key

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 13
Types of Bonds and Potential Energy (AP Chemistry Topic 2.1 & 2.2)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)

• Atoms or ions bond due to interactions between them, • Explain the relationship between the type of bonding
forming molecules. and the properties of the elements participating in the
bond.
• Represent the relationship between potential energy
and distance between atoms, based on factors that
influence the interaction strength.

Review: The Octet Rule Chemical Bonds

stability in _______________
There is ________________ completely lasting
A chemical bond is a _____________
attraction
__________________ between atoms, ions or molecules
filled
_____________energy shells.
that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
gain
Atoms tend to ____________, lose or
____________
The bond may be the result of electrostatic attraction
share electrons to fill their valence shell with eight
____________
between opposite charges such as in an ionic or metallic
electrons and obtain a noble gas configuration ns2np6.
bond or through the sharing of electrons such as in a
covalent bond.

Review: Electronegativity

The key to understanding why

different types of bonds exist is an
understanding of the importance of
electronegativity
_____________________________ -
attract
the ability to _____________
shared
_____________ electrons
_______________.

In essence, our 4 different labels for

bonding (metallic, ionic, polar
covalent & nonpolar covalent) are
really just different ways in which
electrons can be shared between
atoms- from very unequally to
equally.
 Metallic Bonding
metal
•Metallic bonding occurs among ____________
atoms
___________

low
•Metal atoms have similarly _______
electronegativities
_______________________________which leads
delocalized
to equal sharing of ___________________
electrons
_________________

attractive
•The metallic bond results from _______________
forces
___________between positive
___________________ The “sea of electrons” model shows that valence electrons
cores (positive nuclei + inner shell of
___________ detach from their parent atom and are delocalized. The
delocalized
electrons) and _____________________ metal is held together by strong forces of attraction
electrons
_______________(valence electrons) between the positive nuclei and the sea of electrons

Properties of Metallic Species

Metals tend to have the following properties:

•High melting and high boiling points (this suggests a

strong bond between the atoms)

•Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity

•Metals are generally lustrous (shiny), malleable, and

ductile

•Metals have low ionization energies and low

electronegativities

Metallic Character

lose
Metallic character refers to the level of reactivity of a metal and it is based on the tendency of metals to ___________
electrons
__________________during chemical reactions.

increases down a
Metallic character _________________________________
group because the valence electrons are at a
___________
further distance, so the force of attraction is weaker; they
are more easily lost.

increases from right to

Metallic character _________________________________
left in a period because the nuclear charge
_________
decreases so the force of attraction is weaker; the valence
electrons are more easily lost

opposite of
Metallic character is essentially the _________________
ionization energy
________________________ ____________
 Ionic Bonding
atoms and _________________
metal ___________
•Ionic bonding occurs among ___________ atoms
nonmetal ___________

electronegativities high
low ______________________________and nonmetal atoms have __________
•Metal atoms have __________
electronegativities transfer of valence electrons
______________________________ which leads to a complete ________________

•The ionic “bond” results from _________________ forces

attractive ___________between positive cation and negative anion
(electrostatic attraction)

Due to the significant differences in

electronegativity between the two atoms, electrons are
transferred to the more electronegative atom which leads
to the formation of ions.

Opposite charges attract which forms the ionic “bond”

Properties of Ionic Species

Ionic compounds tend to have the following properties:

•High melting and high boiling points (this suggests a strong

bond between the ions)

•Ionic compounds are poor conductors of electricity when

solid but become good conductors of electricity when molten
or liquid because ions are free to move

•Ionic compounds tend to form crystalline solids and be hard

and brittle

Covalent Bonding

shared between atoms. Covalent bonds typically occur between

In a covalent bond, valence electrons are ________________
nonmetal
__________________ atoms or between a __________________
___________ nonmetal and a ___________________.
metalloid There are two
types of covalent bonds: polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds
 Nonpolar vs Polar Covalent Bonding

identical
equally
shared ________________between atoms. This type of
In a nonpolar covalent bond, valence electrons are ______________
atom S or between atoms with _______________
similar
bond commonly occurs between _________________ _____________
electronegativities
__________________________________so that there is a balanced attraction for the shared electrons

shared ________________
In a polar covalent bond, valence electrons are ______________ unequally between atoms. This type of bond
different __________________________________
commonly occurs between atoms with _______________ electronegativities so that there is an
unequal ______________
unbalanced attraction for the shared electrons which leads to an ______________ charge
distribution delta (δ) is used to indicate a _______________ _______________.
charge
_______________________where ___________ partial

In the polar covalent bond,

the electrons are localized
closer to the more
electronegative atom
causing a partial negative
charge on that atom

Properties of Covalent Species

Covalent compounds tend to have the following properties:

•Low melting and low boiling points

•Covalent compounds are poor conductors of heat and electricity- they have
localized electrons

•Covalent compounds tend to be soft or brittle

•Covalent compounds can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature

Electronegativity Differences and Bond Types

The following guidelines can help you determine if a bond is polar, nonpolar or ionic based on the

electronegativity differences
____________________________ ____________________between the atoms.

Remember that these differences are

arbitrary and may be cited
differently elsewhere. Also, note that
sometimes a particular bond may
violate these guidelines. If it is a
metal and nonmetal, it will be ionic
despite the electronegativity falling
into polar territory. Finally remember
that the ionic “bond” is just an
electrostatic attraction between the
charged particles
 Classify the following bonds as polar covalent, nonpolar covalent or ionic.

If the bond is polar covalent, place the partial charges on the appropriate atom

If the bond is ionic, place the ionic charges on the appropriate atom

3 44-1 61
. .

IONIC
=
1 83.

3 16 -0 93
2 55-2 20 NONPOLAR IONIC
.
.
.
.

=
0 .
35 =2 23 .

3 44-2 20 .
3 16-2 19 POLAR
POLAR
.
. .

- 1 24
. =
0 97
.

3 44 2 55 3 04-2 20
POLAR
- .
.
.
.

0 89
POLAR
0 84
=
. = .

3 44 .
-
2 55.

double/triple 3 44
. -
3 04 .

0 89 bond has no effect POLAR

=0 4
=
.
.

on polarity
calculation !
Place the following bonds in order of increasing Classify the following substances as nonpolar
polarity: covalent, polar covalent, ionic or metallic:

C-H, C-F, C-C, C-O, Ca-C nonpolar

c
F(ca
-

c -2 <C-HLc-022
-

Ionic

least - - > must Ionic

polar polar
Ionic

metallic

polar
nonpolar
metallic

Intramolecular Forces
Intramolecularforces are the forces of attraction that are found ____________
_______________________ Within a molecule or compound.
The types of bonds discussed in this topic (nonpolar covalent, polar covalent and ionic) are intramolecular forces because
they occur within the compound.
between molecules. We will take a
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction that exist ______________
_______________________
closer look at the importance of intermolecular forces in Unit 3.

(intermolecularl
-
 Understanding Potential Energy Diagrams

There are a few basic things to keep in mind when looking at a potential energy diagram:

1. The ___________ potential _____________

y-axis shows the ________________ energy of the bond. In chemistry, lower potential energy
means higher stability

internuclear
X-axis represents __________________________
2. The ____________ distance that is the distance between the
_______________,
nuclei of the two atoms in the bond

3. The ____________ potential_____________

lowest _____________
energy point represents the optimal internuclear distance and it is
bond ____________
known as the ___________ length
bond _____________(energy
4. The ___________ energy energy at the
required to separate the atoms) is the potential ____________
lowest
________________ point
_____________

Energy in Covalent Bonds

lowest
Covalent bonds occur at the _____________
state
energy ____________
_____________

**This happens when the attraction

between the nuclei is greatest for the
shared electrons, and the repulsions
between electrons and between the nuclei
is the least.**
too ____________
If the atoms are ________ close
nuclei
together the _____________ will
________
repel each other.
___________

far apart the

too _______
If the atoms are _______
attraction
__________________will not _____
________ be

enough
_______________to hold them together.
 The potential energy diagram for the H-H bond in the H2
molecule is shown on the right.

• The bond length for H2 is 74 picometers, the distance at

which the attractive and repulsive forces in the molecule
is most stable.

__________ enthalpy the ____________

Bond ______________is energy
required
_______________to break ___
_________ bond
a ________OR the
___________
energy released
______________ when ___
a bond
__________
____ formed
is _______________. The magnitude is the same, but
the sign is different.

• The bond enthalpy of H2 is 436 kJ. It takes 436 kJ of

energy to break the H–H bond or 436 kJ of energy is
released when the H–H bond forms

stronger the force of attraction, the

• The _____________
energy it will take to break the bond.
more ____________
________
proportional
directly ________________
Force of attraction is ____________
to bond enthalpy

Factors Affecting Energy in Covalent Bonds

Size of Atoms

size
When comparing molecules where charges are the same (q1 and q2 are the same), ___________ becomes the main factor
size affects distance between the
in determining force of attraction/bond energy because ___________________________________________________
charges
_______________(r).

Use Coulomb’s Law to justify the bond energy differences for the
bonds shown in the table
When comparing Cl2, Br2, and I2, the effective
nuclear charge for the valence electrons is the
same. All of the halogens have Zeff of 7+ due to
shielding by core electrons (q is constant in this
comparison) therefore we focus on distance.
I2 has the greatest distance because Iodine atoms
are the largest. As r increases, force of attraction
decreases so I2 has the lowest bond energy.

Use Coulomb’s Law to justify the bond energy differences for the
bonds shown in the table
When comparing the hydrogen halides, the
effective nuclear charge for the valence electrons
is the same. All of the halogens have Zeff of 7+ due
to shielding by core electrons and the other atom,
H, is the same (q is constant in this comparison)
therefore we focus on distance.
H – I has the greatest distance because Iodine
atoms are the largest. As r increases, force of
attraction decreases so HI has the lowest bond
energy
 Multiple Bonds

Carbon has the ability to form single, double and triple bonds. As the number of bonds increases, the bond length
decreases. This is because the __________ electrons
extra __________________in a ___________ bond
triple __________exert more
_________
attractive force the nuclei which decreases the bond length
______________________ ___________on

Use Coulomb’s Law to justify the bond energy differences for the bonds shown below

As the number of bonds between the carbon atoms increases, the distance decreases.
The shorter distance results in an increase in force of attraction which leads to a greater
bond energy

The potential energy diagrams represent three different molecules:

Match the molecule with its potential energy diagram and provide a
justification for your answer in terms of Coulomb’s Law
ethyne the bond should
a =
triple
have the shortest length
b ethene
and greater bond energy
=

c
=
ethave due to extra electrons
attraction
exerting greater
to the nuclei-
One way to identify an unknown substance is to measure the bond energy. HX, HY and HZ were analyzed and the
following graph was created.

It was known that HI, HCl and HBr were tested. Use the graph to match the unknowns with the knowns. Justify your
answer

smallest of the
CI is the
HCI should have the
3 So

shortest
internuclear
distance
and greatest
boud energy since
force of
H21 attraction is inversely
AX
=

proportional to distance
HY
=
HBr

HE =
HI
The potential energy diagram below represents N – O. Draw a potential energy diagram on the same graph that would
represent N = O

W
1pt for greater
magnitude of
energy
1 pt for shorter

bond length

Factors Affecting Energy in Ionic Bonds

separate ________in
energy to _____________
The ___________ ions lattice __________.
ionic compounds is their _____________ energy It is defined
as the change in energy that takes place when gaseous ions are combined to form an ionic solid.

Just with bond enthalpy, joining ions will release energy and have a negative value. Separating ions will require
energy and have a positive value

Lattice energy can be explained using Coulomb’s law:

•Larger ionic charges (q) result in higher lattice energy

•Smaller radii (r) result in higher lattice energy

Use Coulomb’s Law to justify the difference in lattice energy between strontium oxide and barium oxide

Ba has one more principal energy level than Sr so it is the larger species. Since Ba is
larger, the distance between the ions in barium oxide is greater than in strontium
oxide and as a result, the force of attraction decreases resulting in a lower lattice
energy

Use Coulomb’s Law to justify the difference in lattice energy between sodium fluoride and calcium fluoride

Ca forms an ion with a +2 charge whereas sodium forms an ion with a +1 charge. The
magnitude of charge (q) is larger in CaF2 than in NaF which results in a greater force of
attraction and increased lattice energy is calcium fluoride.