] where P is Symmetric and Q is skew Symmetric matrix then Q=
5 4
5 5 5 5
2 0 −2 0 2 −2
2 2
(a) [ 5 ] (b )[ 5 ] (c) [ 5 ] (d) [ 5 ]
4 0 −2 0 4
2 2 2

0 1 + 2𝑥 −5𝑥 + 2
19. Find the value of |A| if A=[−1 − 2𝑥 0 −2𝑥 ]
2 − 5𝑥 2𝑥 0
(a)2 (b)1 (c)0 (d)-1
20. if A and B are invertible square matrices of same order then which of the following is not correct
(a)AdjA = |A|A-1 (b) det(A)-1 =[det (A)]-1 (c) (AB)-1 =B-1A-1 (d)(A+B)-1= B-1+A-1

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

Directions: In the following questions, A statement of assertion (A) is followed by
a statement of reason I. Mark the correct choice as.
(A)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
I A is true but R is false
(D)A is false and R is true
Q.1 Assertion(A):if A is a square matrix such that A2=A , then (I+A)3 -7A=I
Reason I: AI=IA=A
Q.2 Assertion(A)A+B)2≠A2 +2AB +B2
Reason I: Generally AB≠ BA
Q.3 A and B are two matrices such that both AB and BA are defined
Assertion (A): (A+B)(A-B)=A2-B2
Reason I: (A+B)(A-B)=A2-AB+BA-B2
0 2𝑏 −2
−2 3
Q.4 Assertion (A): If the matrix P=[ 3 1 3 ] is a symmetric matrix then a= 3 and b=2
3𝑎 3 3
Reason I: If P is a symmetric matrix then P’= -P
Q.5 Assertion (A): If A is a symmetric matrix then B’AB is also symmetric
Reason I: (ABC)’=C’B’A’

Answers
Q MCQs
N
22
1.
0 1 0 0
Ans (b)2 =[𝑥 1][ ]=[ ]OR [0 x-2]=[0 0] OR x=2
0 −2 0 0
2 Ans (b) Square matrix. We know that in a square matrix number
of rows is equal to the number of columns
𝛼 0 𝛼 0 1 0 2
3. Ans (d) none of these. A2=[ ][ ]=[ ]OR [ 𝛼 0]=[1 0]
1 1 1 1 5 1 𝛼+1 1 5 1
2
𝛼 =1 , 𝛼 + 1=5 OR 𝛼 = ±1 , 𝛼=4(three different values of 𝛼)
4. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ans (d)[ ] A2 =[ ][ ]=[ ]
0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
A4=A2.A2=[ ] , A8= A4. A4=[ ]therefore A16= A8. A8=[ ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
5 Ans (b) 5

6. 𝜋 cos 𝛼 −sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 1 0

Ans (b)3 A+A’=I, =[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos 𝛼 0 1
2 cos 𝛼 0 1 0 𝜋
=[ ]=[ ], 𝛼=3
0 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0 1
7. Ans (a)11 2x+3=7, x=2 and 2y-6+2=14 , y=9 ∴ x+y=11
8. Ans (b)2 A’= - A
0 −1 𝑥 0 1 −2
[1 0 −3] = _ [−1 0 3 ] , x=2
−2 3 0 𝑥 −3 0

9. −15 −20
Ans (a)[ ] , f(A)=A2-5A+7I
20 15
3 4 3 4 3 4 1 0 −15 −20
[ ][ ]− 5[ ] +7[ ]=[ ]
−4 −3 −4 −3 −4 −3 0 1 20 15
10. Ans (a)[𝑝 𝑞 ] [3 −4] = [ 5 2]
𝑟 𝑠 1 −1 −2 1
3𝑝 + 𝑞 −4𝑝 − 𝑞 5 2
[ ] =[ ]
3𝑟 + 𝑠 −4𝑟 − 𝑠 −2 1
p=-7,q=26,r=1,s=-5
11. Ans (b)2 1 −1 1 −1 1 −1
A2= A.A= [ ][ ] = k[ ]
−1 1 −1 1 −1 1
2 −2 1 −1
=[ ] =k[ ] ,k=2
−2 2 −1 1
12. 𝑥
Ans (b) ±4√3 = [𝑥 − 2 −10 2𝑥 − 8] [4]=0
1
x2-2x-40+2x-8=0 , x=±4√3
13. 1
0 2 𝑎 𝑏 1 0 −1
Ans. I =[ ][ ]=[ ] , = [21 ]
−1 1 𝑐 𝑑 0 1 0
2
14. cos 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos 𝛽 sin 𝛽
Ans I E(𝛼 + 𝛽) E(𝛼)E(𝛽)=[ ][ ]
−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛽 cos 𝛽
cos 𝛼 + 𝛽 sin 𝛼 + 𝛽
= [ ]= E(𝛼 + 𝛽)
− sin 𝛼 + 𝛽 cos 𝛼 + 𝛽
15. Ans (a)5 aij=i2-j2, therefore a32 = 32-22=9-4=5
16. 1 0 1 0
Ans (d) A=[ ] then A50 =[ ]
0 1 0 1
17 1 0
Ans(a ) [ ]
0 0

23
18 5
0 −2
Ans (b) [ 5 ]
0
2
19 Ans c ( 0)
20 Ans (d)(A+B)-1= B-1+A-1
Assertion and Reason based MCQs
1. Ans (A) IA=AI=A is true Given A2=A ∴ (I+A)3 -7A=I
=(I3+3I2 A+3A2 I+A3) -7A=I
hence A is true . R is correct explanation for A
2. Ans (A) For 2 matrices A and B generally AB≠BA
i.e matrix multiplication is not commutative
therefore R is true.
(A+B)2= (A+B)(A+B)= A2+AB+BA+B2 ≠ A2+2AB+B2
therefore A is true, hence R is the correct explanation for A.
3. Ans (D) for two matrices A and B even if both AB and BA are
defined, generally AB≠BA (A+B)(A-B)=A2-AB+BA-B2
since AB≠BA , (A+B)(A-B) ≠A2-B2, hence R is true
and A is false.
4. Ans (C) If P is a symmetric matrix then P’=P
hence R is false, as P is a symmetric matrix,P’=P
0 3 3𝑎 0 2𝑏 −2
[ 2𝑏 1 3 ] = [ 3 1 3]
−2 3 3 3𝑎 3 3
−2 3
therefore by equality of matrices a= 3 and b=2 Hence A is true.
5. Ans (A) For 3 matrices A ,B and C if ABC is defined then
(ABC)’=C’B’A’ , hence R is true Given that A is symmetric
then A’=A, (B’AB)’=B’A’(B’)’ =B’AB , hence A is true
therefore R is the correct explanation for A.

24
 CASE STUDY
Q1. Read the case study carefully and answer any four out of the following questions:
Ram purchases 3 pens, 2 bags, and 1 instrument box and pays ₹ 41. From the same shop, Dheeraj purchases 2
pens, 1 bag, and 2 instrument boxes and pays ₹29, while Ankur purchases 2 pens, 2 bags, and 2 instrument boxes
and pays ₹44.

Read the above information and answer the following questions:

.
1. What are the cost of one pen and one bag?
2. What is the cost of one pen & one instrument box?
3. What is the cost of one bag & one instrument box?
OR
Find the cost of one pen, one bag, and one instrument box.

Hint and solution

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 41
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 29
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 44
AX=B
3 2 1 𝑋 41
[2 1 2] [𝑌 ] = [29]
2 2 2 𝑍 44

By solving we can obtain values of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧

1. ₹17
2. ₹7
3. ₹20 or ₹22

Q2. Three car dealers, say A, B and C, deals in three types of cars, namely Hatchback cars, Sedan cars, and SUV
cars. The sales figure for 2019 and 2020 showed that dealer A sold 120 Hatchback, 50 Sedan, and 10 SUV cars in
2019 and 300 Hatchback, 150 Sedan, and 20 SUV cars in 2020; dealer B sold 100 Hatchback, 30 Sedan, and 5 SUV
cars in 2019 and 200 Hatchback, 50 Sedan, 6 SUV cars in 2020; dealer C sold 90 Hatchback, 40 Sedan, 2 SUV cars in
2019 and 100 Hatchback, 60 Sedan,5 SUV cars in 2020..

25
 Read the above information and answer the following questions:

1. The total number of cars sold in two given years, by each dealer, is given by the matrix

2. The increase in sales from 2019 to 2020 is given by the matrix

3. If each dealer receives a profit of Rs.50000 on the sale of a Hatchback, Rs.100000 on the sale of a Sedan, and Rs.
200000 on the sale of an SUV (v) then the amount of profit received in the year 2020 by each dealer is given by
the matrix. OR

If each dealer had loss of Rs.10000 on the sale of a Hatchback, Rs.50000 on the sale of a Sedan, and Rs.
70000 on the sale of an SUV (v) then the amount of loss in the year 2019 by each dealer is given by the matrix.

420 200 30 180 100 10

Ans 1. [300 80 11] Ans 2. [100 20 1]
190 100 7 10 20 3

34000000 1700000
Ans 3. [16200000] or [5670000]
12000000 9240000

26
 DETERMINANTS
Determinant : To every square matrix we can assign a number or scalar called a determinant.
If 𝐴 = [𝑎11 ], det. 𝐴 = | 𝐴 | = 𝑎11
a a 
If 𝐴 =  11 12
, |𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝑎22 – 𝑎21 𝑎12
 21 22 
a a
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐼𝑓 𝐴 = [ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] ,
𝑎
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 (𝑎22 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎32 ) − 𝑎12 ( 𝑎21 𝑎33 − 𝑎23 𝑎31 ) + 𝑎13 (𝑎21 𝑎32 − 𝑎22 𝑎31 )
* Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be singular, if |𝐴| = 0.
* Non -Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be non-singular, if |𝐴|  0.
* Area of a Triangle: Area of a triangle with vertices (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) and (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )is given by
A (x1, y1)
x 1 y1 1
∆= 1 x 2 y2 1
2x y3 1
3

B(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) C(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )

x y 1
* Equation of a line passing through (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), & (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is x1 y1 1=0
x2 y2 1

𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
𝐴 (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
* Condition of collinearity: If three points are collinear then |𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = 0
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
*Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith row and jth column in
which element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 lies. Minor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗
2 −1 4
|𝐴| = | 3 −2 2
−2 2| 𝑀11 = | | = -4-2=-6
1 2
−5 1 2
* Cofactor of an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 denoted by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is defined by 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (– 1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗 , where 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗
2 −1 4
|𝐴| = | 3 −2 2| , 𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 (−4 − 2) = −6
−5 1 2
* If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of same row (or column), then their sum is
equal to |A | i.e. 𝑎11 (𝐴11 ) + 𝑎12 ( 𝐴12 ) + 𝑎13 (𝐴13 ) = |𝐴|

* If elements of a row (or column) are multiplied with cofactors of any other row (or column), then their sum is
zero i.e. 𝑎11 (𝐴21 ) + 𝑎12 ( 𝐴22 ) + 𝑎13 (𝐴23 ) = 0
*Adjoint of matrix:
27
If A = [a ij ] be a square matrix then transpose of a matrix[𝐴𝑖𝑗 ], where𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 element of

matrix A, is called the adjoint of matrix 𝐴.

𝑇
i.e Adjoint of 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝐴 = [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]
Some properties: If A be any given square matrix of order n:
(1) 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) 𝐴 = |𝐴| 𝐼,
(2) |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)| = |𝐴|𝑛–1 .
(3) |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴| |𝐵|
(4) | 𝑘𝐴| = 𝑘 𝑛 | 𝐴|
(5) 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = |𝐴|𝑛−2 𝐴
2
(6) |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = |𝐴|(𝑛−1)
(7) 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴𝐵) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐵)(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
(8) 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘 𝑛−1 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) , 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅
(9) (𝐴−1 )𝑇 = (𝐴𝑇 )−1
*Inverse of a matrix: Inverse of a square matrix A exists, if A is non-singular i.e

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗. 𝐴
A

• Inverse of 2x2 non-singular matrix is given by

𝑎 𝑏 1 d −b
If 𝐴 =[ ] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴−1 = [ ]
𝑐 𝑑 ad−bc −c a
• *System of Linear Equations:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1 , 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2 , 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3 .
These equations can be written in matrix form as:
 a1 b2 c1   x   d1 
a 2 c 2   y  = d 2   𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵  𝑋 = 𝐴 𝐵 ; { | 𝐴 |  0}.
−1
b2
    
a 3 b3 c3   z  d 3 

*If | 𝐴| ≠ 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑏 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑦
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑.
*If | 𝐴| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐵 = 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑚𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑦 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
*If | 𝐴| = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)𝐵 ≠ 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 .

SOME QUESTIONS:
28
 2 − 3 −1
Q.1 Show that A =   satisfies the equation x2 – 6x +17 = 0. Thus find A .
3 4 
−5 −18 12 −18 17 0 0 0
𝑺𝒐𝒍. 𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 17𝐼 = [ ]−[ ]+[ ]=[ ]=0
18 7 18 24 0 17 0 0
−1 1 4 3
⇒ 𝐴 = 17 [ ]
−3 2
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
Q.2 Find the product AB where A=[2 3 4] , B=[ −4 2 −4 ] and use the product to solve the
0 1 2 2 −1 5
system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3 , 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 17 , 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7
1 −1 0 2 2 −4 6 0 0
Sol.: [2 3 4] [ −4 2 −4] =[0 6 0] =6I,
0 1 2 2 −1 5 0 0 6
1
i.e. 𝐴𝐵 = 6𝐼 so. 𝐴−1 = 6 𝐵
2 2 −4
−1 1
So 𝐴 = 6 [−4 2 −4 ]
2 −1 5
System of equation can be written as AX=B and X= A-1B
𝑥 2 2 −4 3 12 2
1 1
[𝑦]=6 [−4 2 −4] [17] = 6 [−6]=[−1] Hence x=2, y=-1, z=4
𝑧 2 −1 5 7 24 4
Q.3 Solve the system of equations using matrix method
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
Sol. The given system of equations can be expressed as AX =B
1− 1 1 𝑥 4
Where A =[ 2 1 − 3 ] and X =[𝑦] and B=[0]
1 1 1 𝑧 2
1 −1 1
Now |𝐴| =| 2 1 − 3 | =1(1+3) +1(2+3) +1(2-1) =4+5+1 =10 ≠ 0
1 1 1
Therefore, A is a non-singular matrix so A-1 exists and given system has a unique solution

1
4 2 2
1
A-1 = |𝐴| (adjA) = 10
[ −5 0 5]
1 −2 3
Now AX = B ⇒X= A-1B
We get, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −1 & 𝑧 = 1
MCQs
1 2 𝜆 −3
If A =|0 2 5 | .then 𝐴−1 exist if
1 1 3
(a) 𝜆 =2 (b) 𝜆 ≠ 2 (c) 𝜆 ≠ −2 (d) none of these
2 2 x 5 6 −2
If = , then the value of x is-
8 x 7 3
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 6
3 If the points (3, -2) ,( x , 2) and (8, 8) are collinear then the value of x is
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
4 If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |𝐴| = 5, and |𝐵| = 3, then |3𝐴𝐵| is equal to
(a) 45 (b) 405 (c) 135 (d) None of these

29
5  2 
and A = 125 ,then the value of α is-
3
If A=  
2 
(a) ±2 (b) ±3 (c) ±6 (d) 6
6 If A is a square matrix of order 3, with |𝐴| = 9, then the value of |2. 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴|
(a) 648 (b) 54 (c)72 (d) 108
7 2 1 3
The matrix 𝐴 = [ 4 −1 0] is a
−7 2 1
(a) Singular matrix (b) Non – singular
(c) Symmetric matrix (d) Skew symmetric matrix
8 2 3 −1
If matrix 𝐴 = [ 𝑥 + 4 −1 2] is a singular matrix, then the value of x is
3𝑥 + 1 2 −1
3 3 4 4
(a) − 16 (b) 16 (c) 13 (d) 5
9 2 5
For matrix 𝐴 = [ ], (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)′ is equal to:
−11 7
−2 −5 7 5 7 11 7 −5
(a) [ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
11 7 11 2 −5 2 11 2
10 Given that A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] is a square matrix of order 3×3 and |𝐴| = −7 then the value
of ∑3𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖1 𝐴𝑖1 , where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 denotes the cofactor of element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 is:
(a) 7 (b) -7 (c) 0 (d) 49

11 Given that A is a non-singular matrix of order 3 such that 𝐴2 = 2𝐴, then value of
|2A| is:
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c)64 (d)16
12 1 sinθ 1
Let 𝐴 = [−sinθ 1 sinθ] where 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛
−1 −sinθ 1
(a) Det (A) =0 (b) Det(A) ∈ (2, ∞)
(c) Det(A) ∈ (2, 4) (d) Det(A) ∈ [2, 4]
13 3 2
For the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] & 𝐴2 + 𝑎𝐴 + 𝑏𝐼 = 𝑂, then the values of numbers a
1 1
and b is
(a) a = 3, b = 2 (b) a = 4, b =3
(c) a = -4, b = 1 (d) a = -3, b = 2
14 If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = 5 , then value |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is
(a) 125 (b)-625 (c)635 (d)625
15 If A is a singular matrix, then 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) is
(a) Null matrix (b) Scalar matric (c) Identity Matrix (d) None of these
16 If A is 3 × 3 square matrix such that 𝐴 (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = 2𝐼, where I is the identity matrix,
The value of |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is
(a)4 (b)-4 (c)0 (d) None of these
17 If the value of a third order determinant is 12, then the value of the determinant
formed by replacing each element by its cofactors will be
(a) 12 (b)144 (c)-12 (d)13
18 If A is a square matrix of order 3 × 3 such that |𝐴| = 4, then the value of
|𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)| is
(a) 64 (b)16 (c)12 (d)48
19 If A is a skew- symmetric matrix of order 3 then the value of |𝐴| is
(a)0 (b)3 (c)9 (d)27

30
20 k 8 
The value of k ,for which A =   is a singular matrix-
 4 2k 
(a) 4 (b) -4 (c) ±4 (d) 6
21. 2 3
If A=[ ] and (𝐴)−1 =kA then value of k
5 −2
1 1 1
(a) 9 (b) 19 (c) - 9 (d) None
22. The area of a triangle with vertices A (-3, 0), B(3, 0) and C(0, k) is 9 sq. units, then
the value of k will be-
(a) 9 (b) ±3 (c) -9 (d) 6
23. a 0 0 
If matrix A=  0 a 0  , then the value of adjA is-
 
 0 0 a 

(a) a
27
(b) a9 (c) a6 (d) a2
ANSWERS
1.d 2.c 3.d 4.b 5.b 6.a 7.b 8.a
9.d 10.b 11.c 12.d 13.c 14.d 15.a 16.a
17.b 18.a 19. a 20.c 21.b 22.b 23.c

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Find the equation the line joining A (1,3) and B (0,0) using determinants and find the value of k if D(k,0) is a
point such that areaof triangle ABD is 3 square units.
2 4 2x 4
2. If | |= , then find the value of 𝑥.
5 1 6 x
3. Using determinants find k so that the points (𝑘, 2 − 2𝑘), (−𝑘+, 2𝑘) 𝑎𝑛𝑑(−4 − 𝑘, 6 − 2𝑘) may be
collinear.
4. If A is a square matrix such that │𝐴│ = 5, then find the value of │𝐴𝐴𝑇 │.

5. If area of triangle is 35 units2 with vertices (2, – 6), (5, 4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑘, 4). Then find 𝑘.
2 −3 5
6. If 𝐴𝑖𝑗 is the co-factor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 of 6 0 4 , then find value of 𝑎32 & 𝐴32 .
1 5 −7
8 0 
7. If for any 2 ×2 square matrix A, 𝐴(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) =   , then find the value of |𝐴|’.
0 8 
8. If │𝐴│ = 4 & │𝐵│ = 2, then find |𝐴𝐵 −1 |.

ANSWERS
1. 𝑦 − 3𝑥 = 10, 𝑘 = ±2 2.  3 3.k=-1, 1/2 4. 25 5. 12, –2 6. 11 7. 8 8. 2

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Using matrices, solve the system of equations:

2𝑥– 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 11
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 – 4𝑧 = – 5
𝑥 + 𝑦 – 2𝑧 = – 3

31
 1 2 5
−1
2. Find A , where A = 1 − 1 − 1 . Hence solve the equations
 
2 3 − 1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 10, 𝑥 – 𝑦 – 𝑧 = – 2 and 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 – 𝑧 = – 11
 2 1   − 3 2  1 2 
3. Find the matrix P satisfying the matrix equation:  P = 
3 2  5 − 3 2 − 1
 1 − 1 0  2 2 − 4

4. Given that 𝐴 = 2 
3 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 =  − 4 2 − 4  , find 𝐴𝐵. Use this product to solve the following

0 1 2  2 −1 5
system of equations: 𝑥 – 𝑦 = 3 ; 2 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4 𝑧 = 17 ; 𝑦 + 2 𝑧 = 7.
5. Using matrix method, solve 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 3𝑧 = 11 and 2𝑥 – 3𝑦 = 1
1 −1 2 −2 0 1
6. Consider the product [0 2 −3] [ 9 2 −3], and solve the system of equations:
3 −2 4 6 1 −2
x – y + 2z = 1, 2y – 3z = 1, 3x – 2y + 4z = 2
7. Solve the following system of equations by matrix method:
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20
+ y + z = 4, x − y + z = 1, x + y − z = 2 and x, y, z ≠ 0
x

Answer
1. 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = 3
 4 17 3
1 
2. A −1
= −1 − 11 6, x = −1, y = −2, z = 3.
27 
 5 1 − 3 
 25 15 
3. P =   4. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = – 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4 5. 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3
− 37 − 22
 75 150 75 
1 
6. 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5, 𝑧 = 3 7. A −1
=  110 − 100 30 , x = 2, y = 3, z = 5.
1200
 72 0 − 24

Case Based Study Questions

Q.1 Ravi wants to donate a Rectangular plot of land for a school in his village .When he was asked to give dimension
of the plot, he told that if its length is decreased by 50m and width is increased by 50 m, then its area will remain
same ,but if length is decreased by 10 m and width is decreased by 20m ,then its area will decreased by 5300m 2
. Based on the information given above, answer the following questions:

𝑥
(i) Write the matrix A formed by coefficients of variables.
(ii) Find the inverse of A .
(iii) Find the values of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
32
 OR
(iii) Find the area of Rectangular plot.
1 1 −1 2
Ans. (i) [ ] (ii) [ ] (iii) 𝑥=200m, 𝑦=150m OR 30000 m2
2 1 1 −1
Q.2 Two Schools P and Q want to award their selected students on the value of discipline, politeness and punctuality.
The school P wants to award Rs. x, Rs. y and Rs. z each for three respective values to its 3,2 and 1 students with
a total award money of Rs. 1000. School Q wants to spend Rs. 1500 to award its 4,1, and 3 students on the
respective values (by giving the same award money for three values as before). If the total amount of awards
for one prize on each value is Rs. 600, using matrices, find the award for each value.
Ans. 𝑥 =100, 𝑦 =200, 𝑧=300
ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS:
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the
correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true
2 𝑥 0
Q.1 Assertion[A]: Value of x for which the matrix [0 1 2] is singular is -6.
1 −2 2
Reason[R]: A matrix A is singular if |𝐴| ≠ 0

Q. 2.Assertion[A]: For a matrix A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]3x3 , if |(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = 16 then det(𝐴) = ±4.

Reason[R]: For a square matrix A of oreder n, |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 .

1
Q.3 Assertion[A]: For any square matrix A, |𝐴|2 = 25 , then |𝐴| = ± 5

Reason[R]: |𝐴𝐵| = |𝐴||𝐵|

ANSWER
Q.1 (c) Q.2 ( a) Q.3 (d)

33
 CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
Definition: A function f is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 if
Left hand limit = Right hand limit = value of the function at 𝑥 = 𝑎
i.e. lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (a )
x →a − x →a +
i.e. lim f (a − h ) = lim f (a + h ) = f (a ) .
h →0 h →0
Definition: A function is said to be differentiable at 𝑥 = 𝑎
f (a − h ) − f (a ) f (a + h ) − f ( a )
if Lf (a) = Rf (a) i.e lim = lim
h →0 −h h →0 h
Note: If y=f(x) then derivative of y w.r.t. x is dy/dx=f’(x)
Some formulae:
d n d  1  n
 n  = − n +1 ,
𝑑 1
(i) (x ) = nxn – 1, (ii) (√𝑥) = 2
dx dx  x  x dx √𝑥

d d
(iii) (x) = 1 (iv) (c)= 0,  c  R
dx dx
d d
(v) (ax) = axlog a, a > 0, a  1. (vi) (ex) = ex.
dx dx
d d 1
(vii) (logax) = 1 a > 0, a  1, x >0 (viii) (log x) = , x > 0
dx x log a dx x
d d 1
(ix) (loga| x |) = 1 , a > 0, a 1, x  0 (x) (log | x |)= , x  0
dx x log a dx x
d d
(xi) (sin x) = cos x,  x  R. (xii) (cos x) = – sin x,  x  R.
dx dx
d d
(xiii) (tan x) = sec2x,  x  R. (xiv) (cot x) = – cosec2x,  x  R.
dx dx
d d
(xv) (sec x) = sec x tan x,  x  R. (xvi) (cosec x) = – cosec x cot x,  x  R.
dx dx
1
(cos-1x) = − 1 .
d d
(xvii) (sin-1x) = . (xviii)
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
d 1
(xix) (tan-1x) = , xR (xx) d (cot-1x) = − 1 2 ,  x  R.
dx 1+ x2 dx 1+ x
1 d 1
(xxi) d (sec-1x) = . (xxii) (cosec-1x) = − .
dx
| x | x −12 dx | x | x −1
2

d x d df
(xxiii) (| x |) = , x  0 (xxiv) (k.f) = k (k  R)
dx |x| dx dx
(xxv) (u  v ) =
d du dv d dv du
 (xxvi) (u.v) = u +v (Product Rule)
dx dx dx dx dx dx
du dv
v −u
d u
(xxvii)   = dx 2 dx (Quotient Rule)
dx  v  v
SOME ILUSTRATIONS:
3ax + b, if x > 1
Q.1 If f(x) = {11 if x = 1 is continuous at x = 1, find the values of a and b.
5ax − 2b , if x < 1
Sol. lim− f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (1)......... (i)
x →1 x →1

34
lim f (x) = lim f (1 − h) = lim 5a(1 − h ) − 2b = 5a − 2b
x →1− h →0 h →0
lim f (x) = lim f (1 + h) = lim 3a (1 + h ) + b = 3a + b
x →1+ h →0 h →0
Because f (1) = 11
From (𝑖)3a + b = 5a − 2b = 11 after solving we get a = 3 , b = 2
Q.2 Find the relationship between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 so that the function defined by
ax + 1 , if x  3
f(x) =  is continuous at x = 3.
 bx + 3 , if x  3
Sol.  f(x) is continuous at x = 3  lim− f (x) = lim+ f (x) = f (3)......... (i)
x→3 x →3
lim f (x) = lim f (3 − h) = lim a (3 − h ) + 1 = 3a + 1
x →3− h →0 h →0
lim f (x) = lim f (3 + h) = lim b(3 + h ) + 3 = 3b + 3
x →3+ h →0 h →0
f (3) = 3a + 1
From (𝑖)3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3 = 3𝑎 + 1 ⇒ 3𝑎 + 1 = 3𝑏 + 3
⇒ 3a − 3b = 2 is the required relation between a and b
𝑑𝑦 √1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+ √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Q.3 Find 𝑑𝑥 for y = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [ ]
√1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥− √1−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Sol.√1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = (cos 2 + sin 2)
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 = (cos 2 − sin 2)
√1+sinx+ √1−sinx 𝑥
y = tan−1 [ ]= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {𝑐𝑜𝑡 2}
√1+sinx− √1−sinx
𝜋 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1
{(tan (2 − 2))} = 2 − 2  𝑑𝑥 = − 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Q.4 If y=(tan−1 𝑥)2 , then show that (1 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
Sol. Given function y = (tan – lx)2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 tan 𝑥 –1
(Diff. again)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 . 2𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )2𝑑𝑥 2 + 2𝑥(1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 Hence proved.

Q.5 If y = (loge x )x + x log e x find

dy
.
dx
log(log e x ) 
Sol. y = (loge x )x + x log e x = e + elogx 
x loge x

= e x log(log e x ) + elog e x. log e x

   log x log x 
. = e x log(log e x ) x. . + log(log x ).1 + elog e x. log e x 
dy 1 1
+
dx  log x x   x x 
x 1   log x 
= (loge x )  + log(log x ) + x loge x 2
 log x   x 
𝑑2𝑦 𝜋
Q.6 If 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝜃 − sinθ), 𝑦 = 𝑎(1 + cosθ), find 2 at 𝜃 =
dx 2
Sol. x = a (θ − sinθ )  = a (1 − cosθ )
dx
dθ
y = a (1 + cosθ ) = a (− sin θ )
dy

dθ

35
 dy dy/dθ a(− sin θ) 2 sin θ /2.cosθ/2 θ
= = =− 2
= − cot
dx dx/dθ a(1 − cos θ) 2 sin θ/2 2
2
d y θ 1 dθ 1 θ 1
= cos ec2 . . = cos ec2 .
dx 2
2 2 dx 2 2 a (1 − cosθ )
 d2y  1 2 π 1 1 1 1
 2
 dx  π = 2 cos ec 4 .  = .2. =
π 2 a a
 θ = a 1 − cos 
2
 2
d2 y dy
Q.7 𝐼f y = sin(m sin−1 x) , prove that(1 − x 2 ) 2 − x + m2 y = 0
dx dx
dy m
𝑺𝒐𝒍. y = sin(m sin−1 x) ⇒ = cos(m sin−1 x) .
dx √1 − x 2
dy
⇒ √1 − x 2 = m cos(m sin−1 x)
dx
d2 y dy −2x −1
m
√
𝐴gain diff. w. r. t. x, 1 − x 2 + ( ) = −m sin(m sin x) .
dx 2 dx 2√1 − x 2 √1 − x 2
2
d y dy
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) 2 − x = −m2 sin(m sin−1 x) = −m2 y
dx dx
d2 y dy
⇒ (1 − x 2 ) 2 − x + m2 y = 0
dx dx
MCQs
1 The greatest integer function [x] is continuous at
(a)4 (b)1 (c)-2 (d) 1.5
2 −4
2 Given function f(x)=
𝑋
, and g(x)=x+2, x is real number. Then which of the following is
𝑋−2
correct?
(a) f is continuous at x=2, g is continuous at x=2.
(b) f is continuous at x=2, g is not continuous at x=2.
(c) f is not continuous, g is continuous at x=2
(d) f is not continuous at x=2,g is not continuous at x=2
3 If a function f(x) is continuous for x𝜖R then
(a )it will be differentiable . (b) it may be differentiable or not
(c) it will not be differentiable . (d) none of these
1
4 The number of points at which the function f(x) =x−[x] is not continuous, are
(a)1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)none of these
5 sinx
+ 𝑐𝑜sx , x ≠ 0
A function f(x)={ x is continuous at x=0 for
2𝑘, 𝑥 = 0
(a)k=1 (b)k=2 (c)k=1/2 (d)k=3/2
6 Find the value of k for which the following function is continuous at x=3
(x + 3)2 − 36
𝑓(𝑥) = { , 𝑥≠3
x−3
𝑘, 𝑥=3
(a)k=12 (b)k=10 (c)k=11 (d)k=13
7 sin(ex−2 −1)
If f(x)= , x≠ 2 and f(x)=k for x=2, then value of k for which f is continuous is
log(x−1)
(a)-2 (b) -1 (c) 0 (d)1
8 The number of points, where the function f(x)=|x + 2| + |𝑥 − 3| is not differentiable are
(a)2 (b)3 (c)0 (d)1

36
9 log(1+ax)−log(1−bx)
𝑥≠0
If the function𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑥 is continuous at x=0,then the value of k
𝑘 , 𝑥=0
is
(a) a+b (b)a-b (c)a/b (d)none of these
1
10 If f(x)=x sin 𝑥 , x≠ 0, then the value of f(0), if function is continuous will be
(a) 0 (b)1 (c) -1 (d) not defined
11 4 4
If x=a cos θ, y= a sin θ , then dy/dx at θ =3 π/4 is
(a) -1 (b)1 (c) -a² (d) a²
12 5x -5x 2 2
If y = Ae + Be x then d y/dx is equal to
(a) 25y (b) 5y (c) -25y (d) 10y
13 Find dy/dx at x = 1, y = π/4, if sin²y + cos xy = K.
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(a) 2(√2 −1) (b) (√2 −1) (c)4(√2 −1) (d) none of these
14 If y = 2√x, then dy/dx is
2√𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2 1 2√𝑥
(a) (b) (c)2 (d)none of these
2√𝑥 2√𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2 √𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2
15 𝑑𝑦
If y = sinx , then 𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) is equal to
(a)cosx (b)sinx. cosx (c)1 (d)-1
16 1−𝑡 2 2𝑡 𝑑𝑦
If x = 1+𝑡 2 and y = 1+𝑡 2 then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
−𝑦 y −x 𝑥
(a) x
(b) x (c) y
(d) y
17 𝑑𝑦
If y = |𝑥| then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑥
(a)|𝑥| (b)1 (c) -1 (d) none of these
18 𝑥+𝑒𝑥+⋯∞ 𝑑𝑦
If y = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑒 then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑦 𝑦 1−𝑦
(a)𝑦−1 (b)1−𝑦 (c)1+𝑦 (d) 1 + 𝑦
19 𝑑𝑦
If s𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎 + 𝑦), then =
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦)
(a)sin 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎+𝑦) (b) sin 𝑎
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝑎−𝑦)
(c)sina 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑎 + 𝑦) (d) sin 𝑎
20 𝑑 −1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
{tan ( 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)} equals
𝑑𝑥
(a)1/2 (b)-1/2 (c)1 (d)-1
21 2 2
If x + y = 1, then
(a) yy” – (2y’)2 + 1 = 0 (b) yy” + (y’)2 + 1 = 0
(c) yy” – (y’)2 – 1 = 0 (d) yy” + (2y’)2 + 1 = 0
22 𝑑𝑦
If x√1 + 𝑦 +y√1 + 𝑥 =0, then 𝑑𝑥 is

𝑥+1 1 −1 𝑥
(a) (b) (c) (d)
𝑥 1+𝑥 (1+𝑥)2 1+𝑥
23 𝑑𝑦
If 𝑦 =√ sinx + y then 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) cosx/(2y−1) (b) cosx/(1−2y) (c) sinx/(1−xy) (d) sinx/(2y−1)
24 𝑥 𝑥≤1
𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = { 2 is differentiable at x=1 , then value of (b,c) is
𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 > 1
(𝑎)( −1 ,1 ) (𝑏)( 1 , −1 ) (𝑐)( 2 ,1 ) (𝑑)( −1 ,2 )
25
3
The set of points where the function𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 2 |𝑥| is differentiable , is
(𝑎) 𝑅 (𝑏) 𝑅 − {0} (𝑐)( 0 , ∝) (𝑑)( − ∝ ,0 )
2
26 𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 ≤ 1 is differentiable everywhere, then
𝑏𝑥 + 2 𝑥>1
(𝑎) 𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 5 (𝑏)𝑎 = 0 , 𝑏 = 5 (𝑐)𝑎 = 0 , 𝑏 = 3 (𝑑)𝑎 = 3 , 𝑏 = 3
37
 27 𝑥 0 ≤𝑥≤1
𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) = { , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
2𝑥 − 1 𝑥>1
(a) f is differentiable at x=1 (b) f is discontinuous at x=1
(b) f is continuous and differentiable at x=1 (d) none of these

ANSWERS
1.d 2.c 3.b 4.d 5.a 6.a 7.d 8.a
9.a 10.a 11.a 12.a 13.c 14.a 15.c 16.c
17.a 18.b 19.b 20.b 21.b 22.c 23.a 24.a
25.b 26.a 27.c

Assertion and reasoning Questions

Choose the correct one
A. Both A and R are True and R is correct explanation of A.
B. Both A and R are True but R is not the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is False.
D. A is False but R is True.

1. Assertion(A) : f(x)= [x] greatest integer function is not differentiable at x=2.

Reason (R) : The greatest integer function is not continuous at any integer.
2. Assertion (A) : The derivative of log sin x with respect to √cos 𝑥 is 2 √cos 𝑥 Cot x cosec x.
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥
Reason (R ): The derivative of u with respect to v is 𝑑𝑣 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
3. Assertion(A) : The value of the constant k show that { is continuous at x=2 is
3 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
k=4/3.
Reason (R) : A function f(x) is continuous at a point x=a of its domain if lim 𝑓(𝑥)= f(a)
𝑥→𝑎

Answers : Assertion and reasoning Questions 1. A 2. A 3. D

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) = 2x − 3, if x  2 .
5x − 9 , if x  2
2. Discuss the continuity of the greatest integer function f (x) = [x] at integral points.
3. Discuss the differentiability of the greatest integer function defined by f(x) = [x], 0 < x < 3 at x =1.
4. Discuss the differentiability of the function f(x) = |x – 2| at x = 2.

 3 , if 0  x  1

5. Find the points of discontinuity of the function f defined by f(x) =  4 , if 1  x  3
 5 , if 3  x  10

6. Find the number of points at which the function f (x) = 9 − x 3 is discontinuous.
2

9x − x

38
7. Discuss the continuity of f(x) = x − 1, if x  1 , at x = 1.
10

x 2 , if x  1
8. Discuss the continuity of function f(x)= |x – 2|.
 x
, if x  0
9. Discuss the continuity of the function f(x) is defined as f(x) = 
 x2 at x = 0.

 0 , if x = 0
1 − cos 4x
10. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  , x 0 is continuous at x = 0.
 2x
2


 k , x =0
 kx
, if x  0
11. The value of k for which f(x) = 
x is continuous at x = 0 is

 3 , if x  0
12. Find:
dx
x  
d sin x
13. Find:
d  xx 
dx 
x


14. Find:
d
dx
 (
sin 2 cos x ) 15. Find:
d
dx

log sin x 2 + 1 
16. Find:
d −x
dx
2   d  1 + loge x 
17. Find: e
dx 


d  cos 2 x  d    x 
18. Find: 2 19. Find:  loge tan  + 
dx   dx   4 2 

d  −1  1 + x 2 − 1  d  −1 1 
20. Find:  tan  21. Find: sin  
dx    dx  
x  1+ x 
2
  
d  −1 1 + sin x  
22. Find: tan   , where 0  x 

dx   1 − sin x  4
d  −1 sin x + cos x 
23. Find: sin  
dx   2 
ANSWERS
1. Continuous for all real values of x 2. Continuous everywhere 3. Not
differentiable at x = 1
4. Not differentiable at x = 2 5. 1 & 3 6. Three points
7. Continuous at x = 1 8. Continuous everywhere 9. Discontinuous at x = 0
10. 4
 sin x   1
13. x .x (1 + log x )log x + 
x
12. x  cos x. loge x + 
sin x x x
11. k = − 3
 x   x 
2 sin x.sin( cos x ).cos( cos x ) x cos x 2 + 1 1
14. − 15. 16. − log 2
2( cos x ) x 2 + 1.sin x 2 + 1 2x
cos2 x
17. e 18. − 2 . log 2. sin 2x 19. sec x
1 1 1
20.
(
2 1+ x2 ) 21. −
1 + x2
22.
2
23. 1

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

39
  1 + kx − 1 − kx
 ,−1  x  0
1. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  x is continuous at x = 0
 2 x + 1
 x − 1 , 0  x 1

 (x + 3)2 − 36
2. Find the value of k for which f(x) = 
 x −3
, if x  0 is continuous at x = 3

 k , if x = 0
kx + 1, if x  
3. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  is continuous at x = π
cos x , if x  

 sin 5x

4. Find the value of k for which f(x) =  x 2 + 2x , if x  0 is continuous at x = 0

 k + 1 , if x = 0
𝜋 𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
5. If x = a(cost + tsint) and y = a(sint-tcost) , 0 < t < 2 , find 𝑑𝑡 2 , 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2

 sin(a + 1) x + sin x
 , x0
 x

6. Determine a, b, c so that f(x) =  c , x = 0 is continuous at x = 0

 x + bx − x , x  0
2

 bx 3/2
 k cos x 
 , x
7. If f(x) =   − 2x 2 , is continuous at x =  , find k
 2
3 , x=
 2
3x − 2 , 0  x  1

8. Show that the function f defined by f(x) = 2x 2 − x , 1  x  2 is continuous at x = 2 but not
5x − 4 , x  2

differentiable.
( x 2 − 2x ) , if x  0
9. For what value of  the function f(x) =  is continuous at x = 0
 4x + 1 , if x  0
 x−4
 x − 4 + a , if x  4

10. If f(x) = a + b if x = 4 is continuous at x = 4, find a, b.
 x−4
 x − 4 + b if x  4

x 2 + ax + b, if 0  x  2

11. If the function f(x) =  3x + 2, if 2  x  4 is continuous on [0, 8], find the value of a & b
 2ax + 5b, if 4  x  8


40
  1 − sin 3 x 
 2
, if x 
 3 cos x 2
  
12. If f(x) =  a if x = is continuous at x = , find 𝑎 & 𝑏
2 2

 b (1 − sin x ) 
if x 
 ( − 2 x ) 2 2
𝑑𝑦 3𝑥−4√1−𝑥 2
13. Find 𝑑𝑥 , if y = sin−1 [ ]
5

14. If y = (loge x )x + x log e x find

dy
.
dx

  dy 
15. If x = a  cos  + log tan  and y = a sin  find at  = .
 2 dx 4
−1 −1 dy y
16. If x = a sin t , y = a cos t , show that =− .
dx x

( n
17. If y = x + x + a , prove that
2 2
) dy
dx
=
ny
x2 + a2
−1  y dy x + y
18. If loge x + y = tan  , prove that =
2 2
.
x dx x − y
19. If x m .y n = (x + y )m+ n , prove that
dy y
=
dx x
1 − y2
1 − x 2 + 1 − y 2 = a (x − y ) , show that
dy
20. If =
dx 1− x2
d2 y dy 1
21. If y = x + 1 − x − 1, prove that ( x − 1) 2 + x − y=0 2
dx dx 4
dy
22. If y = x + x + x + ........  , then find .
dx
𝑑𝑦
23. If (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)𝑦 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦)𝑥 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 .
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+1 .3𝑥
24.Differentiate y = sin−1 [1+(36)𝑥 ] w.r.t x.
𝑑𝑦 (𝟏+𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚)𝟐
25. If 𝒚𝒙 = 𝒆𝒚−𝒙 ,then prove that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒚

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTION ANSWERS

1 2 3
1. k = − 2. k = 12 3. k = − 4. k =
2  2
𝑑2 𝑥 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑡
5. = 𝑎(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) , = 𝑎(𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡) , =
𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑎𝑡
3 1
6. 𝑎 = − 2 , 𝑐 = 2 , b is any non-zero real number 7. k = 6

9.There is no value of 𝜆 for which 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous at 0.

1
10. a = 1 , b = −1 11. a = 3 , b = − 2 12 . a = , b = 4
2
x 1   log x 
14. (log x )  + log(log x ) + x log x 2
1
13. √1−𝑥 2
 log x   x 

41
 1 log sin y + y tan x 𝑑𝑦 2.6𝑥 .𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
15. 1 22. 23. 24.𝑑𝑥 =
2y − 1 (log cos x − x cot y) 1+36𝑥

Case -Based Question

A potter made a mud vessel, where the shape of the pot is based on
𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 – 3| + | 𝑥 − 2|, where 𝑓(𝑥) represents the height of the pot.

1 When x > 4 What will be the height in terms of x ?

2 𝑑𝑦
What is 𝑑𝑥 at x = 3 ?
3 When the x lies between (2, 3) then find the function.
OR
If the potter is trying to make a pot using the function 𝑓(𝑥) = [𝑥], will he get a pot or not?
Why?
ANSWERS
1 2x-5 2. function is not differentiable 3. 1 OR No, as it is not continuous

42
 APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
Rate of change: Whenever one quantity 𝑦 varies with another quantity 𝑥, satisfying some rule y = f (x),
then dy (or f ′(x)) represents the rate of change of 𝑦 with respect to 𝑥 and  dy  (or f ′(x0)) represents
dx  dx 
x =xo

the rate of change of y with respect to x at x = x0.

Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Let (a, b) be an open interval of R. Then

(i) Increasing Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is an increasing function in an interval (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 =>
𝑓(𝑥1) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥2)𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 𝑓’(𝑥) > 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏).

(ii) Decreasing Function: A function 𝑓(𝑥) is a decreasing function in an interval (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑖𝑓 𝑥1 < 𝑥2 =>
𝑓(𝑥1) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥2)𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑓 𝑓’(𝑥) < 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑥 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)

Turning or Critical points: The values of x for which 𝑓’(𝑥) = 0 are called critical points.
Maxima and Minima:
Local maxima and Local minima
Definition: Let f be a real valued function and let c be an interior point in the domain of f. Then
(i) 𝑐 is called a point of local maxima if there is an ℎ > 0 such that 𝑓 (𝑐) ≥ 𝑓 (𝑥), for all x in (c – h, c +
h), x ≠ c. The value 𝑓(𝑐) is called the local maximum value of f.
(ii) c is called a point of local minima if there is an h > 0 such that f (c) ≤ f (x), for all 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 (𝑐 – ℎ, 𝑐 + ℎ).
The value 𝑓(𝑐) is called the local minimum value of 𝑓.
First Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an open interval I. Let 𝑓 be continuous at a critical
point 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 𝐼. Then
(i) If 𝑓’(𝑥) changes its sign from +ve to –ve in the neighborhood of c, then ‘c’ is a point of local maxima.
(ii) If 𝑓’(𝑥) changes its sign from -ve to +ve in the neighbourhood of c, then c is a point of local minima.
(iii) If 𝑓’(𝑥) does not change its sign in the neighborhood of ‘c’, then‘c’ is neither point of local maxima nor
local minima, rather c is called the point of inflexion.

43
Second Derivative Test: Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c ∈ I. Let f be twice differentiable
at c. Then
1) 𝑥 = 𝑐 is called a point of local maxima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ″(𝑐) < 0
2) 𝑥 = 𝑐 is called a point of local minima if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ″(𝑐) > 0
The test fails if 𝑓 ′(𝑐) = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ″(𝑐) = 0. In this case, we go back to the first derivative test and find
whether c is a point of local maxima, local minima or a point of inflexion.
QUESTIONS:
Q1. Find the rate of change of the volume of a sphere with respect to its surface area when the radius is
2 cm.
4 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝐴 𝑑𝑉 𝑟 𝑑𝑉
Sol. 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 , 𝑑𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2 , 𝑑𝑟 = 8𝜋𝑟 ⟹ 𝑑𝐴 = 2 , (𝑑𝐴) = 1𝑐𝑚.
𝑟=2
Q2. A ladder 5 m long is leaning against a wall. The bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground,
away from the wall, at the rate of 2 cm/s. How fast is its height on the wall decreasing when the foot of
the ladder is 4 m away from the wall?
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑦 8
Sol. 𝑑𝑡 = 2𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐. ⟹ 𝑑𝑡 = − 𝑦 (∵ 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 25) ⟹ ( 𝑑𝑡 ) =−
3
𝑥=4,𝑦=3
8
rate of decrease of height on the wall = cm/sec.
3
Q3. Find the intervals in which the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 + 𝟑𝟔𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 – 𝟐𝒙𝟑 is
increasing or decreasing.
Sol. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −6(x − 3)(x + 2), 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2, 3 Plotting these points on number line

∴ 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on x ∈ (−2, 3) and f(𝑥) is decreasing on interval x ∈ (−∞, − 2) ∪ (3, ∞).
Q.4 Find the intervals in which the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 – 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟓 is
(i) increasing and (ii) decreasing.
Sol. 𝑓’(𝑥) = 6(𝑥 – 1)(𝑥 – 2).
For increasing and decreasing function f ′ (x) = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = 1, 2
𝑇herefore, disjoint intervals on real number line are (– ∞, 1), (1, 2), (2, ∞)
Intervals Test Value Nature of 𝑓’(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓’(𝑥) = 6(𝑥 – 2)(𝑥 – 1)

( – ∞, 1) 𝑥 = 0 ( + ) (– ) (– ) = ( + ) > 0 increasing

(1, 2) 𝑥 = 1.5 ( + )( – )( – ) = ( – ) < 0 decreasing

(2, ∞) 𝑥 = 3 ( + )( + )( + ) = ( + ) > 0 increasing

Therefore, f(x) is increasing in (– ∞, 1)U(2, ∞) and decreasing in (1, 2)

44
Q5. Show that the semi-vertical angle of the cone of the maximum volume and of given slants
height is tan −1 ( 2 ) .
1 𝑑𝑉 1 𝑑𝑉 1
Sol. 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ ⟹ 𝑑ℎ = 3 𝜋(𝑙 2 − 3ℎ2 ), 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑ℎ = 0 ⟹ ℎ =
√3
𝑑2 𝑉 1 1
= 3 𝜋(−6ℎ) < 0, ∀ℎ, ∴ 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑡 ℎ = ⟹ 𝛼 = tan−1 √2.
𝑑ℎ2 √3

Q6. Prove that the volume of the largest cone that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R is 8 of
27
the volume of the sphere.
Sol. In ∆𝑂𝐿𝐶 𝑅 2 = 𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 ,
1 1 𝑑𝑉 1
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋(𝑅 3 + 𝑅 2 𝑥 − 𝑅𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 ) ⟹ = 𝜋(𝑅 − 3𝑥)(𝑅 + 𝑥),
3 3 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑉 𝑅
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 0 ⟹ 𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑2 𝑉 4 𝑅
(𝑑𝑥 2 ) 𝑅 = − 3 𝜋𝑅 < 0, ∴ 𝑉 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 =
𝑥= 3
3
8
and 𝑉 = 27 × 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒.
𝒙𝟐
Q.7 The total cost of manufacturing x pocket radios per day is Rs. ( + 𝟑𝟓𝒙 + 𝟐𝟓) and rate at which they
𝟒
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒙−𝒙𝟐
may be sold to a distributor is Rs each. What should be the daily output to attain maximum profit.
𝟐
3
Sol. Let P(x) be the profit function. 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑆. 𝑃. −𝐶. 𝑃, 𝑃(𝑥) = − 𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 − 25
4
′ (𝑥) 6 6 3
𝑃 = − 4 𝑥 + 15, 𝑃’’(𝑥) = − 4 = − 2
3
For maxima or minima 𝑃’(𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 10, 𝑃’’(10) = − 2 < 0
Hence profit is maximum when daily output is 10 radios
Q.8 In the printed page of a book, the combined width of the margin at the top and bottom is 3
inches and that on sides is 2 inches. Find the dimensions of the page, so that the area of the
printed matter may be maximum, if the total area of the page is 150 sq. inches.
Sol. 𝑥, 𝑦 are dimension of pages, dimension of printed area are 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 − 3
150
As per the question 𝑥𝑦 = 150 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑦 = 𝑥
Let 𝐴 be the printed area, then
300 300 600
𝐴 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑦 − 3) ⇒ 𝐴 = 150 − 3𝑥 − 𝑥 + 6, 𝐴’ = 𝑥2 − 3 , 𝐴’’ = − 𝑥3
For maxima minima, 𝐴’ = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±10, 𝐴”(10) < 0 ⇒ area is maximum when 𝑥 =
10 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 15. Hence required dimension of page are 10 × 15 inches.
Q.9 The volume of a cube is increasing at the rate of 7 cubic cm per second. How fast is the surface
area of the cube increasing when the length of an edge is 12 cm.
Sol. Let the edge of the cube be a, the volume be 𝑉 and surface area be 𝑆.
𝑑𝑉
Now, = 7 cm/sec
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑎 7 𝑑𝑆 𝑑𝑎 𝑑𝑆 28 7
⟹ = 𝑁𝑜𝑤, 𝑆 = 6 𝑎2 ⟹ = 12 𝑎 ⟹( ) = = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑑𝑡 3𝑎2 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑎=12𝑐𝑚 12 3

MCQs
1 The function f(x) = sin x is decreasing in
a) (𝜋/2, 𝜋) b) ( 0, 𝜋) c) (-𝜋, 0) d) (𝜋 /2 , 3 𝜋 /2)
2 The total Revenue in Rs. Received from the sale of x units of an article is given
by 𝑅(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 + 36𝑥 + 5. The Marginal Revenue when 𝑥 = 15 is (in Rs.)
(a) 126 b) 116 c) 96 d) 90
3 On which of the following intervals is the function f(x)= x100 + sin x – 1 decreasing?
a) (0,1) b) (𝜋 /2, 𝜋) c) (0, 𝜋 /2) d) none of these
4 The interval for which the function f(x) = x2 – 4x – 5 is increasing is:

45
 a) (2, ∞) b) (-2,2) c) (-∞,-2) d) (-2, ∞)
5 The
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
function 𝑥 is increasing on the interval
a) (1,2e) b) (0,e) c) (2,2e) d) (1/e,2e)
6 The point(s) on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 at which y-coordinate is changing 6 times as
2

fast as x-coordinate is/are

a) (2, 4) b) (3, 9) c) (3, 9), (9, 3) d) (6, 2)
7 Maximum area of a rectangle of perimeter 176 cm is
a) 1936 cm2 b) 1854 cm2 c) 2110 cm2 d) none of these
8 x 2
The function f(x) = + has a local minima at
2 x
a) x = -2 b) x = 0 c) x = 1 d) x = 2
9 The absolute minimum value of y = x2 – 3x in [ 0,2 ] is
a) -9/4 b) 2/9 c) -3/4 d) ¾
10 The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec. The
rate at which area increases when the side is 10 cm is
𝑎) 10 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 b) √3 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 c) 10√3 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐 d) 30 𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠𝑒𝑐
11 The maximum value of sin x . cos x is
a) 1/4 b) 1/2 c) 2 d) 2 2
12 x
The function f(x)=x has a stationary point at
a) 𝑥 = 𝑒 b) 𝑥 = 1/𝑒 c) 𝑥 = 1 d) 𝑥 = √𝑒
13 3 2
The function f(x)=2x -3x -12x+4 has
a)two points of local maximum b)two points of local minimum
c)one maxima and one minima d)no maxima or minima
14 The function f(x) = x3 - 3 x2 + 3x -100 is increasing in
a) R b) N c) W d) I
15 The interval in which y = x e is increasing in
2 -x

a) ( - ∞, ∞) b) ( - 2,0) c) ( 2, ∞) d) (0 , 2)
16 The interval for which f(x) = cot x + x increases.
-1

a) ( - 1, 1) b) ( - ∞, ∞) c) ( 0, 1) d) (0 , ∞)
17 𝜆 sin 𝑥+2 cos 𝑥
The function 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 is increasing if
a) λ < 1 b) λ >1 c) λ <2 d) λ >2
18 The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 6 sin 𝑥 + 12 sin 𝑥 + 100 is strictly
3 2
3𝜋 𝜋
a) increasing in (𝜋, 2 ) b) decreasing in ( 2 , 𝜋)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
c) decreasing in (− 2 , 2 ) d) decreasing in (0, 2 )
19 The function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 9𝑘𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 + 30 is increasing on R, then
a) −1 ≤ 𝑘 < 1 b) 𝑘 < −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑘 > 1 c) 0 < 𝑘 < 1 d) -1< 𝑘 < 0
20 𝑏
The least value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, 𝑥 > 0 is
a) √𝑎𝑏 b) √2𝑎𝑏 c) 2√𝑎𝑏 d) 3√𝑎𝑏
21 The side of an equilateral triangle is increasing at the rate of 2 cm/sec.The
rate at which area increases when the side is 10 is:
a) 10 cm2/sec b)√3 cm2/sec c) 10√3 cm2/sec d) 10/3 cm2/sec
22 The function f(x)=ax + b is decreasing for all x ∈ R if:
a) a=0 b) a<0 c) a>0 d) none of these
ANSWERS
1.d 2.a 3.d 4.a 5.b 6.b 7.a 8.d
9.a 10.c 11.b 12.b 13.c 14.a 15.d 16.b
17.d 18.b 19.a 20.c 21.c 22.b
ASSERSION REASON BASED QUESTIONS
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement
of reason (R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
46
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
B. Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A.
C. A is true but R is false
D. A is false but R is true
1 2𝑥
Assertion (A): The function 𝑦 = log(1 + 𝑥) − 2+𝑥 is decreasing throughout its
domain.
2𝑥
Reason (R): The domain of the function 𝑦 = log(1 + 𝑥) − 2+𝑥 is (−1, ∞).
2 Consider the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
𝜋
Assertion (A): 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 [0, 4 ]
𝜋 𝜋
Reason (R): 𝑓(𝑥) is decreasing in [ 4 , 2 ]
3 Assertion (A): The function 𝑦 = [𝑥(𝑥 + 2)]2 is increasing (0, 1) ∪ (2, ∞).
𝑑𝑦
Reason (R): 𝑑𝑥 = 0, when 𝑥 = 0,1,2.
Answer 1. D 2. B 3. B
RATE OF CHANGE OF QUANTITIES

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1. The radius of a circle is increasing uniformly at the rate of 0.3 cm per second. At what rate is the area
increasing when the radius is 10 cm. (Take π = 3.14.)
2. A balloon which always remains spherical, is being inflated by pumping in 900 cubic centimetres of
gas per second. Find the rate at which the radius of the balloon is increasing when the radius is 15 cm.
3. A stone is dropped into a quiet lake and waves move in circles at a speed of 4 cm/sec. At the instant
when the radius of the circular wave is 10 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing.
4. The bottom of a rectangular swimming tank is 25 m by 40 m. Water is pumped into the tank at the rate
of 500 cubic metres per minute. Find the rate at which the level of water in the tank is rising.
ANSWERS
1
1.18.84 cm2/sec 2. cm / sec 3. 80 cm2 / s 4. 0.5 m/minute

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. x and y are the sides of two squares such that 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 . Find the rate of change of the area of second
square with respect to the area of first square. (HOTS)
2. Water is leaking from a conical funnel at the rate of 5 cm /s. If the radius of the base of funnel is 5 cm
and height 10 cm, find the rate at which the water level is dropping when it is 2.5 cm from the top. (HOTS)
3. A man is moving away from a tower 41.6 m high at the rate of 2 m/s. Find the rate at which the angle of
elevation of the top of tower is changing when he is at a distance of 30 m from the foot of the tower.
Assume that the eye level of the man is 1.6 m from the ground.
ANSWERS
16 4
1. 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 1 2. cm / sec 3. radian / sec
45 25
INCREASING AND DECREASING FUNCTIONS
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Show that the function 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 – 𝑥 + 1 is neither increasing nor decreasing in (– 1, 1).
2. Find the least value of a such that the function f given by 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 1 is increasing on (1,
2).
 
3. Show that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) is decreasing on  0 , 
 2
ANSWERS 2. a = – 2
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
47
1. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 , 0  x  2 is increasing or
decreasing?
 
2. Find the intervals in which the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥, 𝑥  0 ,  is increasing or decreasing?
2  
3. Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + cot −1 𝑥 + log(√1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥) is increasing in R. (HOTS)
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜋
4. Prove that 𝑦 = (2+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) − 𝜃is an increasing function in [0, 2 ].
ANSWERS
𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
1. Increasing in[0, 4 ) ∪ ( 4 , 2𝜋] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 decreasing 𝑖𝑛 (4 , )
4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
2. Increasing in[0, 6 ] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 decreasing 𝑖𝑛 [ 6 , 2 ]
MAXIMA & MINIMA
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Find the maximum and the minimum values, if any, of the function f (x) = (3x – 1)2 + 4 on R.
2. Find the local maxima and local minima, if any, for the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 – 9𝑥 2 + 15𝑥 + 11. Find also
the local maximum and the local minimum values, as the case may be.
3. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by
1 3
𝑓(𝑥) = x − 3x 2 + 5𝑥 + 8 in [0, 4].
3
4. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of the function f given by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥, 𝑥  [0, 𝜋]

ANSWERS
1. Minimum Value = 4, no maximum 2. Maximum Value = 5, no minimum
2. Local maximum value is 19 at x = 1 & local minimum value is 15 at x = 3.
31 4
3. Absolute maximum value = at x =1, absolute minimum value = at x = 4.
3 3

4. Absolute maximum value = 2 at x = , absolute minimum value = – 1 at x = 
4
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Show that the right circular cylinder of given surface and maximum volume is such that its height is
equal to the diameter of the base.
2. Show that the right circular cone of least curved surface and given volume has an altitude equal to √2
times the radius of the base.
3. A rectangular sheet of tin 45 cm by 24 cm is to be made into a box without top, by cutting off square
from each corner and folding up the flaps. What should be the side of the square to be cut off so that the
volume of the box is maximum.
4. A tank with rectangular base and rectangular sides, open at the top is to be constructed so that its
depth is 2 m and volume is 8 m3. If building of tank costs Rs 70 per sq metres for the base and ₹ 45 per
square metre for sides. What is the cost of least expensive tank.
5. A window is in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a semi-circular opening. The total perimeter of
the window is 10 m. Find the dimensions of the window to admit maximum light through the whole
opening. (HOTS)
6. Show that the altitude of the right circular cone of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere
4R
of radius R is
3
7. Show that the height of the cylinder of maximum volume that can be inscribed in a sphere of radius R
2𝑅
is . Also find the maximum volume. (HOTS)
√3

48
 8. Show that height of the cylinder of greatest volume which can be inscribed in a right circular cone of
height h and semi vertical angle 𝛼 is one-third that of the cone and the greatest volume of cylinder
4
is 27 𝜋ℎ3 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝛼 . (HOTS)
9. An open box with a square base is to be made out of a given quantity of cardboard of area c2 square
c3
units. Show that the maximum volume of the box is cubic units.
6 3
ANSWERS
20 10
3. 5cm 4. ₹100 5. length = 2x = m and breadth = m CASE
 + 4  + 4
STUDY QUESTIONS
1 The relation between the height of the plant (y in cm)
with respect to exposure to sunlight is given by the
1
following equation 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 , where x is the
number of days exposed to sunlight.

Based on the above information answer the following

questions:

(i) What is the rate of growth of the plant with respect to sunlight?
(ii) What is the number of days it will take for the plant to grow to the maximum height?
(iii) What is the maximum height to which plant will grow?
OR
If the height of the plant is 3.5 cm, then for how many days it has been exposed to the
sunlight?
ANS (i) 4 − 𝑥. (ii) 4 days (iii) 8cm OR 1 day
2 The front gate of a building is in the shape of a
trapezium as shown below. Its three sides other than
base are 10m each. The height of the gate is h meter. On
the basis of this information and figure given below
answer the following questions:
(i) Find the area of gate expressed as a function of x?
(ii) 𝑑𝐴
Find the positive value of x if 𝑑𝑥 = 0
(iii) What is the maximum area of trapezium
OR
𝑑2 𝐴
Show that, If the area of trapezium is maximum then the sine of 𝑑𝑥 2 is negative.
ANS (i) (10 + 𝑥)√100 − 𝑥 2 (ii) 5 (iii) 5√3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑚 OR Negative
3 Scientist observes that the Chandrayaan – 3
travels along the curve f(x) = (x+1)3 (x-3)3 in
space. A student of class XII discusses the
characteristic of the curve.

Answer the following questions on the basis of

the information given above.
(i) What is the first order derivative of the given function?
(ii) Find the critical points of the given function?
(iii) Find the interval in which the given function is increasing.
OR
Find the interval in which the given function is decreasing.
ANS (i) 6(x+1)2(x-3)2(x-1) (ii) -1, 1, 3 (iii) (1, 3) U (3, ∞) OR (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 1)

49
 4 The government declares that farmers can get Rs.
300 per quintal for their onions on 1st July and after
that price will be dropped by Rs. 3 per quintal per
extra day. Shyam’s father has 80 quintals of onions
in the field on 1st July and he estimates that the crop
is increasing at the rate of 1 quintal per day.
Based on the above information answer the
following questions:
(i) If x is the number of days after 1st July, then write the expression for the price and
quantity of onion respectively.
(ii) Write the expression of revenue R as the function of x?
(iii) Find the number of days after 1st July, when Shyam’s father attain maximum
revenue?
OR
Find the maximum Revenue?
ANS (i) Rs. (300 − 3𝑥) (ii) 𝑅(𝑥) = (iii) 10 days OR Rs. 24300
24000 + 60𝑥 −
3𝑥 2
5 While constructing a house, a piece of
wire of length 25cm is to be cut into
two pieces one of which is to bent into
the form of a square and other into
the form of a circle for the
construction of two windows.
Based on the above information,
answer the following question:
(i) What is the total area of the square and circle?
(ii) What is the relation of r with y?
(iii) If we talk about total length of wires then what is the relation between x and y?
OR
𝑑𝐴
When 𝑑𝑥 = 0, then find the value of x.
ANS 𝑥 2 (ii) r = 𝑦2𝜋 100
(iii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 25 OR 4+𝜋
(i) (4) + 𝜋𝑟 2
6 Two multi-storey buildings
(represented by AP and BQ) are on
opposite side of a 20m wide road at
point A and B respectively. There is
a point R on road as shown in
figure.
Based on the above information,
answer the following question:
(i) Find the area of trapezium ABQP?
(ii) Let there be a quantity S such that 𝑆 = 𝑅𝑃2 + 𝑅𝑄 2 , Then write S in terms of x.
(iii) For which value of x, S is minimum?
OR
Find the value of PR, when S is minimum?
ANS (i) 380𝑚2 (ii) 𝑆 = 2𝑥 2 − 40𝑥 + 1140 (iii) x = 10 OR PR = 18.86 m

50
 6 In order to set up a rain water harvesting
system, a tank to collect rain water is to be
dug. The tank should have a square base and
a capacity of 250 𝑚3 . The cost of land is Rs.
5000 per sq. m. and the cost of digging
increases with depth and for the whole tank,
it is Rs. 40000 ℎ2 , where h is the depth of the
tank in metres. x is the side of the square
base of the tank in metres.
Based on the above information, answer the
following question:
(i) Find the total cost C of digging the tank in terms of x?
(ii) 𝑑𝐶
Find 𝑑𝑥 ?
(iii) Find the value of x for which cost C is minimum?
OR
Check whether the cost function 𝐶(𝑥) expressed in terms of x is increasing or not,
where x > 0.
ANS (i) 5000𝑥 2 +
2500000000
(ii) 10000𝑥 −
10000000000
(iii) x = 10 Or not increasing
𝑥 4 𝑥5

51
 GROUP - 6
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
INTEGRATION: Integration is an inverse process of differentiation. It is also called antiderivative or
primitive.
Types of Integrals:

Indefinite Integrals Definite Integrals

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
Methods of Indefinite Integrals:
• Integration by Substitution
• Integration by Partial fraction
• Integration by Parts
Some Important Formulae:
S. N. Derivatives Indefinite Integrals/Anti-
derivatives
1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 +1 𝑥 𝑛+1
( ) = 𝑥 𝑛 , Where n ≠ 1 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + C, where n ≠ 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑛+1

2 𝑑
(𝑥) = 1 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = x + c
𝑑𝑥

3 𝑑
(sin 𝑥) = cosx ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥= sin x + C
𝑑𝑥

4 𝑑
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) = sinx ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = - cos x + C
𝑑𝑥

5 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan x + C
𝑑𝑥

6 𝑑
(−𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = -cot x + C
𝑑𝑥

7 𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = sec x tanx ∫ sec x tanx𝑑𝑥 = sec x + C
𝑑𝑥

8 𝑑
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) = cosecxcotx ∫ cosecx cotx𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥

9 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥) =
√1− 𝑥 2
∫ √1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 + C
10 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) =
√1− 𝑥 2
∫ √1− 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 + C
11 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) =
1+ 𝑥 2
∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C
12 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(−𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) =
1+ 𝑥 2
∫ 1+ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥 + C
13 𝑑
(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
1 1
∫ | 𝑥 |√𝑥 2−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥 |𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1

52
 14 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) =
|𝑥|√𝑥 2 −1
∫ |𝑥|√𝑥 2−1 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥 + C

15 𝑑
(𝑒 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + C
𝑑𝑥

16 𝑑 𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥
( ) = 𝑎 𝑥 , where a > 0, a ≠ 1 ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +C
𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 𝑎 𝑒𝑎

17 𝑑 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(log |𝑥|)} =
𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log|x| + C
18 𝑑 1 1 1 1
𝑑𝑥
(− ) =
𝑥 𝑥2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 + C
19 𝑑
(√𝑥) =
1 1
𝑑𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + C
∫
𝑑𝑥 2√𝑥 √𝑥

20 𝑑
(log |𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥|) = tanx ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|secx| + C
𝑑𝑥

21 𝑑
(log |𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥|) = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|sinx| + C
𝑑𝑥

22 𝑑 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|secx + tanx| + C

(𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥|) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
23 𝑑 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = log|cosecx − cotx| + C
(log |cosecx − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥|) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Some important trigonometric identities to find integrations
2 sinA cosB = sin(A+B) + sin(A-B) cos2A = 1 - 2 sin2A ⇒ sin2 A =
1−cos 2𝐴
2
cos2A= cos2A - sin2A
2 cosA sinB = sin(A+B) – sin(A-B) cos2A = 2 cos2A – 1 ⇒ cos2A =
1+cos 2𝐴
2
2 cosA cosB = cos(A+B) + cos(A-B) sin3A = 3 sinA - 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 ⇒ 3
sin3 A=
3𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 −𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝐴
4

2 sinA sinB = cos(A-B) – cos(A+B) cos3A = 4 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝐴 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴⇒cos3 A =

cos 3𝐴 +3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴
4

Properties of Indefinite Integrals

• ∫ 𝑘 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + C

• ∫{𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + C

Note: Only one constant of Integration is used for integral of more than one functions.
Some Important Questions:
Evaluate the following:
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
(i)∫ 𝑥 2 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (iii)∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑥−1
1 𝑥 2+1 1
Solutions: (i) I = ∫ 𝑥 2 (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥= ∫(𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥-∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 2+1 - x +C =3 x3 - x + C
𝑥2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1−2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 +2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 1
(ii) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan x + C
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥

𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 +𝑥−1 (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 1
(iii) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 2 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 3 x3 + x + C
𝑥−1 𝑥−1

Integration by substitution: -
53
 • Procedure to find integral by substitution method-
• Substitution Method is used to find integration of composite functions.
Like as: sin3x, 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 , sin (logx), √𝑥 + 1 ……….etc.

Generally, substitution method is used if differentiation is given along with function

Important Examples: Evaluate the following:

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥
(i)∫ 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 22 22 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√4− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
Solutions (i) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4− 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 √22 −(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥)2

Let 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = t ⇒ - 2sinx cosx dx = dt ⇒ sin2x dx = -dt

𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
= - sin-1 + 𝐶 = - sin-1(
−𝑑𝑡 𝑡
Now I = ∫ )+ 𝐶
√22 − (𝑡) 2 2 2

(ii) I = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛8 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 + 1) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now put tan x = t ⇒𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = dt
= ∫ 𝑡 8 (𝑡 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 11 𝑡9 𝑡𝑎𝑛11 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛9 𝑥
= ∫(𝑡 10 + 𝑡 8 )𝑑𝑡 ⇒ + +C= + +C
11 9 11 9
2x x
(iii) I = ∫ 22 22 2x dx
𝑥 x x dt
Now put 22 = t ⇒22 2x (log2)2 dx = dt⇒22 2x dx =
(log2)2
2x
2t dt 2t 22
=∫ ⇒ +C⇒ +C
(log2)2 (log2)3 (log2)3
𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼
(iv)∫ 2𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥(v) ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 (vi) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

6𝑥
Solutions:(iv) I = ∫ 2𝑥 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = log 6 + 𝐶

𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥
(v)I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑥
= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥= ∫(𝑠𝑒𝑐 4 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥) (𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 tan 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
Now put sec x = t ⇒ sec x tan x dx = dt
1 5 1 3 1 1
= ∫(𝑡 4 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 + C = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 5 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 + C
5 3 5 3

𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝛼 2 cos2 x – 1 −( 2cos2 α – 1) 2 cos2 x – 2cos2 α

(vi)I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫(cos 𝑥 + cos 𝛼) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin x + 2 x cos 𝛼 + C
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼

Some Standard Integrals: -

54
 dx 1 𝑥 dx 1 𝑎+𝑥 dx 1 𝑥−𝑎
1. ∫ a2 + x2 = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎 + C 2. ∫ a2 − x2 = 2𝑎 log | 𝑎−𝑥 |+ C 3. ∫ x2 − a2 = 2𝑎 log |𝑥+𝑎|+ C
dx 𝑥 dx dx
4. ∫ √a2 2 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 + C 5. ∫ √a2+ x2 = log | x + √a2 + x 2 | + C 6. ∫ √x2− a2 = log | x + √x 2 − a2 | + C
−x

dx
7. ∫ For finding the integral, make perfect square the quadratic polynomial ax 2 + bx + c ,
ax2 + bx+c
using the following identities (i) a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 (ii) a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a − b)2
• To make perfect square the coefficient of x 2 should be + 1.
• After making perfect square, integrand will be changed in any one form given below.

dx dx dx
∫ or ∫ or ∫
A2 + X2 A2 − X2 X2 − A2
𝐝𝐱
8. ∫ After making perfect square, integrand will be changed in any one form given
√𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱+𝐜
below.

dx dx dx
∫ or ∫ or ∫
√A2 − x 2 √A2 + x 2 √X 2 − A2
𝐩𝐱+𝐪 px+q
9. ∫ dx OR ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝐛𝐱+𝐜 √ax + bx+c
𝑑
Steps of Solving (i) Put px + q = A 𝑑𝑥 (ax 2 + bx + c) + B ⇒ px + q = A(2ax + b) + B

(ii) Find the values A and B by comparing coefficients and constants.

(iii) Integrand will be split in two parts. One part will be solved by substitution method
and second part will be solved by making perfect square.
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
10. ∫ √a2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = √a2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + C
2 2 𝑎

𝑥 𝑎2
11. ∫ √𝑥 2 + a2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 + a2 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 | + 𝐶
2 2
𝑥 𝑎2
12. ∫ √𝑥 2 − a2 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − a2 - log | 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − a2 | + C
2 2
Method of making perfect square of a quadratic polynomial-
3 5
Example: 2x 2 + 3x + 5 = 2 (x 2 + x + 2)
2
3 3 2 3 2 5 3 √31 2
= 2{(𝑥 2 + 2. 𝑥 + (4) − (4) + )} = 2 {(𝑥 + 4) 2 + ( ) }
4 2 4

Some Important Examples: Solve the following:

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥+2
(i)∫ (ii) ∫√ 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ 𝑑𝑥(iv) ∫ √3 − 2x − x2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 5−4x−2x2 √ x2 + 5x+6
𝑑𝑥
Solutions (i) I = ∫ 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=∫ (divide numerator and denominator by cos2𝑥)
2 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥+5
Now put tan𝑥 = t ⇒ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = dt
𝑑𝑡
= ∫ 2 𝑡 2+5 = 2 ∫
1 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 2+
5
1
= ∫
2
𝑑𝑡
5
= 1
2
2
√ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √ 𝑡
5
2
5
+ C = √110 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (√25 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) + C
2 𝑡 2 + (√ )2
2

55
 1
(ii) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 …(i)
√5−4x−2x2
5 5 7
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 5 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 = −2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 2) = −2 (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 2)=−2 {(𝑥 + 1)2 − 2}
7
= 2 {2 − (𝑥 + 1)2 }

1 1 1 (𝑥+1) 1 2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 + 𝐶 = √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √7 (𝑥 + 1) + C Ans.
√2 2 √2 √
7
√(√7) − (𝑥+1)2 2
2

𝑥+2 𝑑
(iii)I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Put 𝑥 + 2 = A (𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6) + B ⇒ 𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵
√x2 + 5x+6 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1
Now by comparing A = 2 & B = - 2 , Now 𝑥 + 2 = 2 (2𝑥 + 5) − 2
1 1
𝑥+2 (2𝑥 + 5) − 1 (2𝑥 + 5) 1 1
I= ∫ 𝑑𝑥= ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥 =2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥- 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑥2 +5𝑥+6 √𝑥2 +5𝑥+6 √𝑥2 +5𝑥+6 √𝑥2 +5𝑥+6

1 2𝑥+5 1 1
I= I1 - I2…………………….(eq.1) , where I1 = 2 ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥and I2 = 2 ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
+5𝑥+6 +5𝑥+6
1 2𝑥+5
Now I1 = 2 ∫ √𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥Put 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 = t 2 ⇒(2𝑥 + 5) dx = 2t dt
+5𝑥+6
1 2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=2∫ √t2
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = t + C1 ⇒I1= √𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 + C1
1 1 5 5 2 5 2
I2 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6=𝑥 2 + 2. 2 𝑥 + (2) − (2) + 6 =
√𝑥2 +5𝑥+6
5 2 1 2
{(𝑥 + ) − ( ) }
2 2
1 1 1
=2 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥= 2log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6|+ C2
√(𝑥+5) 2 − (1)
2 2
Now put the value of I1 and I2 in equation (1), we get –
1
I =√𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 + C1 - 2log |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6|+ C2
1
I =√𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6 - 2log |x + √𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 6|+ C, where C = C1 + C2
(iv) I = ∫ √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 (CBSE 2019)

= ∫ √4 − (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥= ∫ √22 − (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 Now put 𝑥 + 1 =t ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 =dt ,

I = ∫ √22 − (t)2 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
(Using ∫ √a2 − x 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √a2 − x 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑎 + C )
2
𝑡 22 𝑡 x+1 𝑥+1
= 2 √22 − t 2 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 2 + C = √3 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 +C
2 2 2
Integration by Partial Fraction:
• Partial fraction method is used to find integration of Proper Rational functions.
• Proper Rational Function: A function in the form of 𝑔(𝑥) , where f(x) and g(x) are polynomials in x and
𝑓(𝑥)

g(x) ≠ 0, and degree of f(x) must be less than g(x), is called proper rational function.
• A proper rational function will decompose in the following forms given in table –
S.No. Form of the rational (Proper) Form of the Partial fraction
Function
1 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥 ±𝑎)(𝑥 ±𝑏)
+
(𝑥 ± 𝑎) (𝑥 ± 𝑏)

2 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
(𝑥 ±𝑎)2
+
(𝑥 ± 𝑎) (𝑥 ± 𝑎)2

56
 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
+
3 (𝑥±𝑎)(ax2 + bx+c) 2
(𝑥 ± 𝑎) (ax + bx + c)

Where ax 2 + bx + c cannot be factorise.

𝑓(𝑥) 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
4 +
(ax2 + bx+c)2 (ax 2 + bx + c) (ax + bx + c)2
2

Find the values of A,B,C and D by comparing coefficients and constants both sides.
Some Important Questions
𝑥3+ 1 1 𝑥+1
(i)∫ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫ x (𝑥 3 + 8) 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ x (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3+ 1 𝑥3+ 1 𝑥+ 1 1
Solutions (i) I = ∫ 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∵𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) =1 + 𝑥(𝑥− 1)
1 1
I = ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥(𝑥− 1) 𝑑𝑥…………………..(1)
𝑥(𝑥− 1)
1 𝐴 𝐵
Now 𝑥(𝑥− 1) = + …………………(2) (partial fraction form)
𝑥 (𝑥− 1)
1 = A (𝑥 -1) + B𝑥, By solving, we get A = -1 & B = 1
1 −1 1
From equation (2) = 𝑥 + (𝑥− 1)
𝑥(𝑥− 1)
1 1
Now I = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − log|𝑥| + log|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
𝑥−1
1 𝑥2
(ii) I = ∫ x (𝑥 3 + 8) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 (𝑥 3 + 8) 𝑑𝑥 (Multiply and divide by 𝑥 2 )
1
Now put 𝑥 3 = 𝑡 ⇒ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡⇒𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑑𝑡
1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝐴 𝐵
I=3 ∫ ,∵ 𝑡(𝑡+8) = + …………………….(1)
t(t+8) 𝑡 (𝑡+ 8)
1 1
⇒ 1 = A (t + 8) + Bt After solving, we get A = 8 & B = − 8
1 1 1 1 1
Put values of A & B in equation (1) = −
𝑡(𝑡+8) 8 𝑡 8 (𝑡+ 8)
1 𝑑𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 1 1
I= 3 ∫ 8 t − ∫ ⇒ I = 24log|t| − 24 log|t+8| + C
3 8(t+8)

1 1 1 𝑥3
=24 log|𝑥 3 | - log|𝑥 3 + 8| + C = 24 log|𝑥 3 +8| + C
24
𝑥+1
(iii) I = ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
∵ 𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 1) = + (𝑥 2 + 1)
…………………………(1)
𝑥

𝑥 + 1 = A (𝑥 2 + 1) + B𝑥 2 + C𝑥 (After solving, we get A = 1, B = -1 & C = 1)

𝑥+1 1 −𝑥+1
Putting the values of A, B & C in equation (1), we get x (𝑥 2 + 1) = + (𝑥 2 + 1)
x
1 𝑥−1 1 1 2𝑥 1
I = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1
= log| 𝑥 | − 2 log|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C

Integration by Parts:
• Integration by parts is used to find integration of the following type of the functions
1. Product of two functions: 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥), 𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 − 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥, 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 … … … 𝑒𝑡𝑐
2. Logarithmic functions : logx, log(x+1)……etc
3. Inverse trigonometric functions : sin-1x, cos-1x……..etc
57
 • First select the function as I & II with the help of the word ‘ILATE’

Select the first function which comes first as In the word ‘ILATE’
per alphabetical order in the word ILATE.
I= Inverse trigonometric functions
L = Logarithmic functions
ILATE A = Algebraic functions
T = Trigonometric functions
E = Exponential functions
• Now apply the formula to find integral of ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥, where u and v are functions of x.
𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑢. 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = u ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥-∫ {𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥} 𝑑𝑥 , where u = first function(I) & v = second function (II).

• Some Important Properties:

(i) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ex 𝑓(𝑥) + C
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(ii)∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎2 +𝑏2 ) (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
(iii) ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎2 +𝑏2 ) (𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶
(iv) ∫{𝑓(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + C
Some Important Questions: -
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
Question. Solve the following (i)∫ 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii) ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 (iii) ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

1
(iv) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (v) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

Solutions- (i) I =∫ 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2 (𝑎𝑙𝑔𝑒𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

II I
𝑑(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)
= logx∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 - ∫{
2
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥}𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
= logx .3 𝑥 3 − ∫ 𝑥 . 3 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3 𝑥 3 .logx − 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 3 1 1 3 1 3 1 3
= 𝑥 .logx − . 𝑥 + C = 𝑥 .logx − 𝑥 +C
3 3 3 3 9
(ii) I = ∫(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
−1 2

Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 = t ⇒ 𝑥 = sint⇒ d𝑥 = cost dt

Now I = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 , taking 𝑡 2 = 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 & 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑑(𝑡 2 )
I = 𝑡 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 - ∫ { ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡} 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡- ∫ 2𝑡 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +C
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡- 2{𝑡 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +∫ 1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 }+ C (Again using by parts)
=𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡- 2{𝑡 (−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡) + sint }+ C
= 𝑡 2 . 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡+ 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 -2 sint + C (put t = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)
= 𝑥 (𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥)2 +2√1 − 𝑥 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 - 2x + C (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = √1 − 𝑥 2 )
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥+1 1
(iii)I = ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 =∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥

1 1
=∫ 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 . 1 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1 −1 1 1
= 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 - ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 . 𝑥 × 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 (using by parts)
𝑥 1 1 𝑥
=1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 +∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + C

58
 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 1 1 1 1
Or I = ∫ (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ {1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 − 𝑥. 𝑥 . (1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)2 } 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥. 1+𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐶

By using ∫{𝑓(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + 𝑥𝑓 ′ (𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥) + C

(iv) I = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 − 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
=∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = - ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
Now using ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ex f(x) + C (∵𝑓(𝑥) = cosec 𝑥 &𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥)
I = -𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + C
1 1 1 1 1
(v) I=∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ((log 𝑥 + 𝑥) − (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 (log 𝑥 + 𝑥) + 𝐶

MCQ’s
1. ∫ 2𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
2𝑥+2 2𝑥
(a) 2𝑥+2 + 𝐶 (b) 2𝑥+2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 𝐶 (c) +𝐶 (d)2. 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 + 𝐶
𝑙𝑜𝑔2

𝑒 𝑥 −2𝑒 −𝑥
2. 𝑖𝑓 ∫ 2𝑒 𝑥 +3𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔|2𝑒 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 | + 𝐶 then value of 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏

(a) a = -1/12 , b = 7/12 (b) a = 1/12 , b = -7/12

(c)a = -1/12 , b = -7/12 (d) a = 1/12 , b = 7/12

3. ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(a) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑥 − √𝑥 + 𝐶 (b) (𝑥 − 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑥 − √𝑥 + 𝐶

(c) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑥 − 2√𝑥 + 𝐶 (d) (𝑥 + 1)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑥 − √𝑥 + 𝐶

1−𝑥 2
4. ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜

𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥 2𝑒 𝑥
(a) +𝐶 (b) +𝐶 (c) +𝐶 (d) 1+𝑥 2 + 𝐶
(1+𝑥)2 1+𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2 )2

𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥+1)
5. Evaluate ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥

(a) − 𝑐𝑜𝑡(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 (b) tan(𝑒𝑥) + 𝑐 (c) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐 (d) cot(𝑒𝑥) + 𝑐

𝑒 𝑥−1 +𝑥 𝑒−1
6. Evaluate ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑥 𝑒
1 1
(a) log|𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 | + 𝐶 (b) log|𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑒 | + 𝐶 (c) 𝑒 log|𝑒 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 𝑒−1 | + 𝐶 (d) none
𝑒
𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
7. ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑥 𝑥
(a) log|1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝐶 (b) log|𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝐶 (c) log 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝐶 (d) 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝐶

8. ∫ √1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
(a) 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2) + 𝐶 (b) −𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝐶 (c) 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝐶 (d) 2(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2) + 𝐶

9. ∫ log 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑒
(a) log(e 𝑥) + 𝐶 (b) x log 𝑥 (c) 𝑥 log (𝑥) + 𝐶 (d)x log( 𝑥/𝑒) + 𝐶

59
 𝑥𝑑𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑥 4 −4 𝑑𝑥 is equal to –

1 𝑥 2 +2 1 𝑥 2 −2 1 𝑥−2 1 𝑥+2
(a) 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 −2| + 𝐶 (b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥 2 +2| + 𝐶 (c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥+2| + 𝐶 (d) 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑥−2| + 𝐶
8 8

ANSWERS
1 -c 2-a 3-d 4-b 5-c 6-a 7-d 8-a 9-d 10-b

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS(2 Marks)

𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥3
1. ∫ (𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. 𝑥 - 2
+ 3
- log | 𝑥 +1| + C
1 1
2. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans. 2
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 2 log|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥|+C
(x−5)ex ex
3. ∫ (x−3)3
𝑑𝑥 Ans. (x−3)2
+C
𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Ans. sec 𝑥 –cosec 𝑥 +C
√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans. 2√𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +C
ex ( 1+sinx) x
6. ∫ (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 Ans. ex tan 2 + C
x cos−1 x
7. ∫ √1− 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥 Ans. - √1 − 𝑥 2 cos −1 x - x + C
e2x −e−2x 1
8. ∫ e2x + e−2x 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= 2 log | e2x + e−2x | + C
(x+1)(x+logx)2 1
9. ∫ x
𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= 3 (x + logx)3 + C

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS(3 Marks )

𝑥 𝑥 √𝑥 𝑥
10. ∫ √𝑥+ 1 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I = 2( 3
− 2 + √𝑥 -log |√𝑥 +1|)+C
sin 𝑥
11. ∫ sin(𝑥+𝑎) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I = x cosa –sina log|sin(x+a)|+C
𝑥+1 3
12. ∫ 𝑥(1−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= log|x| -2 log|1-2x| + C
1 1 3𝑥+1
13. ∫ 9x2 + 6x+5 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐼 = 6 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2
)+C
(x2 −3)ex (𝑥−1)ex
14. ∫ (x+1)2
𝑑𝑥 Ans.𝐼 = (𝑥+1)
+C
1 1 cos(𝑥−𝛽)
15. ∫ cos(𝑥−𝛼)cos(𝑥−𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. 𝐼 = sin(𝛽−𝛼)
log |cos(𝑥−𝛼)| + C

1 2 sin(x+𝛼)
16. ∫ √sin3 x sin(x+𝛼) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. 𝐼 = − sin𝛼 √ sinx
+ C
(2x+1) 𝑥−1
17. ∫ √3+2x− x2 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐼 = − 2√3 + 2x − x 2 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 2
)+C
2𝑥+1 − 5𝑥−1 1 1 2 1
18. ∫ 10𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Ans.I = 5 log 2 2𝑥
- log 5 5𝑥
+C
𝑥2 1 1+x 1
19. ∫ 1− 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 Ans.I = 4
log | 1−x| - 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥
20. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I = - 8
+ 24
– 16
+C

60
21. ∫ 𝑥 2 log(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 is equal to
1
Ans.:- 𝑥 3 log(𝑥 2 + 1) − 𝑥 3 +
3
2
9
2𝑥
3
2
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 𝑥 + 𝐶
3

EXTRA QUESTIONS
(x+2) 1 1
1. ∫ 2x2 +6x+5 𝑑𝑥 Ans.I= 4 log|2x 2 + 6x + 5| + 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2𝑥 + 3) + C
(x2 −1) 1 x2 +1−x
2. ∫ x4 +x+1 𝑑𝑥 Ans.I=2 log |x2 +1+x| + C
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥−1 1 tanx−√2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +1
3. ∫ √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Hint:put tanx = 𝑡 2 ) Ans.I= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 2√2 log |tanx+√2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 +1| + C
√2 √2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑥 (Hint: Divide numerator and denominator by cos4x)
1 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥−1
Ans.𝐼 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )+ C
√2 √2𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
(x2 +x+1) 3 1 1
5. ∫ (x+2)(x2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 Ans. I= 5 log|x + 2| + 5 log|x 2 + 1| + 5 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + C

𝑎 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
6. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 √𝑎+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (Hint: put x = atan2t) Ans. I = a(𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑎 − √𝑎 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 √𝑎) + 𝐶

√1+𝑥 2 {𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑥 2 +1)−2𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥} 1 1 1 2

7. ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Ans. - 3 (1 + 𝑥 2 )3/2 {log (1 + 𝑥 2 ) − 3} +C
𝑥4
8. ∫(√𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + √𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑛𝑠. 𝐼 = √2 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑒𝑥
9. ∫ √𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to Ans. log|𝑒 𝑥 − 2 + √𝑒 2𝑥 − 4𝑒 𝑥 − 5| + 𝐶
−4𝑒 𝑥 −5
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 1
10. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 is equal to Ans. 3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 6 log(3 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) + 𝐶

ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS

Directions: In the following questions, A statement of assertion
(A) is followed by a statement of reason I. Mark the correct choice as.
(A)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D)A is false and R is tru3
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
Q.1 Assertion(A) : ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (4𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑥 − 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑥) + 𝐶
25
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
Reason( R) :- ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑎2 +𝑏2 ) (𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥 − 𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥) + 𝐶 Ans. D
𝑥 1
Q.2 Assertion ( A ) : ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ((𝑥+1)2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = ex 𝑥+1 + C

Reason (R) : ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 {𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ex 𝑓(𝑥) + C Ans: A

61
 DEFINITE INTEGRATION
First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Theorem 1: Let 𝑓 be a continuous function on the closed interval [𝑎 , 𝑏]and let 𝐴(𝑥)be the area
function. Then 𝐴′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)for all 𝑥𝜖[𝑎 , 𝑏]
Second Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Theorem 2: Let f be a Continuous function defined on the closed interval [a ,b] and
F be an antiderivative of 𝑓. Then
Upper limit
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 =F(b)-F(a)
Lower limit
PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS:
𝑏 𝑏
𝑃0 : ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎
𝑃1 : ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 in particular ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
𝑃2 : ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑏
𝑏 𝑏
𝑃3 : ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎
𝑃4 : ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0
2𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑃5 : ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
2𝑎 𝑎
𝑃6 : ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 (2𝑎 − 𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
0 0
=0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(2𝑎 − 𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝑎 𝑎
𝑃7 : (𝑖) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
−𝑎 0
𝑎
(𝑖𝑖) ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 𝑥 4
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +1
Sol. Let I=∫2
4 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +1
1 4 2𝑥 1
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 [log(𝑥 2 + 1)]42
2 2 𝑥 2 +1
1 1 17 𝑎
= 2 (𝑙𝑜𝑔17 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔5) = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 5 ) Using 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = log(𝑏)
2 1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑥2
Sol. 1 tan−1 𝑥 (tan−1 𝑥)
2 1
(tan−1 1)
2
(tan−1 0)
2 1
(𝜋/4)2 𝜋2
∫0 𝑑𝑥=[ ] =[ −[ ] ]= = 32
1+𝑥 2 2 2 2 2
0 0
3 𝜋/4
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
Sol. 𝜋/4
∫0 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥|]0
𝜋/4 𝜋
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 |𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( 4 )| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|𝑠𝑒𝑐 (0)|
1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|√2| − 𝑙𝑜𝑔|1|= 𝑙𝑜𝑔|√2| 𝑜𝑟 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
62
 𝑎
4 𝐼𝑓 ∫0 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 8, then find ‘a’.
𝑎
Sol. 𝑎
3𝑥 3
2
∫ 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 8 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 [ ] = 8 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑎3 = 8 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑎 = 2
0 3 0
5 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑥17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
Sol. 1 17 4
∫−1 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
=0 , using property ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑓(−𝑥) =
−𝑓(𝑥)
Here 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 is an odd function as 𝑓(−𝑥) = (−𝑥)17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 (−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥)
𝜋
6 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋
Sol. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−cos 𝑥
Let I = ∫0 2 𝑑𝑥 ………….(1)
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
Using property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin( −𝑥)−cos( −𝑥) cos 𝑥−sin 𝑥
I= ∫0 2
𝜋
2 2
𝜋 𝑑𝑥 I= ∫02 𝑑𝑥 …………………(2)
1+sin( −𝑥) cos( −𝑥) 1+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
2 2
Adding (1) & (2), we get
𝜋
2I= ∫02 0. 𝑑𝑥 = 0 So I = 0
7 Evaluate: ∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛 dx
1

Sol. 1
I =∫0 𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑛
1 𝑎 𝑎
=∫0 (1 − 𝑥)(1 − (1 − 𝑥))𝑛 𝑑𝑥 [using property ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
𝑛+2 1
1 𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑥 1
= ∫0 (1 − 𝑥)𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = ( 𝑛+1 − 𝑛+2 ) = (𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
0

8 8 √𝑥
Evaluate: ∫2 dx
√10−𝑥+√𝑥
Sol. Let 𝐼 = ∫2
8 √𝑥
dx……………………..(1)
√10−𝑥+√𝑥
𝑏 𝑏
By using property∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
8 √8+2−𝑥
𝐼 = ∫2 dx
√10−(8+2−𝑥)+√8+2−𝑥
8 √10−𝑥
𝐼= ∫2 √𝑥+√10−𝑥dx……………………………(2)
adding (1) & (2)
8
2𝐼 = ∫2 1. 𝑑𝑥 = 6 I =3
9 𝜋/2
Evaluate: ∫−𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol.
Let I= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋 As 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (−𝑥) = (sin(−𝑥))2 = (−𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)2= sin2 𝑥, therefore, sin2 𝑥 is an
−
2
even function.
𝑎 𝑎
It is known that if f(x) is an even function, then ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥
I= 2 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =2 ∫02 𝑑𝑥 =∫02 (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2

𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋/2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝑥 − ] = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 = − 0 =
2 0 2 2 2
𝜋
10 1
Evaluate: ∫𝜋3 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√ 6

63
 𝜋
Sol. 1
Let I=∫ 𝜋
3
𝑑𝑥………………………………….(1)
1+ √tan 𝑥
6
π π
3 dx dx
I= ∫ π = ∫π3 1+
π π
6 1+√tan( + −x) 6
√cot x
6 3
𝜋
3 √tan 𝑥
 Ι=∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 …………………………(2)
1+ √tan 𝑥
6
adding (1) & (2)
𝜋 𝜋
3 1+√tan 𝑥
 2I = ∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 2I = ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
3
1+ √tan 𝑥
6 6
𝜋 𝜋
 2I = 6 ⇒ I = 12
π
11 cosx
Evaluate: ∫02 (1+sinx)(2+sinx) dx
π
Sol. cosx
Let I=∫02 (1+sinx)(2+sinx) dx…………………..(1)
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
Also when 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑡 = 1
(1) Reduces to
1 1
𝐼=∫0 (1+𝑡)(2+𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
Using partial fractions
1
1 1
𝐼=∫ { − } 𝑑𝑡 = [log|1 + 𝑡| − log|2 + 𝑡|]10
0 1+𝑡 2+𝑡
4
= [𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔3] − [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2] = log ( )
3
𝜋
12 3 + 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
0 3 + 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋
Sol. 3+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Let I= ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥…………………………(1)
3+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
3+5 𝑠𝑖𝑛( −𝑥) 𝑎 𝑎
I= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (
2 2
𝜋 ) 𝑑𝑥 [By using property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
3+5 𝑐𝑜𝑠( −𝑥)
2
𝜋
3+5 cos 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 3+5 sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥……………………………(2)

Now Using 𝑙𝑜𝑔 a = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑎 – 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑏 and adding (1) & (2)
b
we get, 2I = 0 so, 𝐼 = 0
13 8
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥
2
Sol. Let 𝐼 =
8
∫2 |𝑥 −
5
5| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫5 |𝑥 − 5| 𝑑𝑥
8

5 8 5 8
𝑥2 𝑥2
= ∫ −(𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (𝑥 − 5) 𝑑𝑥 = [− + 5𝑥] + [ − 5𝑥] = 9
2 5 2 2
2 5
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1 4
Evaluate∫1 {|𝑥− 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|} dx.
Sol. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑓(𝑥) = [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|],
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑 𝑏
𝑊𝑒 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡, ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥,
𝑎 𝑎 𝑐 𝑑
where 𝑎 < 𝑐 < 𝑑 < 𝑏
4 2 3
So ∫1 [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|]𝑑𝑥 = ∫1 [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|]𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 [|𝑥 − 1| +
4
|𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|]𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 [|𝑥 − 1| + |𝑥 − 2| + |𝑥 − 3|]𝑑𝑥

64
 2 3 4
= ∫ (4 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ (3𝑥 − 6)𝑑𝑥
1 2 3
𝑥2 𝑥2 3 3𝑥 2
= (4𝑥 − )2 +( 2 )2 +( − 6𝑥)43
2 1 2
1 9 27
= (8 − 2) − (4 − 2) + (2 − 2) + (24 − 24) − ( 2 − 18)
19
after simplifying, we get = 2
2 Evaluate:
𝜋/4
∫0 log( 1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Sol. 𝜋/4
I = ∫0 log( 1 + tan 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =∫04 log {1 + tan(𝜋/4 − 𝑥)}𝑑𝑥;
𝑎 𝑎
by property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝜋/4 2
I =∫0 log (1 + 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 log (1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋 log 2
I= ∫04 log 2dx − 𝐼 ⇒ 2I =log 2. 4 ⇒ 𝐼 = .
8

3 Evaluate ∫0
𝜋 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+tan 𝑥

Sol. Let I= ∫0
𝜋 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥…………………….(1)
𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥+tan 𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑎 𝑎
I=∫0 𝑑𝑥 (by using property, ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)
𝑠𝑒𝑐(𝜋−𝑥)+𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝜋−𝑥)
𝜋 −(𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥………………(2)
−(𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥+𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)
Adding (1) & (2) we get
𝜋 𝜋
𝜋. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝜋. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + tan 𝑥 0 1 + sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
= 𝜋∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 (1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − tan2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
0 0
= 𝜋[𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥]𝜋0
𝜋
= 𝜋{(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜋 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜋 + 𝜋) − (𝑠𝑒𝑐 0 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛0 + 0) = 𝜋(−2 + 𝜋) ⇒𝐼= (𝜋 − 2)
2
4 2
Evaluate: ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥

Sol. 2
Evaluate: ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 − 𝑥, 𝑖𝑓𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≥ 0
x3 − x = { , x3-x=0x = 0 and x = 1
−(𝑥 3 − 𝑥), 𝑖𝑓𝑥 3 − 𝑥 < 0
Here the intervals are (-1, 0), (0,1) and (1,2), since the limit is -1 to 2
Intervals 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) function
(-1, 0) (-)(-)(+)=Positive 𝑥3 − 𝑥
(0, 1) (+)(-)(+)=Negative − (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)
(1, 2) (+)(+)(+)=Positive 𝑥3 − 𝑥
2 0 1 2
𝑆𝑜 ∫−1|𝑥 3 − 𝑥| dx = ∫−1(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)dx +∫0 −(𝑥 3 − 𝑥)dx + ∫1 (𝑥 3 − 𝑥)dx
0 1 2
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥4 𝑥2
=[ − ] +[ − ] +[ − ]
4 2 −1 2 4 0 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 16 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 11
= (0) − ( − ) + ( − ) − (0) + ( − ) − ( − ) = + + 2 + = 2 + =
4𝜋 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4
5
Evaluate: ∫02 (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
65
 𝜋
Sol.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫0 (2 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2

(Using 𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑛𝑚 & 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = log(𝑎)

𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑏

…………………….(1) (by property∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)

𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 0 0
2

𝜋
𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛( −𝑥)
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 ………………………(2)
𝐼 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

Adding (1) & (2), we get

𝜋 𝜋
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 1 𝜋 1
2𝐼 = ∫02 log( . ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫02 log(4) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 log(4)
2 2
𝜋 1 𝜋
𝐼 = 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (4)=− 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
6 1
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0
Sol. 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
0
1 (1−𝑥)+𝑥 1
∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 {1−𝑥(1−𝑥)} 𝑑𝑥 (as cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 (𝑥) and 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 1 − 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) )
1 1 𝑥+𝑦
= ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 1 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 [𝐴𝑠 tan−1 1−𝑥𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦]
1 1
= ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 [1 −( 1 − 𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
(by using the property∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥)
1 1 1
= ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0 0 0
1
= 2 ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 . 1 𝑑𝑥 On integrating by parts, we get
1
1
= 2. [{tan−1 𝑥. 𝑥}01 − ∫ 2
. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥]
0 1+𝑥
1 𝜋 1 𝜋
= 2[𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 − log(1 + 𝑥 2 )]10 = 2 [ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2] ⇒ 𝐼 = − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2
2 4 2 2
7 2
𝑥2
Evaluate: 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
−2 1 + 5

Sol. 2 𝑥2
Let 𝐼 = ∫−2 1+5𝑥 𝑑𝑥……………………………….(1)
𝑏 𝑏
[using ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥]
2 (−2+2−𝑥)2 2 𝑥2
𝐼 = ∫−2 1+5(−2+2−𝑥) (𝑑𝑥) = ∫−2 1+5−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2 2 5𝑥 .𝑥 2
= ∫−2 1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−2 1+5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 …………………(2)
1+ 𝑥
5
Adding equations (1) and (2), we get
2 𝑥2 5𝑥 .𝑥 2 2 𝑥 2 (1+5𝑥 )
2I=∫−2[1+5𝑥 + 1+5𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 ⇒2I=∫−2[ ]𝑑𝑥
1+5𝑥
2 2 𝑥3 23 0 8 16 8
2I = ∫−2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2( 3 )20 =2 ( 3 − 3) = 2 (3 − 0) = So, I = 3
3
8 𝜋/4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 9 + 16𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
Sol. 𝜋/4
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
0 9 + 16𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
Put 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑡 ⟹ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
66
 𝜋
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑡 = −1 & 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = , 𝑡 = 0
4
⟹ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2 = 𝑡 2 ⟹ 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 𝑡 2 ⟹ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡 2
0
𝑑𝑡
∴𝐼=∫ 2
−1 9 + 16(1 − 𝑡 )
0 0 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
=∫ 2
= ∫ 2
== ∫ 2 2
−1 9 + 16 − 16𝑡 −1 25 − 16𝑡 −1 5 − (4𝑡)
0
1 1 5 + 4𝑡 1 1
= [ log { }] = [𝑙𝑜𝑔1 − log ( )]
4 2.5 5 − 4𝑡 −1 40 9
1 1 1 1
= [− log ( )] = 𝑙𝑜𝑔9 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔3
40 9 40 20
9 2 1 1
Evaluate: ∫1 (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Sol. 2 1
𝐿𝑒𝑡𝐼 = ∫1 (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥,
1

Put 2x=t ⟹ 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 , Also when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑡 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 2, 𝑡 = 4

2 1 1 1 4 2 2 4 1 1
∴ ∫1 (𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫2 ( 𝑡 − 2) 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 ( 𝑡 − 2) 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝑡

1 1 4 ′
Now let 𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡 , then 𝑓 ′(𝑡) = − 𝑡 2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐼 = ∫2 (𝑓(𝑡) + 𝑓 (𝑡)) 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = [𝑒 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)]42

1 4 𝑒4 𝑒2 (𝑒 2 −2)
⟹ [𝑒 𝑡 . 𝑡 ] = − ⟹ 𝐼 = 𝑒2
2 4 2 4
MCQ’S
1 𝑦 𝑑𝑡 𝑑2𝑦
if 𝑥 = ∫0 and = 𝑎𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎 is equal to
√1+9𝑡 2 𝑑𝑥 2
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d) 1
2 1 𝑥 3 +|𝑥|+1
∫−1 𝑥 2+2|𝑥|+1 𝑑𝑥
1
(a) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (b) 2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (c) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (d) 4𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
3 𝑏+𝑐
∫𝑎+𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏−𝑐
(𝑎) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 − 𝑐)𝑑𝑥 (b) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑐)𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (d) ∫𝑎−𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
π
4
∫0 logsinxdx is equal to
2
𝜋 𝜋
(a) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (b) 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (c) −𝜋𝑙𝑜𝑔2 (d) 𝜋𝑙𝑜𝑔2
2
5 1
∫−1 𝑥|𝑥|𝑑𝑥 equal to
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) -1 (d) 0
𝜋⁄2
6
∫0 log(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ⋯
(a) 𝜋⁄4 (b) 𝜋⁄8 log 2 (c) 0 (d) 𝜋 log 8
7
if f and g are two continuous functions in [0, 1] satisfying 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥) and g(𝑥) +
𝑎
𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑎, then ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
(a) a/2 (b) ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (c) ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (d) 𝑎 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 0
8 1
∫0
2
𝑑𝑥 is equal to
(𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 )2
1 𝑒 2 −1 𝑒 2 −1 𝑒 2 +1 1 𝑒 2 +1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 𝑒 2 +1 𝑒 2 +1 𝑒 2 −1 2 𝑒 2 −1

67
 9 2
∫−2(3𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 𝑘) = 1 then value of k is
(a) 1/2 (b) -1/2 (c) 1/ 4 (d) -1/4
10 ∫1
𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥
𝑑𝑥 is equal to
𝑥
(a) 1 (b) - ½ (c) -1 (d) ½
ANSWERS
1-c 2-b 3-b 4-a 5-d 6-c 7-b 8-a 9-c 10-d

EXTRA QUESTIONS
3
𝜋
𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥
𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒: 1. ∫0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2. ∫0 3 3 𝑑𝑥 3. ∫0 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥+𝑏 2 sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋/2 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2 √1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 1 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 𝜋 1
4. ∫0 sin4 𝑥 +𝑐𝑜𝑠4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 5. ∫ 𝜋 5 𝑑𝑥 6. ∫0 𝑑𝑥 7. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 1+2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
3 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)2
𝜋
sin2 𝑥 2
8. ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫−1{|𝑥 + 1| + |𝑥| + |𝑥 − 1|}𝑑𝑥
𝜋 3
1−𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥
10. ∫𝜋2 𝑒 2𝑥 (1−𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 11. ∫02 |𝑥. cos 𝜋𝑥 |𝑑𝑥 12. ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1+cos2 𝑥
4
𝜋
2 1 cos2 𝑥
13. ∫0 |𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3|𝑑𝑥 14. ∫0 [2𝑥]𝑑𝑥 15. ∫04 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥+4 sin2 𝑥
𝜋
𝜋 2 cos 𝑥
16. ∫0 log(1 + cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 17. ∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
− 1+𝑒 𝑥
2

Answers
1 𝐴𝑛𝑠: 0 8 Ans:
1
log |√2 + 1| 15 2
Ans: 3 tan−1 2 − 12
𝜋
√2
2 𝜋 9 19 16 Ans: −𝜋 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝐴𝑛𝑠: Ans:
4 2
3 𝜋2 10 1 𝜋 17 Ans:1
Ans: 2𝑎𝑏 Ans:2 𝑒 2
4 Ans: 16
𝜋2 11 5𝜋−2
Ans: 𝜋2
5 3 12 𝜋2
Ans: 4
𝐴𝑛𝑠:
2
𝜋
6 Ans: − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 13 Ans: 4
𝜋
7 Ans: 2 14 Ans:
1
2
ASSERTION AND REASON BASED QUESTIONS
Directions: In the following questions, A statement of assertion
(A) is followed by a statement of reason I. Mark the correct choice as.
(A)Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(B)Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(C) A is true but R is false
(D)A is false and R is tru3
𝜋
1 𝜋
Q.1 Assertion(A) : ∫02 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4
𝑎 𝑎
Reason( R) :- ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Ans. C

68
 𝜋
𝜋
Q.2 Assertion ( A ) : ∫02 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝜋
𝜋
Reason (R) : ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 Ans: A

69
 APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS
BASIC CONCEPTS:
1. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ,
the 𝑥-axis and the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

2. If the curve lies below x-axis, then the area of the

region bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) , the 𝑥-axis
and the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by

𝑏
|∫𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑥|

3. Area of the region bounded by the curve 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦),

the 𝑦-axis and the line 𝑦 = 𝑐 , 𝑦 = 𝑑 is given by
𝑑 𝑑
∫𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = ∫𝑐 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑦

KEY POINTS :
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
1. ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 𝑎 +c
2. Curve 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 𝑐 is a straight line.
3. Curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is a parabola with vertex (0,0) and axis is x-axis.
4. Curve 𝑥 2 = 4𝑎𝑦 is a parabola with vertex (0,0) and axis is y-axis.
5. Curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 =𝑎2 is a circle with centre (0,0) and radius = a units
𝑥2 𝑦2
6. Curve 2 + 2 = 1 , (𝑎 > 𝑏) is an ellipse with center (0,0)
𝑎 𝑏
Length of major axis =2𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 , Length of minor axis =2 𝑏 units
7. Circle and ellipse are symmetric in each quadrant.
8. Parabola is symmetric about its axis.

𝑥2 𝑦2
Ex.1 Using definite integration, find the area of the region + 𝑏2 = 1.
𝑎2
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol. Curve 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1 is a ellipse with center (0,0)
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required
area. Ellipse is symmetric in each quadrant.
Required area = 4 x area of OABO
𝑎 𝑎𝑏
=4∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫0 √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝑎
𝑏 𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥
=4 𝑎 (2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎)
2 0
𝑏 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2 0
=4 𝑎 (2 √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 + sin−1 𝑎 −0− sin−1 𝑎)
2 2
𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎2 𝜋
=4 𝑎 (0 + sin−1 1 − 0 − sin−1 0) =4 𝑎 ( 2 − 0) = 𝜋𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2 2 2
Ex.2 Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 and the ordinates
𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1.
Sol. Draw rough sketch of line 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2 , 𝑥 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 1
Shaded region be the required area.

70
 Area ABCA lies blow x-axis and area ADEA above x-axis
−2/3 1
Required area = |∫−1 𝑦 𝑑𝑥| + ∫−2/3 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−2/3 1
= |∫−1 (3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥| + ∫−2/3(3𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥
−2/3 1
3𝑥 2 3𝑥 2 1 25 13
= |[ + 2𝑥] |+[ + 2𝑥] =6+ = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
2 −1 2 −2/3 6 3
Ex.3 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the 𝑥−
𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32.
Sol. Given curve 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 32 ……(i) is a circle with center (0,0), radius=4√2 and the line
𝑦 = 𝑥 …………(ii) passes through (0,0)
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required area.
Solving (i) and (ii)getting 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑦 = 4 the intersection
point of line and circle is B(4,4).
Required area = area of OBMO +area of BMAB
4 4√2
= ∫0 𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 𝑦𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑥
4 4√2
= ∫0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫4 √32 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
4 4√2
𝑥2 𝑥 32 𝑥
(from (i) and (ii = [ 2 ] + [2 √32 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 4√2]
0 2 4
4√2 4 1
=8+[ × 0 + 16 sin−1 1] − [2 √32 − 16 + 16 sin−1 √2]
2
𝜋 𝜋
= 8 + 16 × 2 − 8 − 16 × 4 = 8𝜋 − 4𝜋 = 4𝜋 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
Ex.4 Find the area bounded by the curve {(x, y): y ≥ x 2 and y = |x|}
Sol. Given curve is 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 …..(i) is parabola and
𝑥, 𝑥 > 0
𝑦 = |𝑥| = { ……….(ii)
−𝑥 , 𝑥 ≤ 0
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required area.
Both the curve are symmetric about Y- axis.
From curve (i) and (ii) 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 1𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −1
The points of intersection of the curves O(0,0),A(1,1) and B(- 1,1)
Required area = Area of shaded region=2 area of OAPO
1 1
= 2 ∫0 (𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑦𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥2 𝑥3 1 1 1
= 2[2 − ] = 2 [2 − 3] = 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
3 0
𝑥2 𝑦2
Ex.5 Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the curve + 36 = 1 and
4
𝑥 𝑦
the line 2 + 6 = 1.
𝑥2 𝑦2
Sol. Curve + = 1 ………..(i)is an ellipse
4 36
Draw rough sketch, Shaded region be the required area
2 2
Required Area = ∫0 𝑦𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑥

2 2
= 3 ∫0 √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 (6 − 3𝑥)𝑑𝑥

2
𝑥 4 𝑥 2 3𝑥 2
= 3 [2 √4 − 𝑥 2 + 2 sin−1 2] − [6𝑥 − ]
0 2 0

=3[0 + 2 sin−1 1 − 0 − 0] − [12 − 6] = 3𝜋 − 6 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

Ex.6 CASE STUDY BASED: A farmer has a triangular shaped field. His son, a science student

71
 observes the triangular field has three edges and can be drawn on a plain paper with three
lines given by the equations. 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions.
(a)Find the corner points of triangular field.
(b) Using integration, find the total area of triangular field.

Sol. (a)Given equations are

1
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 2 …….(i), 𝑦 = 4 − 𝑥 … … . (𝑖𝑖), 𝑦 = 2 (𝑥 − 1) … … . (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
To determine corner points of triangular field, solve equations in pairs.
From equation (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐵(2,2)
From equation (𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 = 3 , 𝑦 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐶 (3,1)
From equation (𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 0 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝐴(1,0)
2 3 3
(b) Now area of triangle ABC=∫1 𝑦𝐴𝐵 𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 𝑦𝐵𝐶 𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 𝑦𝐴𝐶 𝑑𝑥
2( 3 31
=∫1 2𝑥 − 2)𝑑𝑥 + ∫2 (4 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫1 2 (𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
2 3 3
𝑥2 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
=2 [ 2 − 𝑥] + [4𝑥 − ] − 2 [ 2 − 𝑥]
1 2 2 1
1 9 1 9 1 3 3
=2 [2 − 2 − 2 + 1] + [12 − 2 − 8 + 2] − 2 [2 − 3 − 2 + 1] =1+ 2 − 1 = 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

0
Q.1 Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑥 + 3| 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫−6|𝑥 + 3| 𝑑𝑥.
Q.2 Find the area enclosed by the parabola 4𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 2𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 12.
Q.3 Using integration, find the area of the region bounded by the triangle whose vertices are
(-1,0), (1,3) and (3,2).
Q.4Find the area of the region {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ≤ 4, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 2}
Q.5 Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2𝜋 .
Q.6. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2𝑥.
Q.7. Find the area of the region in the first quadrant enclosed by the
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 √3 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4.
Q. 8. Make a rough sketch of the region and find its area by using integration
{(𝑥, 𝑦): 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 𝑥 2 + 3; 0 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 2𝑥 + 3; 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3}
3
Q.9. Find the area of the region included between the parabola y=4 x2 and the line 3x-2y+12=0
Q.10. Using integration find the area of the region bounded by line y = √3x, the curve
y =√4 − 𝑥 2 and y-axis in first quadrant.
Q.11 The area bounded by the curve y = x | x |, x-axis and the ordinates x = – 1 and x = 1 is given by

ANSWERS:
50 𝜋 2
1. 9 2. 27 3. 4 4. 𝜋 − 2 5. 4 6. 1/3 7. 𝜋/3 8. 9. 27 10. 3 11. 3
3

72
 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Definition: An equation that involves an independent variable, dependent variable and derivatives
of dependent variable with respect to independent variable is called differential equation.

2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑠: (1) 𝑥 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 (2) (𝑑^3 𝑦)/(𝑑𝑥^3 ) + 2 ( 2 ) − +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(3) 𝑥 + sin ( ) = 0 (4) 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ + cos 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Order and Degree of the Differential Equation

Order of a Differential Equation – The order of the highest order derivative in the differential
equation.

Degree of a Differential Equation - It is the exponent (power) of the highest order derivative,
after the equation is free from the negative and fractional power of the derivatives.

Note:- Degree is not defined if the given differential equation is not a polynomial equation in its
derivatives.
Students can learn as: If differential equation involves following types of terms, then we say that degree
of differential equation is not defined-
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚′ , 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒚′′ , 𝒆𝒚′ , 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒚′ 𝒆𝒕𝒄.
Questions
Find the order and degree of the following Differential Equation -
2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 2 ( ) − +𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 is d3 y/dx 3 , therefore order=3, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 the 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 1, therefore 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 1.
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 +𝑦 =0 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 1, 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ sin ( ) = 0 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 1, 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦′′ + 2𝑦′ + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 = 0 Order=2, Degree=1
(𝑦′′′)2 + (𝑦′′)3 + (𝑦′)4 + 𝑦 5 = 0 𝑂𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 3, 𝐷𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 2
2/3 2
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦
6. ( 3) = 𝑥 Sol: Taking whole cube both side ( 3) = 𝑥
3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Now we can see order= 3, degree = 2

Solution of Differential Equations-

A relation between the variables, such that this relation and derivative obtained from it, satisfies the
given differential equation, is called solution of differential equation.
General and Particular Solution of a Differential Equation

The solution which contains arbitrary constants (equal to order of the differential equation) is
called General Solution.
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 The solution free from arbitrary constants i.e. solution obtained from general solution by giving
particular values to the arbitrary constants is called Particular Solution.
To find the solution of given Differential Equation

We have to find the solutions of three types of differential equations in our syllabus, we use the
method to solve them accordingly-

Differential Equation with Variables Separable.

Homogeneous Differential Equation
Linear Differential Equation (First order and first degree only)

Differential Equation with Variables Separable-

In this type of Differential Equation, we can separate the variables at LHS and RHS and then integrate
both sides to get the solution.
Solved Questions:
1. sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
sec2 𝑥 sec2 𝑦
Sol: sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑦
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
sec 2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑓(𝑥)
⇒ log(tan 𝑥) = − log(tan 𝑦 ) + 𝐶 ⇒ log(tan 𝑥) + log(tan 𝑦 ) = 𝐶
⇒ log(tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) = 𝐶
Here, note that, we can also take 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐶 as arbitrary constant in place of C,
Then log(tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦) = log 𝐶 ⇒ tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 tan 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 1, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sol: = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ = ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
log 𝑦 = − log cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 … … … … … … … . (1)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 1, 𝑥=0 ⇒ log 1 = − log cos 0 + 𝐶
0 = − log 1 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶=0 (𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 log 1 = 0)
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 (1), log 𝑦 = −log(cos 𝑥) ⇒ log 𝑦 = log(cos 𝑥)−1
⇒ log 𝑦 = log sec 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 = sec 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
3. For the D. E. 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (x + 2)(y + 2), find the solution curve passing through the point (1, –1).
𝑦 𝑥+2
Sol: 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (x + 2)(y + 2)𝑑𝑥 ⇒∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+2 𝑥
𝑦+2−2 𝑥+2 2 2
⇒∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ ∫ (1 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (1 + ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+2 𝑥 𝑦+2 𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 − 2 log|𝑦 + 2| = 𝑥 + 2 log|𝑥| + 𝐶 …………………..(1)
Put x=1, y= –1, ⇒ −1 − 2 log 1 = 1 + 2 log 1 + C
⇒ −1 − 0 = 1 + 0 + C ⇒ C = −2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑦 − 2 log|𝑦 + 2| = 𝑥 + 2 log|𝑥| − 2
4. The volume of spherical balloon being inflated changes at a constant rate. If initially its radius is 3 units
and after 3 seconds it is 6 units. Find the radius of balloon after 𝑡 seconds.
Sol: Given that, Rate of change in volume w.r.t. time = constant
𝑑𝑉 𝑑 4 3 4 𝑑𝑟
⇒ =𝑘 ⇒ ( 𝜋𝑟 ) = 𝑘 ⇒ 𝜋 . 3𝑟 2 . =𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 3 3 𝑑𝑡

74
 ⇒ 4𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡 ⇒ 4𝜋 ∫ 𝑟 2 𝑑𝑟 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑟3
⇒ 4𝜋 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝐶 … … … … … … … … . (1)
3
Given conditions are (a) at t=0 r=3 [it gives constant 𝐶 = 36𝜋 ]
And (b) at t=3, r=6 [it gives constant k =84 𝜋]
𝑟3 𝑟3
⇒ 4𝜋 3 = 84𝜋 𝑡 + 36𝜋 ⇒ = 21𝑡 + 9 (𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 4𝜋)
3
⇒ 𝑟 3 = 63𝑡 + 27 𝑟 = (63𝑡 + 27)1/3

5- Solve 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

3𝑒 𝑥 sec2 𝑦
Sol.: 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 𝑥 − 1) sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ⇒ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑦
tan 𝑦

𝑥
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
⇒ 3 log(𝑒 − 1) = log tan 𝑦 + log 𝑐 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = log 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑓(𝑥)
⇒ log(𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3 = log(𝑐 tan 𝑦)
⇒ (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3 = 𝑐 tan 𝑦

𝑑𝑦
6- Solve = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Sol: = 𝑒 𝑥−𝑦
+ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 . 𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑦 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥3
∫ −𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑦
∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(𝑒 + 𝑥 𝑥 2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
⇒ 𝑒 =𝑒 + +𝑐𝑥
𝑒 3

[2] Homogeneous Differential Equation

A differential equation involving homogenous function is called homogenous differential

equation.

Homogenous function: A function 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) is said to be homogeneous function of degree n if 𝐹(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) =
𝜆𝑛 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦) for any nonzero constant 𝜆.

𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
For example: 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦 is a differential equation, if we replace x by λx and y by λy,

𝑑𝑦 𝜆2 𝑥 2 +𝜆2 𝑦 2 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 +𝑦2 ) 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
= 𝜆2 𝑥 2 +𝜆𝑥.𝜆𝑦 = = 𝜆0 , ∴ it is homogeneous Diff. Equation.
𝑑𝑥 𝜆2 (𝑥 2 +𝑥.𝑦) 𝑥 2 +𝑥𝑦

𝑑𝑦 𝑦
This type of homogeneous Differential Equation can be expressed as = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

𝑦2
𝑑𝑦 1+ 2 𝑦
In above example, dividing numerator & denominator by x2, = 𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 1+
𝑥

Method to solve Homogeneous Differential Equation

Form of Differential Equation is Form of Differential Equation is

𝒅𝒚 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
= 𝒇 (𝒙 ) = 𝒇 (𝒚)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 , =𝑣+𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , =𝑣+𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

75
 After simplification the variables v and x After simplification the variables v and
can be separated. Therefore, separate the y can be separated. Therefore, separate
variables and then integrate both sides. the variables and then integrate both
sides.
Questions

Solve the following Differential Equations-

𝑥+𝑦
1. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥
Sol: Given Differential Equation can be written as
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦 ′ = 1 + , 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
Therefore, it is a homogeneous Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ =𝑣+𝑥 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 Differential Equation
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ⇒ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑥

𝑦
⇒ 𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ = log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦= 𝑥 log|𝑥| + 𝑐𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
2. − 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

Sol: Since it is homogeneous differential equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 & = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = ⇒ − ∫ sin 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫
−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ cos 𝑣 = log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ cos
= log|𝑥| + 𝑐 … … … … … (1)
𝑥
when 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 ⇒ cos 0 = log 1 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐=1

𝑦
cos = log|𝑥| + 1
𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
OR 𝐴𝑠 log 𝑒 = 1, ∴ 𝑤𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑤𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒 cos 𝑥 = log|𝑥| + log 𝑒 ⇒ cos 𝑥 = log|𝑒𝑥|

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝜋
3. = − cos2 𝑥 , where 𝑦(1) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 4
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Sol: = − cos 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇒ = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 − cos 2 𝑣 ⇒ 2
=− ⇒ ∫ sec 2 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − ∫
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑣 𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
⇒ tan 𝑣 = − log|𝑥| + 𝑐 ⇒ tan = − log|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥
76
 𝜋 𝜋 𝑦
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 4 , tan 4 = − log 1 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐 = 1 ∴ tan 𝑥 = − log|𝑥| + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) +
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣𝑦 𝑣𝑦
Sol. 𝑃𝑢𝑡, 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 , =𝑣+𝑦 ⇒ 𝑣+𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 ( ) +
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
⇒ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ ⇒ −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑣 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑐 ⇒ −cos(𝑥/𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑦
[3] Linear Differential Equation

linear Differential Equation in y linear Differential Equation in x

𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
+ 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸 + 𝑷𝒙 = 𝑸
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
Where P and Q are the functions of x or Where P and Q are the functions of y or
constants only. constants only.
Integrating factor 𝑰. 𝑭. = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 Integrating factor 𝑰. 𝑭. = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒚
write the solution of the given Differential write the solution of the given Differential
Equation as given below and then solve Equation as given below and then solve
𝒚. (𝑰. 𝑭. ) = ∫ 𝑸. (𝑰. 𝑭. )𝒅𝒙 + 𝒄 𝒙. (𝑰. 𝑭. ) = ∫ 𝑸. (𝑰. 𝑭. )𝒅𝒚 + 𝒄

Note:- Before solving the questions, note the following concepts:

(here the base of log is e.)
−1 1
(𝑎) 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 (𝑏) 𝑒 − log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 −1 = 𝑥
2
(c) 𝑒 2 log 𝑥 = 𝑒 log 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 (𝑑) 𝐼𝑛 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑒 log 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)
Solved Questions
Find the general solution of the following Differential Equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
1. + 𝑥 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
𝒅𝒚 1
Sol : Comparing with + 𝑷𝒚 = 𝑸, we get P = 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄 = 𝑥 2
𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝒆∫ 𝑷𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆∫𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒙 = 𝑥
Therefore, solution of Differential Equation will be
𝑥4
𝑦. (𝑥) = ∫(𝑥 2 ) . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥𝑦 = +𝑐
4
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
2. cos 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
Sol: cos2 𝑥 + 𝑦 = tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Dividing both sides by cos2 𝑥 , + cos2 𝑥 = cos2 𝑥 ⇒ + (sec 2 𝑥)𝑦 = tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ + 𝑃𝑦 = 𝑄, 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑃 = sec 2 𝑥 , 𝑄 = tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
∴ I. F. = e∫ Pdx = 𝑒 ∫ sec 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 tan 𝑥
Now, solution of Differential Equation is
𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = ∫ tan 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 𝑒 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑇𝑜 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝐻𝑆, 𝑝𝑢𝑡 tan 𝑥 = 𝑡 ⇒ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡

77
 ∴ 𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 𝑛𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠,

𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑡 − ∫ 1. 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 = 𝑡. 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 + 𝑐

⇒ 𝑦(𝑒 tan 𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑡 (𝑡 − 1) + 𝑐 = 𝑒 tan 𝑥 (tan 𝑥 − 1) + 𝑐

⇒ 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑐. 𝑒 − tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
3. (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2 ; 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 1
Sol: (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = 1+𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 1 2𝑥 1
Dividing by (1+x2), + (1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑦 = (1+𝑥 2 )2
∴ 𝑃= , 𝑄=
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 2 (1+𝑥 2 )2
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2)
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫1+𝑥2 = 𝑒 log(1+𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥2
1
∴ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷. 𝐸. 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
(1 + 𝑥 2 )2
1
⇒ 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 … … (1)
(1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 = 1
𝜋 𝜋
⇒ 𝑐 = −4 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡, 𝑦 (1 + 𝑥 2 ) = tan−1 𝑥 − 4

𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
4. ( − ) =1
√𝑥 √𝑥 𝑑𝑦

𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑒 −2√𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑒 −2√𝑥

Sol: ( − ) =1 ⇒ = ( − ) ⇒ + =
√𝑥 √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 √ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 √ 𝑥 √𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 √𝑥 = 𝑒 2√𝑥
𝑒 −2√𝑥 1
∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 𝑒 2√𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑒 2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 𝑒 2√𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 𝑒 2√𝑥 = 2√𝑥 + 𝑐
√𝑥 √𝑥
5. 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 (2 − 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦(𝜋2) =2
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Sol: = 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 ⇒ = 2 cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 cot 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇒ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 cot 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑃 = cot 𝑥, 𝑄 = 2 cos 𝑥

𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 log sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥

∴ 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos 𝑥 . sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
cos 2𝑥
⇒ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = − +𝑐
2
𝜋 1 3 cos 2𝑥 3
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = ⇒ 𝑐 = 2 − 2 = 2 ∴ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = − +2
2 2
dy
6. (x 2 + 1) dx + 2xy = √x 2 + 4
dy 2x √x2 +4
Sol: divide by (𝑥 2 + 1) + x2 +1 y =
dx x2 +1
2𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ∫𝑥2 +1 = 𝑒 log(𝑥 +1) = 𝑥 2 + 1
∴ 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝐸𝑞𝑛. 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 ⇒ 𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 1) = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶

78
 1
⇒ y(x 2 + 1) = x √x 2 + 4 + 2 log |x + √x 2 + 4| + C
2
7. (tan−1 𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
dx x tan−1 y
Sol. dy + 1+y2 = 1+y2 , 𝐼. 𝐹. = 𝑒 tan 𝑦 & solution is 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑐𝑒 − tan 𝑦
−1 −1

𝐌𝐂𝐐′𝐬
1 The integrating factor of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 = 4𝑥 is
𝑑𝑦

𝑥 (b) 1/𝑥 (c) 𝑥2 (d) 1/𝑥 2

2 Solution of differential equation

𝑑𝑦
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 , 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑠
𝑦−2 𝑦−1 𝑦−1
cos ( ) = 𝑎 (b) cos ( ) = 𝑎 (c) sin ( ) = 𝑎 (d) none
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

3 How many arbitrary constants in the particular solution of a differential equation of

third order.
1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 4
4 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 3
Write the sum of the order and degree of the differential equation [( ) ]=0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) none of these
5 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
A homogeneous differential equation of the form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 ) can be solved
By making the substitution (a) 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 (b) 𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 (c) 𝑣 = 𝑥𝑦 (d) 𝑥 = 𝑦
The general solution of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 is
6 log y=k x (b) y= k x (c) x y=k (d) y=k log x
7 The number of arbitrary constants in the general solution of differential equation
of fourth order is/ are (a)0 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
8 Which of the following is a homogeneous differential equation?

(xy) dx − (x3+ y3) dy = 0 (c) (x3+ 2y2) dx + 2xy dy = 0

y2dx+(x2− xy − y2) dy = 0 (d) (4x+6y+5)dy−(3y+2x+4)dx = 0

9 If p and q are the degree and order of the differential equation
𝟐
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝟑 𝒚
(𝒅𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝟑 + 𝒅𝒙𝟑 = 𝟒 then the value of 2p – 3q is
𝒅𝒙

7 (b)-7 (c) 3 (d) -3

10 𝑑𝑦
Solution of The differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 tan 𝑥 ; 𝑦 = 1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 0 is
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 (b) 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 (c) 𝑦 = −sec 𝑥 (d)None of these
ANSWERS
1-b 2-b 3-c 4-a 5-a 6-b 7-d 8-b 9-b 10-a

VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. Find the order and degree of the differential equation
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 dy 3
(i) (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin (𝑑𝑥 ) = 1 (ii) x + dy = y2
dx
dx
Solve the differential equation
3. x(1 + y 2 )dx − y(1 + x 2 )dy = 0
4. 3ex tan y dx + (1 − ex ) sec 2 y dy = 0
dy
5. dx = 1 + x + y + xy
6. (𝑦 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
79
 𝑑𝑦
7. = 𝑦 sin 2𝑥 , 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
8. 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 tan 𝑦
9 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
10. cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑦 = 0, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 3
dy
11. 2x 2 dx
− 2xy + y = 0 2

12. x dy + (y − x 3 )dx = 0 [ Hint. I.F. = x]

dx
13. + x = cos y − sin y
dy

Answers

1. Order=2, degree= not defined 2. Order=1, degree= 2

3. 1 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑦 2 ) 4. tan 𝑦 = 𝑐 (𝑒 𝑥 − 1)3
𝑥2
5. log|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑥 + + 𝑐 6. tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑐
2
cos 2𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑐
7. Log 𝑦 = − +2 8. sin 𝑦 = 𝑦
2
𝑦
9. Sin−1 𝑥 = log 𝑥 + 𝑐 10. 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 − 2
2𝑥 𝑥3 𝑐
11. log 𝑥 + 𝑐 = 12. 𝑦 = +𝑥 13. 𝑥 = cos 𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑦 4

ASSERTION AND REASONING QUESTIONS

(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If the Assertion is incorrect but the Reason is correct.
dx
Q1. Assertion : The order of the differential equation + x = cos y − sin y is 1 .
dy
3
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
Reason : The order of the differential equation (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + (𝑑𝑥 ) + sin (𝑑𝑥 ) = 1 is 2.

Q2. Assertion : The sum of order and degree of the differential equation
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ sin (𝑑𝑥 ) = 2 is not defined.
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Reason : The order of the differential equation + sin (𝑑𝑥 ) = 2 is not defined.
𝑑𝑥 2
Answer 1. b 2. c
Case Study Based Questions
Read the following text and answer the following questions on the basis of the same: 50000 children were
vaccinated by Corona vaccine in a district. The rate at which Corona vaccine are given is directly
proportional to the number of children who have not been administered the Corona vaccine. By the end
of second week half the children have been given the Corona vaccine. How many will have been given
Corona vaccine by the end of 3rd week can be estimated using the solution to the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
= k(50 - y) where x denotes the number of weeks and y the number of children who have been given
𝑑𝑥
the Corona vaccine.
𝑑𝑦
Q.1 find the solution of the diff. equation 𝑑𝑥 = k(50 - y).
Q.2 Find the value of arbitrary constant in the general solution of Question 1 when given that y(0) = 0 and k =
0.049.

80
Q.3. Write the equation which may be used to find the number of children who have been vaccinated with the
Corona vaccine?
Answers
- log|50-y|= kx + c 2. c = - log50 3. y = 50(1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑥 )

81
 Ch-10 VECTOR ALGEBRA
Introduction
➢ Scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude like length, mass, time, temperature, work, etc.
➢ Vector is a quantity that has magnitude as well as direction like displacement, velocity, force, weight, etc.
➢ A directed line segment AB is a vector denoted as ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵
➢ Zero vector or null vector is a vector whose magnitude is zero and direction is undefined, i.e. whose initial
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0
and terminal points are same (coincident).𝐴𝐴
𝑎⃗
➢ Unit vector (𝒂
̂ ): a vector whose magnitude is unity, 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗|
➢ Equal Vectors: if two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ have same direction and equal magnitude, i.e.𝑎=𝑏⃗
➢ Co-initial Vector: two or more vectors having the same initial point are called co-initial vectors.
➢ Collinear Vectors: two or more vectors are said to be collinear if they are parallel to the same line,
irrespective of their magnitudes and directions.
➢ Negative of a vector: a vector whose magnitude is the same as that of a given vector, but direction is
opposite that of it, is called negative of the given vector.
➢ Position Vector: vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑂𝑃 having origin point O(0, 0, 0) as initial point and point P(x, y, z) as terminal
point is called the position vector of point P with respect to origin.
𝑂𝑃 =(𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂),Magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑂𝑃 = |𝑂𝑃

➢ Direction Cosines: as in figure, angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 made by the vector 𝑟

with the positive directions of x, y and z-axes respectively, are called its
direction angles and the cosine values of these angles i.e.𝑙 =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, 𝑚 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 and n=𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 are called direction cosines of vector 𝑟

➢ Direction Ratios :the coordinate of point P(as in above figure)

may also be expressed as (lr, mr, nr). The numbers lr, mr, nr are proportional to the direction cosines are
called as direction ratios of vector 𝑟 and denoted as a, b, c.
NOTE: 𝑙 2 + 𝑚2 + 𝑛2 = 1 but 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 ≠ 1 in general.

➢ Triangle Law of Vector Addition : in general, if we have two vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ then to add them, they
are positioned so that the initial point of one coincides with the terminal point of the other. (as in figure)
As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ since ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶 = - ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐴

So, we have, 𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ⃗0, this means that when the sides of a
triangle are taken in order, it leads to zero.

Parallelogram law of vector addition- if we have two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗

represented by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram in magnitude and direction, then their sum 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ is
represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram through their common point.
➢ Properties of vector addition:
(i)Commutative property 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗+ 𝑎
(ii) Associative property :( 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ ) + 𝑐 = 𝑎 + ( 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐)
➢ Components of a vector: if the position vector of point P(x, y, z) is
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = x𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂. This form of any vector is called its component form. Here x, y and z are called as the
𝑂𝑃
scalar components of 𝑟 and x𝑖̂, 𝑦𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧𝑘̂ are called vector components of 𝑟.
82
➢ Vector joining two points: if P(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 ) and Q(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 , 𝑧2 ) are any two points, then the vector joining P
𝑃𝑄 = (𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )𝑘̂ and the magnitude of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
and Q is the vector ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑃𝑄 = |𝑃𝑄⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | =
√(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and 𝑂𝑄
➢ Section Formula: Let P and Q are two points represented by the position vectors 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and point
R divides PQ in m : n
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ +𝑛𝑂𝑃
𝑚𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
(i) Internally 𝑂𝑅 𝑚+𝑛
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑛𝑂𝑃
𝑚𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
(ii) Externally 𝑂𝑅 𝑚−𝑛

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1 Find a vector in the direction of vector 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ that has a magnitude of 14 units.
𝑎⃗ 1
Solution: the unit vector in the direction of the given vector 𝑎 is 𝑎̂ = |𝑎⃗| = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂)
√14

Since |𝑎| = √(1)2 + (−2)2 + (3)2 = √14, therefore the vector having magnitude equal to 14 and in
1
the direction of 𝑎 is = 14𝑎̂ = 14. (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) = √14(𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂) Ans.
√14

Q.2 Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of the vectors ⃗⃗⃗𝑎 = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂) & ⃗⃗𝑏 = (𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ +
5𝑘̂)

solution: the sum of the given vectors is 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ )+(𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) =(4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) =𝑐 (𝑙𝑒𝑡)
𝑐 ̂)
(4𝑖̂+6𝑗̂ +2𝑘 ̂)
(2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +𝑘
|𝑐̂ | = √(4)2 + (6)2 + (2)2 = √56 = 2√14 , 𝑐̂ = |𝑐| = = Ans.
2√14 √14

Q.3 Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line joining two points P and Q whose position
vectors are 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ respectively, in the ratio 2 : 1 (i) internally. (ii) Externally

𝑂𝑃 =(2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑂𝑄

Solution: Here 𝑎 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑏⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)

(i) when divides internally

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑂𝑄+𝑛𝑂𝑃 = 1(2𝑖̂−4𝑗̂ +𝑘)+2(𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ +2𝑘)= 4𝑖̂−10𝑗̂ +5𝑘)
𝑂𝑅 𝑚+𝑛 2+1 3

(ii) when divides externally

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑂𝑄−𝑛𝑂𝑃 = 1(2𝑖̂−4𝑗̂ +𝑘)−2(𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ +2𝑘) = 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ Ans.
𝑂𝑅 𝑚−𝑛 2−1

Scalar (Dot) Product of two vectors

➢ The scalar product of two nonzero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗, denoted by 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ is defined as
𝑎. 𝑏⃗= |𝑎| | 𝑏⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗, 0≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋, if either 𝑎 = ⃗0 or 𝑏⃗ = ⃗0, then 𝜃 is not
defined, and in this case we define 𝑎. 𝑏⃗=0.

➢ 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0, if and only if 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular to each other, i.e. 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 0 ⇔ 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑏⃗

➢ If 𝜃 = 0, then 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = | 𝑎||𝑏⃗|, in particular 𝑎. 𝑎 = |𝑎|2
➢ If 𝜃 = 𝜋, then 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = −| 𝑎||𝑏⃗|, |, in particular𝑎. 𝑎 = −|𝑎|2
➢ For mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂, 𝑘̂ : 𝑖̂. 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂. 𝑘̂ = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖̂. 𝑗̂ = 𝑗̂. 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂. 𝑘̂ = 0

83
 ⃗
𝑎⃗ .𝑏 ⃗
𝑎⃗ .𝑏
➢ The angle 𝜃between two nonzero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ is given by 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = (|𝑎⃗|| 𝑏⃗|) or 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (|𝑎⃗|| 𝑏⃗|)
➢ The scalar product is commutative i.e.𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗. 𝑎
➢ Distributive property𝑎.(𝑏⃗ + 𝑐) = 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑎 . 𝑐
➢ Let 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ be any two vectors, and 𝜆 be any scalar. Then (𝜆𝑎). 𝑏⃗ = 𝜆(𝑎 . 𝑏⃗) = 𝑎. (𝜆𝑏⃗).
➢ Scalar product in terms of components: Let two vectors are 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑎 = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ +
𝑏3 𝑘̂ then 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂). (𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂)
⇒ 𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3
➢ Projection of a vector on a line (or vector):
⃗ on the line l is given by 𝒂
(i) if 𝑝̂ is the unit vector along a line l, then the projection of a vector 𝒂 ⃗ . 𝑝̂ .
⃗𝒃 ⃗
⃗ .𝒃
𝒂
(ii) Projection of a vector 𝒂 ⃗ is given by 𝒂
⃗ on other vector𝒃 ⃗ . 𝑏̂ 𝑜𝑟 𝒂
⃗. 𝑜𝑟
|𝒃⃗| ⃗|
|𝒃

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ will be itself and if 𝜃 = 𝜋 then the projection vector of 𝑨𝑩

(iii) if 𝜃 = 0, then the projection vector of 𝑨𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ will be
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩𝑨.
𝜋 3𝜋
(iv) if 𝜃 = 𝑜𝑟 , then the projection vector of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩 will be zero vector.
2 2

NOTE: if a vector 𝒂⃗ = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ then, 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , are precisely the projections of 𝒂

⃗ along x-axis, y-axis
and z-axis, respectively.

SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1 Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.

⃗
𝑎⃗ .𝑏
Solution: the angle 𝜃 between two vectors given by 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ⃗|
)
|𝑎⃗|| 𝑏

Since𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂). (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) = 1 − 1 − 1 = −1

−1 −1
and |𝑎| = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 | 𝑏⃗| = √1 + 1 + 1 = √3 so, 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( 3 ) Ans.
√3√3

Q.2 Find the vector form of the component of 𝑎 along 𝑏⃗ if vector 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and vector 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂.

Solution: vector form of the component of 𝑎 along 𝑏⃗ is given by

⃗ .𝒃
𝒂 ⃗ ̂).(𝒊̂−𝟐𝒋̂+𝒌
(𝟐𝒊̂+𝒋̂−𝟑𝒌 ̂) 2−2−3 −3 3
⃗
= = = 2√21 , therefore, projection is 2√21
|𝒃| √4+1+9√1+4+1 √14√6

3
Now vector form of the component of 𝑎 along 𝑏⃗= ̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)
(𝑖
2√21

Q.3 if 𝑎 is a unit vector and (𝑥 − 𝑎). (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 8, then find |𝑥|.

Solution: Since 𝑎is a unit vector, therefore |𝑎| = 1,
also , (𝑥 − 𝑎). (𝑥 + 𝑎) = 8,

Or 𝑥. 𝑥 + 𝑥. 𝑎 − 𝑎 . 𝑥 − 𝑎. 𝑎 = 8, or |𝑥|2 − 1 = 8i.e.|𝑥|2 = 9 , so, |𝑥| = 3 Ans.

Q.4 If 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂and 𝑐 = 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ are such that 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑐 , then find
the value of 𝜆.

84
 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝜆𝑏)
Solution: Since (𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⊥ 𝑐 therefore, (𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗).𝑐 = 0

⇒ {(2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) + 𝜆(−𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂)}. (3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) = 0

⇒ (2 − 𝜆).3 + (2 + 2𝜆).1 + (2 + 𝜆).0 = 0 ⇒ 𝜆 = 8 Ans.
Q.5 If the vertices A, B, C of a triangle ABC are (1, 2, 3), (-1, 0, 0) and (0, 1, 2) respectively, then find ∠ABC
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and𝐵𝐶
Solution: Here ∠ABC is the angle between the vectors 𝐵𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗

Now ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴= ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1 + 1)𝑖̂ + (2 − 0)𝑗̂ + (3 − 0)𝑘̂ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
And 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (0 + 1)𝑖̂ + (1 − 0)𝑗̂ + (2 − 0)𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴.𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ̂ ).(𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +2𝑘
(2𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +3𝑘 ̂) 2+2+6 10
Now ∠ABC= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (|𝐵𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ||𝐵𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (√22 ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( )
+22 +32 √12 +12 +22 √17√6 √102

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1 Let 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ two unit vectors and 𝜃 is the angle between them. Also 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ is a unit vector. Find the
angle θ.
Solution: Here |𝑎|= |𝑏⃗|=1 and |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| = 1 ⇒ |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗|2 = 1
⇒ (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ ). (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) = 1 ⇒ 𝑎.𝑎+𝑎.𝑏⃗ +𝑏⃗. 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 1⇒ |𝑎|2 + 2(𝑎.𝑏⃗) + |𝑏⃗|2 = 1

⇒ 1 + 2|𝑎||𝑏⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1 = 1 since |𝑎| = |𝑏⃗| = 1⇒ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −1 ⇒ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −1/2 ⇒ 𝜃 = 2𝜋/3 Ans.

𝜃 1
Q.2 If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two unit vectors inclined at an angle 𝜃, then prove that sin 2= 2 |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗|
Solution: Here |𝑎|= |𝑏⃗|=1
|𝑎 − 𝑏⃗|2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗). (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗) = 𝑎.𝑎-𝑎.𝑏⃗ -𝑏⃗. 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗. 𝑏⃗
𝜃 𝜃
= |𝑎|2 − 2(𝑎.𝑏⃗) + |𝑏⃗|2 = 1+1 - 2 |𝑎||𝑏⃗|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃= 2 - 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2(1 - 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)= 2x2𝑠𝑖𝑛2 =4𝑠𝑖𝑛2
2 2
𝜃 𝜃 1
So, |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗|2 = 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2 ⇒sin2= 2 |𝑎 − 𝑏⃗| Hence Proved.
Q.3 Let 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are three vectors such that | 𝑎 |=1, |𝑏⃗| =2 and |𝑐| = 3. If the projection of 𝑏⃗ along 𝑎 is equal
to the projection of 𝑐 along 𝑎; and 𝑏⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑐 then find |3 𝑎- 2𝑏⃗+2𝑐 |.
𝑏⃗ .𝑎⃗ 𝑐 .𝑎⃗
Solution: Given |𝑎⃗| = |𝑎⃗| ⇒ 𝑏⃗ . 𝑎 = 𝑐 . 𝑎 ……(i)

𝑏⃗ ⊥ 𝑐 ⇒ 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 = 0…….(ii) |3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 |2 = (3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 ). (3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 )

= 9|𝑎|2 + 2|𝑏⃗|2 + 4|𝑐|2 − 12𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ − 8𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 12𝑎 . 𝑐

= 9(1)2 + 4(2)2 + 4(3)2 = 61[ using (i) and (ii) ]

Therefore |3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐 |2= 61, so |3 𝑎 − 2𝑏⃗ + 2𝑐| = √61 Ans.

Q.4 If 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 are unit vectors such that 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0, then write the value of 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎.

Solution: Given 𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 = ⃗0

|𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 |2 = 0 ⇒ (𝑎+ 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ). (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐) = 0 ⇒ |𝑎|2 + |𝑏⃗|2 + |𝑐 |2 + 2𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 2𝑏⃗ . 𝑐 + 2𝑎 . 𝑐 = 0

1 + 1 + 1 +2 (𝑎 . 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐. 𝑎) = 0 ⇒ 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐 + 𝑐 . 𝑎 = -3/2

85
 Q.5 If with reference to the right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂ and 𝑘̂, 𝛼 =3𝑖̂-𝑗̂
and 𝛽 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂, then express 𝛽 in the form 𝛽 = 𝛽
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 is parallel to 𝛼 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 where 𝛽 𝛽2 is perpendicular
to 𝛼.

Solution: let⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽1 = 𝜆𝛼 ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 𝜆( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂)
⃗⃗⃗ where 𝜆 is a scalar, so 𝛽
⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = (2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂)-𝜆( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂) = (2-3𝜆)𝑖̂ + (1 + 𝜆)𝑗̂-3𝑘̂
𝛽2 = 𝛽 − 𝛽

Since ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2is to be perpendicular to 𝛼 So we should have 𝛼 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝛽2 = 0
1
( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂).( (2-3𝜆)𝑖̂ + (1 + 𝜆)𝑗̂-3𝑘̂)=0, therefore, 6-9 𝜆 − 1 − 𝜆 = 0, so, 𝜆 = 2,
1 1 1 3
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 = 1/2( 3𝑖̂-𝑗̂) and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Therefore 𝛽 𝛽2= (2-3. 2)𝑖̂ + (1 + 2)𝑗̂-3𝑘̂ = 2 𝑖̂ + 2 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ Ans.

Q.6 Let 𝑎 = 1𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂𝑏⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ . Find a vector 𝑑 which is perpendicular to
both 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 . 𝑑 = 15.

Solution: let vector 𝑑 = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂

Since, 𝑑 is perpendicular to 𝑎and 𝑏⃗. So, 𝑑 . 𝑎 = 0 and , 𝑑 . 𝑏⃗ = 0

Therefore, 𝑑. 𝑎 = 0, 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 … . (𝑖)

𝑑. 𝑏⃗ = 0 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 … . (𝑖𝑖)

And 𝑑. 𝑐 = 15 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 15 … (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

From (i) 𝑥 = 4𝑦 + 2𝑧, put in (ii) and (iii), we get 12𝑦 + 13𝑧 = 0 … (𝑖𝑣)
and 7𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 15. . (𝑣), so, from (iv) and (v) we get x = 160/3, y = -5/3, z= 70/3
1
So, 𝑑 = 160/3𝑖̂ − 5/3𝑗̂ + 70/3𝑘̂ = 3 ( 160𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 70𝑘̂) Ans.

VECTOR PRODUCT OR CROSS PRODUCT

➢ The vector product of two nonzero vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ , is denoted by 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ and defined as
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = |𝑎 ||𝑏⃗|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑛̂
Where 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ and 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗

➢ Let 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ be two non zero vectors. Then 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = ⃗0 if and only if 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗are parallel (or collinear) to each
other, i.e.
𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = ⃗0 ⇔ 𝑎 ||𝑏⃗ in particular 𝑎 × 𝑎 = ⃗0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝜃 = 0, 𝑠𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 0

➢ If 𝜃 = 𝜋/2, then 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = | 𝑎 ||𝑏⃗|𝑛̂, since 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =1

➢ For mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘̂ we have
𝑖̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂ × 𝑘̂ = ⃗0

𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂, 𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂, 𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
|𝑎⃗ ×𝑏 ⃗|
➢ In vector product, the angle between two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ may be given as 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = |𝑎⃗ ||𝑏⃗ |
➢ Vector product is not commutative i.e.𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ = −𝑏⃗ × 𝑎, So, 𝑗̂ × 𝑖̂ = −𝑘̂ , 𝑘̂ × 𝑗̂ = −𝑖̂, 𝑖̂ × 𝑘̂ = − 𝑗̂
1
➢ If 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a triangle then its area is given as 2 |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|.

86
➢ If 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ represent the adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area is given as |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|. And if 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗
1
represent the diagonals of a parallelogram then area is |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|. 2
➢ Distributive property: 𝑎 × (𝑏⃗ + 𝑐 ) = 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ + 𝑎 × 𝑐
➢ Let 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are two vectors given in component form as 𝑎 = 𝑎1 𝑖̂ + 𝑎2 𝑗̂ + 𝑎3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 𝑗̂ + 𝑏3 𝑘̂,
then their cross product may be given as
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 |= 𝑖̂(𝑎2 𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏2 ) − 𝑗̂(𝑎1𝑏3 − 𝑎3 𝑏1 ) + 𝑘̂(𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 )
⃗
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

VERY SHORT ANSWERS QUESTIONS

Q:1 Find the area of a triangle having the points A(1, 1, 1), B(1, 2, 3) and C(2, 3, 1) as its vertices.
1
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Ans: we have ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑋𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂. The area of the given triangle is 2 |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Now 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶 = |0 1 2| = 𝑖̂(0 − 4) − 𝑗̂(0 − 2) + 𝑘̂(0 − 1) =-4 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1 2 0
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝐴𝐶
Area of triangle = ½ |𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √(−4)2 + (2)2 + (−1)2 = √21 Ans.
2 2

Q:2 Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent sides are determined by the vectors 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ +
3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ .

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Ans: Here⃗⃗⃗𝑎 × 𝑏 =|1 −1 3|= = 𝑖̂(−1 + 21) − 𝑗̂(1 − 6) + 𝑘̂(−7 + 2) =20𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
⃗
2 −7 1
Area of parallelogram = |𝑎 × 𝑏⃗|=√(20)2 + (5)2 + (−5)2 =√450 =15√2 Ans.

Q:3 Find the area of the parallelogram whose diagonals are determined by the vectors ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑1 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Ans: Here ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑1 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 =|2 −1 3|= = 𝑖̂(−3 + 6) − 𝑗̂(6 − 3) + 𝑘̂(−4 + 1) =3𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
1 −2 3
1 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑋 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Area of parallelogram = 1/2 |𝑑 𝑑2 |=2 √(3)2 + (−3)2 + (−3)2 =2 √27 =3√3 /2 Units Ans.

Q:4 Findα and β if (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 27𝑘̂) × (𝑖̂ + 𝛼𝑗̂ + 𝛽𝑘̂) = ⃗0

Ans: (2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 27𝑘̂) × (𝑖̂ + 𝛼𝑗̂ + 𝛽𝑘̂) = ⃗0

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
̂ ̂
(2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 27𝑘 ) × (𝑖̂ + 𝛼𝑗̂ + 𝛽𝑘) = |2 6 27| = ⃗0
1 𝛼 β

Therefore, 𝑖̂(6β − 27α) − 𝑗̂(2𝛽 − 27) + 𝑘̂ (2α − 6)= 0𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 0𝑘̂
Since, in two equal vectors their components are also equal.
27
Therefore, 6β − 27α = 0,2𝛽 − 27 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2α − 6 = 0 So, we get 𝛽 = 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 α = 3 Ans.

87
 √2
Q: 5 Let the vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are such that |𝑎| = 3 and | 𝑏⃗| = 3 , if 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗ is a unit vector, then find angle
between 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗.

Ans: Since 𝑎 × 𝑏⃗is a unit vector, so |𝑎

⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑏⃗| = 1

√2
|𝑎 ||𝑏⃗| 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =1 Therefore, 3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1 So, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 1/√2 So, angle 𝜃 = 𝜋/4 Ans.
3

EXTRA QUESTIONS

Q.1 For given vectors 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ find the unit vector in the direction of the
vector 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗.

Q.2 If 𝑎 = 5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂, then show that the vectors 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ are
perpendicular.

Q.3 Find|𝑎 − 𝑏⃗|, if two vectors 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ are such that |𝑎| = 2, |𝑏⃗|=3 and 𝑎. 𝑏⃗ = 4.

Q.4 Find the magnitude of two vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗, having the same magnitude and such that the angle
between them is 600 and their scalar product is ½.

Q.5 Show that |𝑎|𝑏⃗ + |𝑏⃗|𝑎 is perpendicular to |𝑎|𝑏⃗ − |𝑏⃗|𝑎 for any two non-zero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ .

Q.6 Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vector (𝑎 + 𝑏⃗) and (𝑎 − 𝑏⃗), where 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘,
̂ 𝑏⃗=𝑖̂ +
2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
1 1 1
Q.7 Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and OZ are , , .
√3 √3 √3

Q.8 If 𝑎 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗=3𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ and 𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, find a unit vector parallel to the vector 2𝑎 +
3𝑏⃗- 4𝑐.

Q.9 Find a vector of magnitude 5 units and parallel to the resultant of the vectors 𝑎 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂, 𝑏⃗=𝑖̂ −
2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1 If 𝑎 , 𝑏⃗and 𝑐 are mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitudes, show that the vectors 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐
is equally inclined to 𝑎, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐 .

Q.2 if 𝑎𝑋𝑏⃗ = 𝑐 𝑋𝑑 and 𝑎𝑋𝑐 = 𝑏⃗𝑋𝑑 then show that 𝑎 − 𝑑 is parallel to 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐 , where 𝑎 ≠ 𝑑 and 𝑏⃗ ≠ 𝑐
Hint: 𝑎𝑋𝑏⃗ − 𝑎𝑋𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑋𝑑 − 𝑏⃗ 𝑋𝑑
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐 ) = (𝑐 − 𝑏⃗)𝑋𝑑 or 𝑎𝑋(𝑏
𝑎𝑋(𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐 ) − (𝑐 − 𝑏⃗)𝑋𝑑 = ⃗0 or 𝑎𝑋(𝑏
⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑐 ) + 𝑑 𝑋(𝑐 − 𝑏⃗) = ⃗0

⃗⃗⃗
(𝑏 − 𝑐 )𝑋(𝑎 − 𝑑) = ⃗0 , therefore, 𝑎 − 𝑑 is parallel to 𝑏⃗ − 𝑐

Q.3 The two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ and 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂. Find the two unit vectors
parallel to its diagonals. Using the diagonal vectors, find the area of the parallelogram.

Hint: First find diagonals by ⃗⃗⃗⃗

𝑑1 = 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑2 = 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗ then find their unit vectors and hence find area by
1
⃗⃗⃗⃗1 𝑋𝑑
|𝑑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗2 |.
2

Q.4 Show that the points A(1, -2, -8), B(5, 0, -2) and C(11, 3, 7) are collinear and find the ratio in which B
divides AC.
88
 𝜃 1 𝜃 ⃗|
|𝑎⃗−𝑏
Q.5 If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are two unit vectors inclined at an angle 𝜃, then prove that cos( 2)= 2 |𝑎 + 𝑏⃗| and tan( 2)= |𝑎⃗+𝑏⃗|

Q.6 A vector 𝑟 has magnitude 14 and direction ratios 2, 3, -6. Find the direction cosines and components of 𝑟,
𝑎 𝑏
given that 𝑟 makes an acute angle with x-axis. {Hint: Find 𝑙 = √𝑎2 , 𝑚 = √𝑎2 ,𝑛 =
+𝑏2 +𝑐 2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑐 ̂)
14(2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ −6𝑘
√𝑎2 +𝑏2 +𝑐 2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑟 = √22 +32 +62
= 4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 12𝑘̂

ANSWERS
VERY SHORT

1.
𝟏
𝒊̂ +
𝟏 ̂
𝒌 3. √𝟓 4.
𝟏𝟔√𝟐 𝟐√𝟐
, 5. |𝑎| = 𝟏, |𝑏⃗ | = 1 7.
−𝟏
𝒊̂ +
𝟐
𝒋̂ −
𝟏 ̂ 9.2𝑖̂+𝑗̂ +2𝑘̂
𝒌
√𝟐 √𝟐 𝟑√𝟕 𝟑√𝟕 √𝟔 √𝟔 √𝟔 19√

𝟑√𝟏𝟎 √𝟏𝟎
10. 𝟐
𝒊̂ + 𝟐
𝒋̂

SHORT

̂1 = 4𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ −2𝑘̂ , 𝑑
3.𝑑 ̂1 = 3𝑗̂ +4𝑘̂, area= 2√101 4.2 : 3
√24 5

6. 𝑙 =2/7, m=3/7, n=--6/7, Components 4𝑖̂, 6𝑗̂, −12𝑘̂

ASSERTION-REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Q1 Assertion : 𝐴×𝐵 ⃗ is perpendicular to both 𝐴+𝐵
⃗ as well as 𝐴-𝐵
⃗ .

Reason : ⃗ as well as 𝐴-𝐵

𝐴+𝐵 ⃗ . lie in the plane containing 𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗
⃗ lies perpendicular to the plane containing 𝐴 and 𝐵
but 𝐴×𝐵 ⃗

Q2. Assertion : Angle between 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ and 𝑖̂ is 45°

Reason : 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ is equally inclined to both 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ and the angle between 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ is 90°
⃗ , then tan θ 𝑛̂ =𝐴×𝐵
Q3. Assertion : If θ be the angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ / 𝐴.𝐵
⃗
Reason : 𝐴×𝐵 ⃗ is perpendicular to 𝐴.𝐵⃗

⃗ | = |𝐴-𝐵
Q4. Assertion : If |𝐴+𝐵 ⃗ |, then angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵
⃗ is 90°

Reason : ⃗ =𝐵
𝐴+𝐵 ⃗ +𝐴

Answer
Q1 a Q3 c
Q2 a cosθ=(𝑖̂+𝑗̂).( 𝑖̂)/| 𝑖̂+j^| |𝑖̂|=1/√2. Q4 b
Hence θ=45∘. A2+B2+2ABcosθ= A2+B2 -2ABcosθ
Hence cosθ=0 which gives θ=90∘
Also vector addition
commutative. Hence A +B =B +A .

89
 MCQs

Q1 If 𝑎 = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑚𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂𝑎such that 𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ and 𝑎 − 𝑏⃗

are perpendicular to each other then‘m‘ is
(a)1 (b)±1 (c) ±2 (d) 2
Q2 Find the values of x,y and z so that the vectors 𝑎=2𝑖̂ + 𝑥𝑗̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑧𝑘̂ − 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ =
𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑏re equal ?
(a)(2,4,-1 ) (b)( 2,3,-1 ) (c) ( 3,2,1 ) (d)( 4,2,1)

Q3 If 𝜃 is the angle between 2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ then sin𝜃 is
(a) 2/3 (b) 2/√7(c) √2/7 (d) √(2/7)

Q4 The position vectors of points A,B,C,D are 𝑎, 𝑏⃗, 2𝑎 + 3𝑏

⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 −
2𝑏⃗ respectively. Find the ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷𝐵
(a) 𝑎 − 3 𝑏⃗ (b) -𝑎 + 3 𝑏⃗(c) −𝑎 + 𝑏⃗ (d) 2𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 3 𝑏⃗

Q5 If the position vector 𝑎 of a point (12,n) is such that |𝑎|= 13, Find the value of n.
(a) ±5 (b) 13(c) 5 (d) ±13
Q6 If 𝑎 and 𝑏⃗ are the position vectors of the points(1,-1),(-2,m) find the value of m
for which𝑎𝑎 and 𝑏→ are collinear.
(a) 2 (b) 1(c) -1 (d) -2

Q7 Find (𝑎𝑎 + 3 𝑏⃗ ) .( 2𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑏⃗ ) , if 𝑎= 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂ and 𝑏→ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂.
(a) -15 (b) -13 (c) -17 (d) -12

Q8 Angle between 𝑎𝑋 𝑏⃗ and 𝑏⃗𝑋 𝑎 is:

(a) 2𝜋 (b) 𝜋 (c) 0 (d) None of these
Q9
For what value of ‘a’, the vectors 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂ are collinear.
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) -4 (d) -3

1. B 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. A
6. A 7. A 8. B 9. C

Case Based Question

Solar Panels have to be installed carefully so that the tilt of the roof, and the direction to the sun, produce the
largest possible electrical power in the solar panels.A surveyor uses his instrument to determine the coordinates
of the four corners of a roof where solar panels are to be mounted. In the picture , suppose the points are labelled
counter clockwise from the roof corner nearest to the camera in units of meters P1 (6,8,4) , P2 (21,8,4), P3
(21,16,10) and P4 (6,16,10)

90
 1. What are the components to the two edge vectors defined by 𝐴 = PV of P2 – PV of P1 and
⃗ = PV of P4 – PV of P1? (where PV stands for position vector)
𝐵
2. Write the vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ in standard notation with 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂and 𝑘̂ (where 𝑖̂, 𝑗̂and 𝑘̂ are the unit vectors along
the three axes).
3. What are the magnitudes of the vectors 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ and in what units?
4. What are the components to the vector 𝑁 ⃗ , perpendicular to 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ and the surface
of the roof?
5. What is the magnitude of 𝑁 ⃗ and its units? The sun is located along the unit vector
𝑆 = ½ 𝑖̂-6/7𝑗̂+1/7 𝑘̂. If the flow of solar energy is given by the vector 𝐹 = 910 S in units of watts/meter2.
What is the dot product of vectors 𝐹 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑁 ⃗ , and the units for this quantity?

ANSWERS
1. 15, 0, 0 : 0, 8, 6 2. Answer 15i+0j+0k Answer 2: 0i+8j+6k
2 2
3. Answer : 15 unit , Answer √8 + 6 = 10 Units
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
4. 𝑵⃗⃗ = 𝐴 × 𝐵 =|15 0 0|= -90j+120k Answer: -90 , 120
0 8 6
5. √(−90)2 + 1202 = 150 Units
Answer of second part: 𝐹 = 910 (1/2𝒊̂-6/7𝒋̂+1/7𝒌̂) = 455𝒊̂– 780𝒋̂+ 130𝒌̂.
⃗ = 455*(0) -780*(-90) + 130*120 = 85,800 watts.
The dot product is just 𝐹 ∙ 𝑁
From the definition of dot product: 𝐹 ∙ 𝑁⃗ = |𝐹 ||𝑁⃗ |cosθ
Then since | 𝐹 | = 910 and |𝑁 ⃗ | = 150 and 𝐹 ∙ 𝑁
⃗ = 85,800

91
 THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
BASIC CONCEPTS:-
1. DISTANCE FORMULA:- Distance between two given points P(x1, y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2) is
PQ= √(x2 − x1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2 + (𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )2

Q1:- Find the distance between the points P ( -2,4,1) and Q ( 1,2,-5)

Soln:- PQ = √(1 + 2)2 + (2 − 4)2 + (−5 − 1)2 = 7 unit

2. SECTION FORMULA:-

IF P(x1, y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2) be two points and R (x, y, z) be a point on the line segment joining P and
Q.
i) The point R divide PQ in m1:m2 Internally Then co-ordinates of point R are
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑧2 +𝑚2 𝑧1
( , , ) .
𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2 𝑚1 +𝑚2
ii) The point R divide PQ in m:n Externally Then co-ordinates of point R are
𝑚1 𝑥2 − 𝑚2 𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑦2 − 𝑦𝑥1 𝑚1 𝑧2 − 𝑚2 𝑧1
( , , )
𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
Q2:- Find the coordinates of the point which divides the join of P( 2,-1,4) and Q (4,3,2) in the ratio 2:3
internally.

P R Q
Soln:- Let R(x, y, z) be the required point then
( 2,-1,4) (x, y, z) (4,3,2)
𝑚1 𝑥2 +𝑚2 𝑥1 2 x 4+3 x2 14
x= = =
𝑚1 +𝑚2 2+3 5

𝑚1 𝑦2 +𝑚2 𝑦1 2 x3+3 x (−1) 3

y= = =5
𝑚1 +𝑚2 2+3

𝑚1 𝑧2 +𝑚2 𝑧1 2x 2+3 x4 16
z= = =
𝑚1 +𝑚2 2+3 5

14 3 16
Required point is ( 5 , 5 , 5 )

3. Direction Cosines and Direction Ratios of a line :-

A) If a line makes angle 𝛼 , 𝛽, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛾 with x, y, z axis respectively then its direction cosines are given
by l = Cos𝛼, m = Cos 𝛽 and n= Cos 𝛾 such that l2 + m2 +n2 = 1 .
B) The real numbers which are proportional to direction cosines of the line, are known as direction
l m n
ratios of that line, If a, b, c are three real no, then a = =
b c
C) If a, b, c are direction ratio of any line then
a b c
l = ± √a2 , m= ± √a2 , n = ± √a2
+b2 +c2 +b2 +c2 +b2 +c2

4. Angle between two lines

if 𝑙1 , 𝑚1 , 𝑛1 and 𝑙2 , 𝑚2 , 𝑛2 are direction cosines of two lines then cos𝜃 = 𝑙1 𝑙2 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 + 𝑛1 𝑛2
If 𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑐1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 , 𝑐2 are direction ratios of two lines then angle between them
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 a1 a2 +b1 b2 +c1 c2
cos𝜃 = .
√a21 +b21 +c21 √a22 +b22 +c22

• If two lines are perpendicular then a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 = 0 .

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
• If two lines are parallel then = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
• The direction ratios of a line passing through two points P(x1, y1,z1) and Q(x2,y2,z2) is
(x2- x1, y2 - y1, z2- z1 ).

Q3:- Find the direction ratios of a line passing through the points (2,3,4) and (-5,2,7) .

Soln:- Direction ratios of the line are = [ ( -5-2), (2-3) , (7-4) ] = ( -7,-1,3) .

5. Equation of line Passing through one point and parallel to given vector
Vector form :- Equation of a line passing through l passing through a point
A with position vector 𝑎 and parallel to a given vector 𝑏⃗ is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗
.

𝑄4: − Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (3, 4,
5) and is parallel to the vector 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3 𝑘̂ .
Soln:- Equation of line is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗
𝑎 =3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂.
𝑟 = 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5 𝑘̂ + 𝜆 (2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂. )
Cartesian Form :- The cartesian equation of a line passing through a point A (x1, y1,z1) and having direction
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
ratios (a,b,c) is 𝑎 1 = 𝑏 1 = 𝑐 1 .
Note :- Check every time that the equation should be in standard form before getting passing point and
direction ratios.
i.e the coefficient of x,y,z must be +1, otherwise we have to make it .
3 5
2𝑥 − 3 𝑦+2 −3𝑧 − 5 𝑥−2 𝑦 − (−2) 𝑧+3
= = ⇒ = =
4 2 1 2 2 1
−3
3 5 1
Passing point of line is (2,-2,- 3 ) and dr’s ( 2,2,-3 )
Q5:- Find the equation of a line passing through a point ( 3,-2,5) and parallel to y-axis
𝑥−3 𝑦+2 𝑧−5
Soln:- The equation of required line is = = .
0 1 0
Conversion of vector form to Cartesian
Let equation of line be 𝑟 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑥2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥3 𝑘̂ + 𝜆 (𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ )
Then 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑥2 𝑗̂ + 𝑥3 𝑘̂ Passing point (𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 )
(𝑏1 𝑖̂ + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 𝑘̂ ) direction ratios <𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏3 >
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑥 𝑧−𝑥
Equation of line in cartesian form is 𝑏 1 = 𝑏 2 = 𝑏 3 .
1 2 3
Conversion of cartesian to vector form
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧
Let the equation of the line be = 𝑐 1 then
=
𝑎 𝑏
Passing point ( 𝑥1 , 𝑦1 , 𝑧1 )𝑎 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ co-ordinates
direction ratios <a,b,c>𝑏⃗ = a𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂.
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 Equation of line is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆𝑏⃗
𝑟 = 𝑥1 𝑖̂ + 𝑦1 𝑗̂ + 𝑧1 𝑘̂ + 𝜆( a𝑖̂ + 𝑏𝑗̂ + 𝑐𝑘̂ )
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
The co-ordinates of any point on the line = =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥−𝑥1 𝑦−𝑦1 𝑧−𝑧1
Let = = =𝜆
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
x= 𝑥1 + 𝑎𝜆 , y = 𝑦1 + 𝑏𝜆 z = 𝑧1 + 𝑐𝜆 (Parametric form of line )
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
Q6:- Find the point on the line = = at a distance of 3√2 from the point (1,2,3) .
3 2 2
𝑥+2 𝑦+1 𝑧−3
Soln:- The co-ordinates of any point on the line = = =𝜆
3 2 2
X = 3 𝜆 − 2 y = 2 𝜆 − 1 , z = 2 𝜆 + 3 ………………….(1)
Let the co-ordinates of the desired points are ( 3 𝜆 − 2 , 2 𝜆 − 1 , 2 𝜆 + 3 )
The distance between this point and (1,2,3) is 3√2 .
√(3 𝜆 − 2 − 1)2 + (2 𝜆 − 1 − 2)2 + (2 𝜆 + 3 − 3)2 = 3√2
⟹ 9(𝜆 − 1)2 + (2 𝜆 − 3)2 + 4𝜆2 = 18
30
⟹ 17𝜆2 – 30 𝜆 = 0 ⟹ 𝜆 = 0, 17
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝜆 in (1)
56 43 111
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 will be (−2, , −1,3) and (17 , 17 , )
17
𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1 𝑧
𝐐𝟕: −Show that the line = = and = = intersect. Find their point of intersection.
2 3 4 5 2 1

𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒏 ∶− The co-ordinates of any point on the line = = = 𝜆 (let)
2 3 4
x= 2 𝜆 + 1 , y= 3 𝜆 + 2 z= 4 𝜆 + 3
Co-ordinates of the general point on the line be ( 2 𝜆 + 1 , 3 𝜆 + 2 , 4 𝜆 + 3)
𝑥−4 𝑦−1 𝑧
The co-ordinates of any point on the line = = = 𝜇 (let)
5 2 1
x = 5 𝜇 + 4 , 𝑦 = 2𝜇 + 1, 𝑧 = 𝜇
Co-ordinates of the general point on the line are ( 5 𝜇 + 4 , 2𝜇 + 1, 𝜇 )
If both the lines intersect they must have a common point for some value of 𝜆 and 𝜇
(2 𝜆 + 1 , 3 𝜆 + 2 , 4 𝜆 + 3) = (5 𝜇 + 4 , 2𝜇 + 1, 𝜇 )
2 𝜆 + 1 = 5 𝜇 + 4 ; 3 𝜆 + 2 = 2𝜇 + 1 ; 4 𝜆 + 3 = 𝜇
2 𝜆 - 5 𝜇 = 3 ; 3𝜆-2 𝜇 = -1 ; 4 𝜆 - 𝜇 =-3
Getting 𝜆 = -1 and 𝜇 = -1 (solving first two equations) and it satisfy the third one .
Hence both the line will intersect and Point of Intersection is (-1,-1,-1).
Equation of line passing through two points

Vector equation of line passing through two points with position

vector 𝑎 &⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏 is 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆(𝑏⃗ - 𝑎 )

Cartesian equation of a straight line passing through two givenpoints A(x1, y1,z1) and B(x2,y2,z2)
𝑥−𝑥 𝑦−𝑦 𝑧−𝑧
is given by 𝑥 −𝑥1 = 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑧 −𝑧1 .
2 1 2 1 2 1

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𝑸𝟖:- Find the equation of a line through the points A ( 2,0,3) and B ( 1,5,6).
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐧:- Cartesian form of the line
𝑥−2 𝑦 𝑧−3 𝑥−2 𝑦 𝑧−3
= = ⟹ = = .
1−2 5−0 6−3 −1 5 3
Vector equation of the line 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆(𝑏⃗ - 𝑎 )
𝑎 =2𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ and 𝑏⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂.
𝑏⃗ - 𝑎 =- 𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂.
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 0𝑗̂ + 3 𝑘̂ + 𝜆(− 𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ )

SHORTEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO LINES :-

SKEW (neither parallel nor intersecting)
LINE
S
PARALLEL
Shortest Distance:- The shortest distance between the lines which is perpendicular to both the line .
1. Shortest distance between skew lines :- Let 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be two skew lines
given by
𝑟 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆b ⃗ 1 and 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇b ⃗ 2 respectively then
⃗ 1 Xb
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ).(b ⃗ 2)
𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗ ⃗
|
|b1 Xb2 |
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑𝒔 for calculation
A) Identify 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , b ⃗ 1 and b
⃗2
B) Evaluate 𝑎2 - 𝑎1
C) Evaluate b⃗ 1 X⃗⃗⃗b2
D) Evaluate |b ⃗ 1 Xb
⃗ 2|
E) Replace appropriate values and get the solution.
Q:-Find the shortest distance between the lines 𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ + ( 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝜇( 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ).
𝑺𝒐𝒍:- A) 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ 𝑎2 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗b1 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ⃗b2 = 2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
B) 𝑎2 - 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
C) ⃗b1 X⃗⃗⃗b2 = |1 −1 1| = -3𝑖̂ +3 𝑘̂
2 1 2
D) ⃗ 1 Xb
|b ⃗ 2 | = √(−3)2 + (3)2 = 3√2
⃗ 1 Xb
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ).(b ⃗ 2)
E) 𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗ ⃗
|
|b1 Xb2 |
̂ ).(−3𝑖̂ +3 𝑘
(𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ −2 𝑘 ̂) −3−6 9 3√2
= | | = | 3√2 | = 3√2 = unit
3√2 2

𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−2

Q:- Find the shortest distance between the lines = = and = =
2 3 1 5 1 0
𝑥−1 𝑦−(−1) 𝑧 𝑥−(−1) 𝑦−2 𝑧−2
Sol:- Equation of lines = = and = =
2 3 1 5 1 0
A) 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ − ̂𝑗 ⃗⃗⃗ 2
𝑎 = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
⃗ 1 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
b ⃗ 2 = 5𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂
b
B) 𝑎2 - 𝑎1 = -2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂

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 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
C) ⃗ 1 X⃗⃗b2 = |2 3 1| = -𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ − 13𝑘̂
b
5 1 0
D) ⃗ 1 Xb
|b ⃗ 2 | = √(−1)2 + (5)2 + (−13)2 = √195
⃗ 1 Xb
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 ).(b ⃗ 2)
E) 𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗ 1 Xb
⃗ 2|
|
|b
̂ ).( −𝑖̂+5𝑗̂ −13𝑘̂ )
(−2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +2 𝑘 2+15−26 9
=| | =| | = unit
√195 √195 √195
2. Shortest distance between Parallel lines:-
Let 𝑙1 and 𝑙2 be two Parallel lines given by
𝑟 = 𝑎1 + 𝜆𝑏⃗ and 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝜇𝑏⃗ respectively then
⃗
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 )𝑋 𝑏
𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗|
|𝑏
|
𝑺𝒕𝒆𝒑𝒔 for calculation
A) Identify 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , and 𝑏⃗
B) Evaluate 𝑎2 - 𝑎1
C) Evaluate (𝑎2 − 𝑎1 )𝑋 𝑏⃗
D) Evaluate |𝑏⃗|
E) Replace appropriate values and get the solution.
Q:-Find the shortest distance between the 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑟 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ +𝜆 (2 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ )
⃗⃗𝑟 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ + 𝜇( 4𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ + 8𝑘̂ ).
𝐒𝐨𝐥: − :- A) 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑎2 = 2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ & 𝑏⃗ = 2 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂
B) 𝑎2 - 𝑎1 = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2 𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
C) (𝑎2 - 𝑎1 ) X 𝑏 = |1 2 2| = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗
2 3 4
D) ⃗
|𝑏| = √(2) + 2 (3) 2 + (4)2 = √29

⃗)
(𝑎⃗2 −𝑎⃗1 )𝑋 𝑏
E) 𝑆. 𝐷 = | ⃗
|𝑏 |
|
̂
2𝑖̂ −𝑘 √(2)2 +(−1)2 √5
= | | =| | = unit .
√29 √29 √29

VERY SHORT QUESTIONS

.
2x −1 4 − y z + 1
1. Cartesian equation of line AB is = = . Write the direction ratio’s of a line parallel to
2 7 2
AB.
2. Find the direction cosines of a line passing through the points (– 1, 0, 2) and (3, 4, 6).
4. If a line makes angle 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with positive directions of x- axis, y-axis and z-axis respectively, then find
the value of sin 2  + sin 2  + sin 2  .
3. If the equation of a line is x = ay + b, z = cy + d , then find the passing point and direction
ratios of the line .
4. A line makes an angle π/4 with each of x-axis and y-axis. Find the angle between this line
and the z-axis.
Answers
1 (1,-7,2) 4 d.r.= < a,1,c>
passing point =( b,0,d)

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 2 1 1 1 5 900
d.r = ( , , )
√3 √3 √3
3 2
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Find the shortest distance between the following lines l1 and l2 and equation of the shortest

distance line :
x −3 y −5 z −7 x +1 y +1 z +1
l1 : = = , l2 = = =
1 −2 1 7 −6 1
x − 4 y + 3 z +1 x − 1 y + 1 z + 10
2. Prove that the lines = = and = = intersect each
1 −4 7 2 −3 8
other and find the point of intersection.
3. Find the equation of a line passing through the point (2,1,3) and perpendicular to the
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x y z
line = = and = = .
1 2 3 −3 2 5
x y −1 z − 2
4. Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) on the line = = .Also find the length of the perpendicular.
1 2 3
Answers

1 SD=√116 Eqn
𝑥−3
=
𝑦−5
=
𝑧−7 3 𝑥−2 𝑦−1 𝑧−3
−4 −6 −8 = =
2 −7 4
2. Point of intersection (5,-7,6) 4 Image point (1,0,7) , Distance= √13 Units

MCQs

Q1 If a line makes an angle x, y, z with the axes respectively ,then the value of
cos2x + cos2y+cos2zis
(a)1 (b)–1 (c) 4 (d) 3
Q2 Distance of the point (a,b, c) from y-axis is
(a)b (b)|b| (c)|b|+|c| (d)√(a2+c2)
Q3 The reflection of the point (a,b,c) in the xy-plane is
(a)(a,b,0) (b)(0,0, c) (c)(-a,-b, c) (d) (a, b,-c)
Q4 The area of the quadrilateral ABCD, where A(0, 4, 1), B(2, 3, –1), C(4, 5,0)
and D(2,6,2), is equal to
(a) 9sq. units (b)18 sq. Units (c)27 sq. Units (d)81sq.units
Q5 The direction cosines of the line passing through two points (2, 1, 0) and
(1,–2,3) are
(a) (1/√19, 3/√19, 3/√19) (b) (-1/√19, 3/√19, -3/√19)
(c) (-1/√19, -3/√19, 3/√19) (d) (1/√19, 3/√19, -3/√19)
Q6 If(1/2,1/3,n ) are the direction cosines of a line, then the value of n is
(a)√23/6 (b) 23/6 (c)2/3 (d)3 /2
Q7 The equation of y-axis in space is
(a)x=y=0 (b)x=z =0 (c)y=z =0 (d)y=0
Q8 The shortest distance between the two lines are zero if the lines are
(a)Intersecting (b)parallel (c).Skew (d)none of these
Q9 The d.r’s of the line which is perpendicular to the lines
𝑥−7 𝑦+17 𝑧−6 𝑥+5 𝑦 𝑧−4
= −3 = 1 and 1 = 2 = −2
2

97
 (a)(4, 5,7) (b)(4, -5,7) (c)(4,-5,-7) (d)(-4, 5, 7)
Q10 The length of perpendicular from origin to the line 𝑟=(4𝑖̂+2𝑗̂+4𝑘̂)+
𝜆(3𝑖̂+4𝑗̂−5𝑘̂)is
(a)2 (b) 2√3 (c)6 (d)7
Q11 The shortest distance between the lines 𝑟=(5𝑖̂+7𝑗̂+3𝑘̂)+𝜆(3𝑖̂−16𝑗̂+7𝑘̂) and
𝑟=(9𝑖̂+13𝑗̂+15𝑘̂)+𝜆(3𝑖̂+8𝑗̂− 5𝑘̂) is
(a)10 units (b)12 units (c)7√14/ 2 units (d)15units
3−𝑥 𝑦+2 𝑧+2
Q12 The d.c’s of a line parallel to the line = =
3 −2 6

(a)(-3/7, -2/7,6/7) (b)(3/7,-2/7,6/7)

(c)(3/7,2/7,6/7) (d )(3/7, -2/7,-6/7)
Q13 If l, m, n be the d.c’s of a line then 𝑙 +𝑚2+ 𝑛2 is equal to
2

(a)1 (b)2 (c)3 (d)2

Q14 𝑥−1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−1 5−𝑦 𝑧−6
If lines −3 = 2𝑘 = 2 and = == are mutually perpendicular
3𝑘 1 −5
then k is equal to
(a)−10/11 (b)–11/10 (c)–10 (d)–7
ANSWERS
1. (b)–1 8. (a)Intersecting
2. (d)√(a2+c2) 9. (a).(4,5,7)
3. (d)(a,b,-c) 10. (c)6
4. (b) 18 sq.units 11. (c)7√14/ 2 units
5. (c) (-1/√19,-3/√19,3/√19) 12. (a)(-3/7, -2/7,6/7)
6. a)√23 /6 13. (a)1
7. (b) x=z =0 14. (a)−10/11

Case Based Question

The Indian coast guard while patrolling , saw a suspicious boat with people. They were not looking like fishermen.
The coast guard were closely observing the movement of the boat for an opportunity to seize the boat. They
observed that the boat is moving along a planar surface. At an instant of time , the coordinates of the position of
the coast guard helicopter and the boat is ( 1,3,5) and (2,5,3) respectively.
Based on the above answer the following
i) At that given instant of time , find the equation of the line passing through the position of the
helicopter and the boat.
ii) Find the direction cosines of the line joining the helicopter and the boat.
iii) Find the perpendicular distance from the origin to the line joining the helicopter and the boat.
Or
Find the foot of the perpendicular from the ( 1,2,3) to the line joining the helicopter and the boat.

Answers:
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧−5
(i) = =
1 2 −2

(ii) 1/3 , 2/3 , -2/3

(iii) 3 units or ( 2/3, 1/3,2/3)

98
 LINEAR PROGRAMMING PROBLEMS
Basic Concepts :
Linear programming problem : A linear programming problem consists of maximizing or minimizing an
objective function subject to certain constraints.
* Objective function : A linear function of the variables involved which has to be maximized or
minimized subject to the given constraints.
Optimal value : The maximum (or minimum) value of an objective function is called its optimal value.
Feasible Region : The common region determined by all constraints and non negative restrictions of the
problem is called feasible region.
Optimal Solution : A feasible solution which leads to the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of an
objective function is called its optimal solution.
Constraints: The linear inequalities which are restrictions on variables are known as constraints.
Non–negative constraints: The variables involved in LPP are always non-negative (x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0)
How to solve the LPP
1.Find the feasible region of the linear programming problem and determine its corner points (vertices)
either by inspection or by solving the two equations of the lines intersecting at that point.
2. Evaluate the objective function Z = ax + by at each corner point. Let M and m, respectively
denote the largest and smallest values of these points.
3. (i) When the feasible region is bounded, M and m are the maximum and minimum values of Z.
(ii) In case, the feasible region is unbounded, we have:
4. (a) M is the maximum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by > M has no point
in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has no maximum value.
(b) Similarly, m is the minimum value of Z, if the open half plane determined by ax + by < m has
no point in common with the feasible region. Otherwise, Z has has no minimum value.

Solved Example
Example 1 : Maximize
Z = 11x + 9y ----------- (1)
Subject to the constraints :
180x + 120y ≤ 1500 i.e.
3x + 2y ≤ 25 ------------- (2)
x + y ≤ 10 ------------- (3)
x≥0 ------------- (4)
y≥0 ------------- (5)
The shaded bounded region OCEB is the feasible region.
Corner points of the feasible region are :
0(0,0), C (25/3,0), E (5, 5) and B (0,10)
Corner Point Z=11x+9y
99
 0(0,0) 0
C(25/3,0) 275/3
E(5, 5) 100  Max.
B(0,10) 90
Maximum Profit = Rs.100/-

Example 2 : Min. Z = 4x + 3y
Subject to the constraints
200x + 100y ≥ 4000 i.e.2x + y ≥ 40
x + 2y ≥ 50
40x + 40y ≥ 1400 i.e x + y ≥ 35
x ≥ 0, y≥0
The shaded unbounded region is the feasible region.
The corner points of the feasible region are:
A(50,0), B(20,15), C(5,30) and D(0,40)

Corner Point Z = 4x + 3y
A(50,0) Z = 200
B(20,15) Z = 125
C(5,30) Z = 110 Min.
D(0,40) Z = 120
Open half plane z < 110 i.e. 4x + 3y < 110 and feasible region have no point in common therefore
Minimum cost z= Rs.110/-
VERY SHORT QUESTIONS
Q1 Corner points of the feasible region for an LPP are (0, 2), (3, 0),(6, 0), (6, 8) and (0, 5). Let F = 4x+
6y be the objective function. The Minimum value of F occurs at ..........
(a) only (0, 2) (b) only (3, 0)
(c) the mid-point of the line segment joining the points (0, 2)and (3, 0) only
(d) any point on the line segment joining the points (0, 2) and(3, 0)
Q2 Solution set of the inequality 2x+ y > 5 is .......
(a) The half plane containing origin
(b) The open half plane not containing origin
(c) xy- plane excepts the points on the line 2x+ y= 5
(d) None of these
Q3 The optimal value of the objective function is attained at the points........
(a) given by intersection of inequations with the axes only
(b) given by intersection of inequations with X- axis only
(c) given by corner points of the feasible region
(d) None of these
Q4 Objective function of a LPP is ...........
( a ) constant graph (b) a function to be optimized
( c) inequality (d) quadratic equation
Q 5 The maximum value of Z = x+ 4y subject to the constraints 3x+6y≤6, 4x+ 8y≥16, x ≥0, y≥0 is
..........
(a) 4 (b) 8 ( c) unbounded feasible region (d) Does not exist feasible region

100
Q 6 The point at which the maximum value of Z = 3x+ 2y subject to the constraints x+ 2y≤2, x ≥0,
y≥0 is ..........
(a) (0, 0) (b) (1.5, – 1.5) (c) (2, 0) (d) (0, 2)
Q 7 The feasible region of the inequality x+ y≤1 and x– y≤1 lies in......... quadrants.
(a) Only I and II (b) Only I and III (c) Only II and III (d)All the four
Q 8 The position of the points O (0, 0) and P (2, –1) is ........, in the region of the inequality 2y– 3x< 5.
(a) O is inside the region and P is outside the region
(b) O and P both are inside the region
(c) O and P both are outside the region
(d) O is outside the region and P is inside the region
Q 9 The constraints x+ y≤4, 3x+ 3y≥18, x≥0, y≥0 defines on .........
(a) bounded feasible region
(b) unbounded feasible region
(c) feasible region in first and second quadrants
(d)does not exist
Q10 The production of item A is x and the production of item B is y. If the corner points of the
bounded feasible region are (1, 0), (2, 0), (0, 2) and (0, 1) then the maximum profit z=
2000x+5000y is ........
(a) 20,000 (b) 5,000 (c) 4,000 (d) 10,000
Q11 The vertices of the feasible region determined by some linear constraints are (0, 2), (1, 1),(3,
3), (1, 5). Let Z = px+ qy wherep, q> 0. The condition on p and q so that the maximum of Z occurs
at both the points (3, 3) and (1, 5) is .......
(a) p= q (b)p= 2q (c) q= 2p (d)p= 3q
Q 12 The maximum value of Z = 3x+ 4y subject to constraints x+ y ≤4, x≥0, y≥0 is .......... .
(a) 16 (b)12 (c) 0 (d) not possible
Q13 The solution set of the following system of inequations:x + 2y ≤ 3, 3x + 4y ≤ 12, x ≥ 0,
y ≥1, is
(a) bounded region (b) unbounded region (c )only one point (d) empty set
Q 14 The maximum value of z = 4x + 2y subject to constraints2x + 3y ≤ 18,
x + y ≥10 and x, y ≥0, is
(a) 36 (b) 40 (c) 20 (d) None of these
Q 15 Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) Every L.P.P. admits an optimal solution
(b) A L.P.P. admits a unique optimal solution
(c) If a L.P.P. admits two optimal solutions, it has an infinitenumber of
optimal solutions
(d)The set of all feasible solutions of a L.P.P. is not a convexset.
Q 16 The region represented by the inequation x – y≤ –1, x – y ≥ 0,x≥0, y≥0 is ..........
(a) Bounded (b) unbounded (c) does not exist (d)triangular region
Q 17 The maximum value of Z = x + 3y subject to the constraints2x + y ≤ 20,
x + 2y≤20, x≥0, y≥0 is ..........
(a) 10 (b) 60 (c) 40 (d)30
Q 18 The solution set of the constraints x + 2y ≥ 11, 3x + 4y ≤30, 2x + 5y ≤ 30, x ≥ 0, y ≥0 includes the
point.
(a) (2, 3) (b) (3, 2) (c) (3, 4) (d) (4, 3)

101
Q19 Inequation y – x ≤ 0 represents
(a) The half plane that contains the positive X-axis
(b) Closed half plane above the line y = x, which containspositive Y-axis
(c) Half plane that contains the negative X-axis
(d)None of these
Q20 The region represented by the inequalities x ≥ 6, y ≥ 2,
x + y ≤ 10, x≥0, y ≥ 0 is
(a) Unbounded (b) a polygon (c) exterior of a triangle (d)None of these
Q21 The feasible solution of LPP ..........
(a) satisfy all the constraints
(b) satisfy some of the constraints
(c) always corner points of feasible solution
(d) always optimal value of objective function
Q 22 The objective function Z= ax + by of and LPP has maximum value 42 at (4, 6) and minimum value
19 at (3, 2). Which of the following is true?
(a) a= 9, b=1 (b) a= 5, b=2 (c) a= 3, b=5 (d) a= 5, b=3
Q 23 The corner points of the feasible region of a LPP are (0, 4), (8, 0) and (20 , 4).
3 3
If Z = 30 x + 24y is the objective function, then (max Z – min Z) is equal to
48 (b) 96 (c) 120 (d) 136
ANSWER KEY
1.d 2.b 3.c 4.b 5.d 6.c
7.d 8.b 9.d 10.d 11.a 12.a
13.d 14.d 15.c 16.c 17.d 18.c
19.a 20.d 21.a 22.c 23.a
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
Q1 Find the maximum value of 4x + 3y subject to constraints x ≤ 6, y ≤ 5,
x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, -x - y ≤ -1 and 7x + 9y ≤ 63.
Q2 Solve graphically: Minimize Z = – 3x + 4 y
subject to 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 12, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q3 Solve graphically: Maximize 𝑍 = 5𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 3𝑥 + 5𝑦 ≤ 15, 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≤ 10, 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q4 Solve graphically: Minimize and Maximize Z = 5x + 10 y subject to constraints
- + 2𝑦 ≤ 120, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 60, 𝑥 – 2𝑦 ≥ 0, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
𝑥
Q. 5 Solve graphically: Minimize and Maximize Z = x + 2y subject to constraints:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 100, 2𝑥 – 𝑦 ≤ 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 200; 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q. 6 Solve graphically: Maximize Z = – x + 2y, subject to constraints:
𝑥 ≥ 3, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 5, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 6, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q7 Solve graphically: Maximize Z = x + y, subject to constraints:
𝑥 – 𝑦 ≤ – 1, – 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 0, 𝑥, 𝑦 ≥ 0.
Q8 Solve graphically: Maximize Z = 4x + y subject to constraints:
𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 50 , 3𝑥 + 𝑦 ≤ 90 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q9 Solve graphically: Minimize Z = 200 x + 500 y subject to constraints:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 10 , 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 ≤ 24 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q 10 Solve graphically: Minimize and Maximize Z = 3x + 9y subject to constraints:
𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 60 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ≥ 10 , 𝑥 ≤ 𝑦 , 𝑥 ≥ 0, 𝑦 ≥ 0
Q 11 Solve the LPP graphically Minimize Z =5x + 10y subject to constraints:
x + 2y ≤ 120, x + y ≥ 60, x -2y ≥ 0 , x ≥ 0, y ≥0
102
ANSWERS
Q. 1 Maximum value = 31 at x = 6, y = 7/3
Q. 2 Minimum Z = – 12 at (4, 0)
Q. 3 Maximum Z = 235 at (20 , 45)
19 19 19
Q. 4 Minimum Z = 300 at (60, 0);
Maximum Z = 600 at all the points on the line segment joiningthe points (120, 0)and (60, 30).
Q. 5 Minimum Z = 100 at all the points on the line segment joiningthe points (0, 50) and (20, 40);
Maximum value of Z is 400 at the point (0,200).
Q. 6 Z has no maximum value
Q. 7 No feasible region, hence no maximum value of Z.
Q. 8 Maximum value of Z is 120 at the point (30, 0).
Q. 9 Minimum value of Z is 2300 attained at the point (4, 3)
Q. 10 Maximum Z = 60 at all the points on the line segment joiningthe points (15, 15) and (0, 20).
Q.11 Minimum value of Z is 300 attained at the point (60, 0 )

103
 PROBABILITY
Basic Concepts
1. Set of all possible outcomes in a random experiments is called Sample Space.
2. Every subset of sample space is an event.
3. Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive if A∩B=Ф
A1 , A2 , A3 , ….. An are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events if Ai∩Aj= Ф and
A1∩A2∩ ………….. ∩An=S, where S is the sample space.
4. If A is an event of an experiment and S is the sample space, then the probability of A
i.e P(A)=n(A)/n(S), where 0≤P(A) ≤1.
5. Two events A and B are independent if P(A∩B)=P(A).P(B)
6. P(A B)=P(A) + P(B) - P(A∩B)
7. If A and B are mutually exclusive events then P(A  B)=P(A)+P(B).
8. P(A B C) = P(A)+P(B)+P(C) - P(A∩B) - P(B∩C) - P(C∩A) + P(A∩B∩C).
9. P(A) + P(not A) = 1
10. Conditional probability P(A/B) = Probability that event A will occur if the event B has already occurred is
P(A/B) = P(A∩B) / P(B) provided P(B) ≠ 0
P(E'/F) = 1– P(E/F)
11. Multiplication theorem on Probability:
P(A∩B) = P(A) P(B/A) = P(B) P(A/B) provided P(A) ≠ 0, P(B) ≠ 0
P(A∩B∩C) = P(A).P(B/A) P(C/A∩B)
12. Two events A and B are said to be independent,
if P(A/B) = P(A), P(B) ≠ 0
and P(B/A) = P(B), P(A) ≠ 0
13. Multiplication rule when events A and B are independent
P(A∩B) = P(A).P(B)
14. Law of total probability :
P(A) = P(E1).P(A/E1)+P(E2).P(A/E2) + …... + P(En)P(A/En)
15. Baye’s theorem :
P(E1).P(A/E1)
P(E1/A) = A A
P(E1).P( )+P(E2).P( )+⋯…..+P(En).P(A/En)
E1 E2

16. Random Variable : A random variable is a real valued function whose domain is the sample space of a
random experiment.
17. Probability Distribution: If a random variable X take values x1, x2, x3 ….. xn with respective probabilities p1,
p2, p3, …. pn then
X x1 x2 x3 …. xn
P(X) p1 p2 p3 …. pn
is known as the probability distribution of X.
Sum of probability of a probability distribution is always 1.
18. Mean (also called expected value) of a probability distribution is given by

104
 n n
mean =  i=1
(pixi) i.e. E(X) = 
i=1
(pixi)

QUESTIONS
1. If P(A) = 7/17, P(B) = 9/17 and P (AB) = 4/17 evaluate P (A/B)
P (AB) 4/17 4
Solution : We have P (A/B) = = = 9/17 =9
P (B)

2. IF P (B) = 5/11, P (A) = 6/11 and P (AB) =7/11 find P (B/A)

Sol. P(A B) = P(A)+ P(B)- P(AB) = 6/11 + 5/11 - 7/11 = 4/11
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵) 4/11
P(B/A) = = = 2/3
𝑃(𝐴) 6/11

3. If P (A) = 4/5 and P (B) = 2/3, find P (AB) if A and B are independent events.
Solution : A and B are independent events
:. P ((AB) = P (A). P (B) = 4/5. 2/3 = 8/15
4. Find k if the following probability distribution is possible.
X 0 1 2 3
P (X) k k2 k 0.04
Solution :
We have  P (Xi) = 1
k +k2+k +.04=1 or k2+2k -0.96=0
or k = 0.4, -2.4  k≠ - 2.4  k= 0.4

1 1 1
5. Given P( A) = , P( B) = and P( A  B) = . Are the event A and B independent?
2 3 6

1 1
Soln. P( A).P( B) =  = P(A  B)
2 3

 Events are in independent

6. A die is thrown twice. Find the probability of getting a number 6 on the first throw and

a number greater than 4 on the second.

2 1
Soln. Favourable cases are {(6,5), (6,6)}  Probability = =
36 18

7. Given P (A) = 0.3, P (B) = 0.2, find P (B/A), if A and B are mutually exclusive events.

Soln. P B ( A) = P(PA(A)B) = 0 [as ( A  B) = 0 for mutually exclusive events.]

105
 Short Answer Questions

Q.1 In a school, there are 1000 students, out of which 430 are girls. It is known that out of 430, 10% of the
girls study in class XII, what is the probability that a student chosen randomly studies in class XII, given
that the chosen student is girl ?

430 43
Ans. P(Girl) = P (G ) = = P (A) = Prob. of Cl XII std.
1000 100
43 1
P(Girl and student of Cl XII) = P( A  G ) = =
430 10
1
P( A  G ) 10 100 10
P( A / G ) = = = = Ans.
P(G ) 43 10  43 43
100
Q.2. 12 cards, numbered 1 to 12 are placed in a box, mixed up thoroughly and then a card is drawn at random
from the box. If it is known that the number on the drawn card is more than 3, find the probability that it
is even number.

Soln. : S = {1, 2, 3, 4, ......................12} A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12} B = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}

6 1 9 3 5
and A  B = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}  P( A) = = ; P( B) = = ; P( A  B) =
12 2 12 4 12

P( A  B) 5 /12 5
P( A / B) = = =
P( B) 9 /12 9

Q.3 A coin is biased so that the head is 3 time as likely to occur as tail . If the coin is tossed twice, find the
probability distribution of number of tails.
Sol. Let p be the probability of obtaining a head when a coin is tossed once and q, that
of obtaining a tail so that p = 3q and p+q=1
or 3q+q=1 or 4q=1 or q=1/4 And hence p= 3q = ¾
Probability distribution of X is
X 0 1 2
P(X) 9/16 6/16 1/16
Q.4. A letter is known to have come from either TATANAGAR or CALCUTTA. On the envelope just two
consecutive letters TA are visible. What is the probability that the letter has come from (i) Tata
Nagar (ii) Calcutta

1
Soln. : A : TATANAGAR B : CALCUTTA E :TA is visible P(A) = P (B) =
2

106
 2 1 1
P( E / A) = = ; P( E / B) =
8 4 7
1 1
𝑥
2 4 7 7 4
(i) P(A/E)= 1 1 1 1= (ii) P( B / E ) = 1 − =
𝑥 + 𝑥 11
2 4 2 7
11 11

Q.5. Two cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability distribution of number of aces.

Soln. X = Number Aces ; X can take values 0, 1, 2 S = getting an ace.

4 1 12
P( S ) = = ; P(S ) =  Probability Distributions will be given by
52 13 13

X 0 1 2

144 24 1
P(X)
169 169 169

6. A bag X contain 2 white and 3 red balls and a bag Y contain 4 white and 5 red balls. One ball is drawn
at random from one of the bag and is found to be red . Find the probability that it was drawn from bag
Y.?
Sol. Let E1 : the bag X is chosen. E2: the bag Y is chosen. A : the ball is red.
P(E2) P(A/E2)
P(E2).P(A/E2)
By bayes Theorem P(E2/A) = A A
P(E1).P( )+P(E2).P( )
E1 E2

1 5
× 25
P(E1) = P(E2) = ½ Also P(A/E1) = 3/5 P(A/E2) = 5/9 𝑃(𝐸2 /𝐴) = 2 9
1 3 1 5 = 52
× + ×
2 5 2 9

7. Show that If A and B are two independent events then the probability of occurrence of at least one of A and
B is given by 1- P(A')P(B')

Sol. We have P ( at least one of A and B ) = P(A B ) = P(A)+P(B)-P(A∩B)

= P(A)+P(B)-P(A)P(B) = P(A)+P(B) [1-P(A)]
= P(A)+P(B).P(A') = 1-P(A')+ P(B)P(A')
= 1-P (A') [1-P(B)] = 1-P (A') P(B')

LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS

Q.1. Two cards are drawn simultaneously (or successively without replacement) from a well shuffled pack of
52 cards. Find the mean of the number of aces.

Soln. If X is the number of aces drawn  The Probability Distribution of X is given by

X 0 1 2

107
 188 32 1
P(X)
221 221 221

188 32 1 34
  Pi xi = 0  + 1 + 2 =
221 221 221 221

Q.2. Coloured balls are distributed in three bags as shown in the following table

Colour of the ball

Bag
Red White Black

I 1 2 3

II 2 4 1

III 4 5 3

A bag is selected at random and two balls are randomly drawn from the selected bag. They happen to be
black and red. What is the probability that they came from bag I.

Soln. Let E1 : Bag I is selected ; E2 : Bag II is selected E3 : Bag III is selected

A = A black ball and a red ball is drawn

1 1×3 3 1
𝑃(𝐸1 ) = 𝑃(𝐸2 ) = 𝑃(𝐸3 ) = 3 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸1 ) = = 15 = 5
6𝐶2

2×1 2 4×3 4×3 2

𝑃(𝐴/𝐸2 ) = = 21 𝑃(𝐴/𝐸3 ) = 12𝐶 = = 11
7𝐶2 2 66

1 1 1
× 𝟐𝟑𝟏
Using Baye’s Theorem 𝑃(𝐸1 /𝐴) = 1 3 5
1 1 2 1 2 = 1 2
5
2 = 𝟓𝟓𝟏
× + × + × + +
3 5 3 21 3 11 5 21 11

3. A factory has three machine X,Y and Z producing 1000, 2000 and 3000 bolts per day respectively . The
machine X produced 1% defective bolts, Y produce 1.5% and Z produce 2% defective bolts . At the end
of a day , a bolt is drawn at random and is found defective. What is the probability that the defective bolt
is produced by the machine X ?
Sol Let E1: Bolt is manufactured by machine ‘X’, E2: Bolt is manufactured by machine Y
and E3 : Bolt is manufactured by machine Z,
Therefore P(E1) =1/6 P(E2) =1/3 P(E3) =1/2
Let E : Bolt manufactured is defective
P(E/E1) = 1/100, P(E/E2) = 1.5/100 = 3/200 and P(E/E3) = 2/100
P(E3) P (E/E3)
Required prob = P (E3/E) = E E = 1/ 10
P (E1)P ( )+ P (E2)P ( )+P(E3) P (E/E3)
E1 E2

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4. Two cards are drawn in succession from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, the first card being replaced ,
before the second is drawn . Let X denote the number of spades drawn . Find the probability
distribution of X ?
Sol The probability of getting a spade when a single card is drawn = 13/52 = ¼
or P (not getting a spade ) = 1- ¼= ¾
X 0 1 2
P(X) 9/16 3/8 1/16
MCQs
Q1 Two dice are thrown. It is known that the sum of numbers on the dice is less
than 6, the probability of getting a sum 3 is
(a) 1/18 (b) 1/10 (c) 2/5 (d) 1/5

Q2 Events A and B are independent if

a) P(A∩B) =P(A/B) P(B) (b) P(A∩B) =P(B/A) P(A)

( c ) P(A∩B) =P(A)+P(B) (d) P(A∩B) =P(A)P(B)

Q3 If two events are independent, then
(a) they must be mutually exclusive
(b) the sum of their probabilities must be equal to 1
(c) both(a) and (b) are correct
(d) none of the above is correct
Q4 If P(A∩B) = 0.15, P(B’) = 0.10, then P(A/B) =
(a) 1/3 (b) ¼ (c) 1/6 (d) 1/5
Q5 A bag contains 5 red and 3 blue balls. If 3 balls are drawn at random
without replacement, the probability of getting exactly one red ball is
(a) 45/196 (b) 135/392 (c) 15/56 (d) 15/28
Q6 If P(A) = 1/2, P(B) = 0, then P(A|B) is
(a) 0 (b) ½ (c) not defined (d) 1
Q7 If A and B are any two events such that P(A) + P(B) – P (A and B) =P(A),then
(a) P(B|A) = 1 (b) P(A|B) = 1 (c) P(B|A) = 0 (d) P(A|B) = 0
Q8 If A and B are two events such that P(A) ≠ 0 and P (B | A) = 1, then
(a) A ⊂ B (b) B ⊂ A (c) B = φ (d) A = φ
Q9 The probability of obtaining an even prime number on each die, when a pair of
dice is rolled is
(a) 0 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/12 (d) 1/36
Q10 Two events A and B will be mutually exclusive, if
(a) A and B are independent (b) A′∩B′ = ∅
(c) P(A) = P(B) (d) P(A) + P(B) = 1
Q11 If P(A|B) > P(A), then which of the following is correct:
(a) P(B|A) < P(B) (b) P(A ∩ B) < P(A) . P(B)
( c ) P(B|A) > P(B) (d) P(B|A) = P(B)
Q 12 Events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive iff
(a) P(A ∩ B)---- P(A) +P(B) (b) P (A ∩ B) =P(A)P(B)
(c ) A ∩ B = φ (d) None of these
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 Q 13 If A and B are independent events, then which of the following is not true
(a) P(A|B) = P(A) (b) P(B|A) = P(B)
( C ) P(B|A) = P(A|B) (d) None of these
Answers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
d d d C C C b a d b c c c
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. If A and B are independent events, and P(A)= ½, P(B) =1/3, than find P (A’  B’)
2. Four cards are draws without replacement from a pack of 52 cards find the probability that all will be aces.
3. Given P (A) = ½, P (B) = p and P (AB) = 3/5. find p given that A and B are mutually exclusive.
4. A pair of dice in rolled. Find the probability that the sum of numbers obtained is a multiple of 5.
5. If the probability for A to fail in an examination is 0.2 and that for B is 0.3 find the probability that neither
fails.
6. What is the probability that a couple's second child will be a boy, given that first child is a girl.
7. A random variable X is specified by the following distribution.
X 2 3 4
P (X = r) 0.3 0.4 0.3
find the mean of this distribution.
Answers :

1
1. 1/3 2. 52
3. 1/10 4. 7/36
C4

5. 0.56 6. 1/2 7. 3
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. The probability of solving a problem by A is 3/7 and that of solving by B is 1/3 .What is the
probability that (i) At least one of them will solve the problem? (ii) Only one of them will solve the
problem?
2. Given that the two numbers appearing on throwing two dice are different . Find the probability of the
event ‘ the sum of number on the dice is 4’
3. A bag contains 3 white and 2 black balls. One ball is drawn and then replaced in a bag. Success is
considered if the ball drawn is white. If x denotes the number of successes in 2 draws, find the
probability distribution of x.
4. A can hit a target 4 times out of 5 times. B can hit the target 3 times out of 4 times and C can hit 2 times
out of 3 times. They fire simultaneously. Find the probability that any two out of A, B and C will hit the
target.
ANSWERS
Ans 1 (i) 13/21 (ii) 10/21 Ans 2 1/15
Ans3 P(0) = 4/25 P(1)=12/25 P(2)=9/25 4. 13/30

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 EXTRA HOTS QUESTIONS
1. There are three bags which contain 2 white, 3 black; 4 white, 1 black; 3 white, 7 black balls respectively.
A ball is drawn of random from one of the bags and is found to be black. Find the probability that it was
drawn from the bag containing maximum number of black balls.
2. In an examination, an examinee either guesses or copies or knows the answer of multiple-choice
questions with four choices. The probability that he makes a guess is 1/3 and probability that he copies
the answer is 1/6. The probability that his answer is correct, given that he copies it, is 1/8. Find the
probability that he knew the answer to the question, given that he correctly answered it.
3. There are two identical boxes containing respectively 4 white and 3 red balls, 3 white and 7 red balls. A
box is chosen at random and a ball is drawn from it. If the ball drawn is white, what is the probability
that it is from the first box ?
4. A factory has three machines I, II and III which produce 30%, 50% and 20% respectively of the total
items of the same variety. Out of these 2%, 5% and 3% respectively are found to be defective. An item is
picked up at random and found to be defective. Find the probability that it is produced by the III machine.
5. A bag contain 1 white and 6 red balls and a second bag contains 4 white and 3 red balls. One of the bag
is picked up at random and a ball is randomly drawn from it, and is found to be white in colour. Find the
probability that the drawn ball was from the first bag.
ANSWERS
1. 7/15 2. 24/29 3. 40/61 4. 6/37 5. 1/5

CASE STUDY

Q1. A shopkeeper sells three types of flower seeds A1, A2 and A3. They are sold as a mixture
where the proportions are 4:4:2 respectively. The germination rates of three types of seeds are
45%,60%,35%. Based on the given information, answer the following questions:
(i) find the probability of a randomly chosen seed to germinate
(ii) find the probability that seed will not germinate given that it is of the type A3
(iii) find the probability that seed is of the type A3 given that seed is germinated .
Q2. An insurance company believes that people can be divided into two classes: those who are accident
prone and those who are not. The company’s statistics show that an accident-prone person will have an
accident at sometime within a fixed one-year period with probability 0.6,whereas this probability is 0.2 for
a person who is not accident prone. The company knows that 20 percent of the population is accident
prone.Based on the given information, answer the following questions:
(i) What is the probability that a new policyholder will have an accident
within a year of purchasing a policy?
(ii ) What is the probability that an accident-prone person will have not an accident at
sometime within a fixed one-year period ?
(iii) Suppose that a new policyholder has an accident within a year of
purchasing a policy. What is the probability that he/she is accident prone?
Q 3. An item is manufactured by three machines A, B and C. Out of the total numbers of items
manufactured during a specified period,50% are manufactured on A, 30% are manufactured on B, 20%
are manufacturedon C. 2% of items produced on A, 2% of items produced on B and 3% produced on C are
defective. All the items are stored at one storeroom.
(i)What is theprobability that the selected item is defected ?
(ii) One item is drawn at random and is found to be defective. What is theprobability that it is
manufactured on machine A?
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 (iii)One item is drawn at random and is found to be defective. What is theprobability that it is manufactured
on machine B and C ?
Q 4. The reliability of a COVID PCR test is specified as follows: Of people having COVID, 90% of the test
detects the disease but 10% goes undetected. Of people free of COVID, 99% of the test is judged COVID
negative but 1% are diagnosed as showing COVID positive. From a large population of which only 0.1%
have COVID, one person is selected at random, given the COVID PCR test, and the pathologist reports
him/heras COVID positive.
(i) Find the probality of the population not having COVID ?
(ii) A person is selected at random and tested. What is the probability that he is tested positive?
(iii) What is the probability that the ‘person is actually having COVID given that ‘he is tested as COVID
positive’?
Q5. An electronic assembly consists of two sub-systems A and B. From previous testing procedures, the
following probabilities are assumed to be known:
P (A fails) = 0.2 P (B fails alone) = 0.15 P (A and B fail) = 0.15
Based on the given information, answer the following questions:
(i) P (A fails/ B has failed)
(ii) P (A fails alone)
(iii) P (B fails/ A has failed)

ANSWERS
1. (i) 0.49 (ii) 0.65 (iii) 1/7 2. (i) 7/25 (ii) 0.4 (iii) 3/7
3. (i) 11/500 (ii) 5/11 (Iii) 6/11 4. (i) 0.999 (ii) 0.01089 (iii) 10/121
5. (i) 0.5 (ii) 0.05 (iii) 0.75

ASSERSSION REASON
In the following questions two statements ASSERSSION and REASON are given.
Read both the statements and choose the correct option as given below—
(a) Both are correct and reason is correct explanation of asserssion.
(b) Both are correct and reason is not correct explanation of asserssion.
(c) Asserssion is correct but reason is not correct.
(d) Asserssion is not correct but reason is correct.

1. ASSERSSION : If events A and B are independent then P(A)+ P(B) = P(A∩ 𝐵)

REASON: Two events A and B are said to be independent if P(A)xP(B) = P(A∩ 𝐵)

2. ASSERSSION : Events A and B are independent if P(A)x P(B) = P(A∩ 𝐵)

REASON: Two events A and b are said to be mutually exclusive if P(A∩ 𝐵)= 0.

3. ASSERSSION : Events A and B are independent if P(A)x P(B) = P(A∩ 𝐵)

REASON: Two events A and B are said to be independent if P(A)= P(A/𝐵)

4. ASSERSSION : In the experiment of drawing a card from a deck of 52 cards the events A getting a card
of spade and B getting a king are not independent.
REASON: Because in this case A ∩ 𝐵 ≠ ∅
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5. ASSERSSION : Mutually exclusive events can not be independent events.
REASON: Two independent events are always mutually exclusive events.

Answers 1.d 2.b 3.a 4.d 5. c

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