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MANNING Mala Gupta
OCA Java SE 8 Programmer I Certification Guide
 OCA Java SE 8
Programmer I
Certification Guide
MALA GUPTA

MANNING
SHELTER ISLAND
For online information and ordering of this and other Manning books, please visit
www.manning.com. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity.
For more information, please contact
Special Sales Department
Manning Publications Co.
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©2017 by Manning Publications Co. All rights reserved.

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any form or by means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without prior written
permission of the publisher.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are
claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in the book, and Manning
Publications was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps
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Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, it is Manning’s policy to have
the books we publish printed on acid-free paper, and we exert our best efforts to that end.
Recognizing also our responsibility to conserve the resources of our planet, Manning books
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elemental chlorine.

Manning Publications Co. Development editor: Cynthia Kane

20 Baldwin Road Technical development editor: Francesco Bianchi
PO Box 761 Copy editor: Linda Recktenwald
Shelter Island, NY 11964 Proofreader: Katie Tennant
Technical proofreader: Jean-François Morin
Typesetter: Dennis Dalinnik
Cover designer: Marija Tudor

ISBN: 9781617293252
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 – EBM – 21 20 19 18 17 16
To Dheeraj, my pillar of strength
 brief contents
Introduction 1
1 ■ Java basics 22
2 ■ Working with Java data types 92
3 ■ Methods and encapsulation 147
4 ■ Selected classes from the Java API and arrays 221
5 ■ Flow control 322
6 ■ Working with inheritance 384
7 ■ Exception handling 469
8 ■ Full mock exam 539

vii
 contents
preface xvii
acknowledgments xix
about this book xxi
about the author xxix
about the cover illustration xxx

Introduction 1
1 Disclaimer 2
2 Introduction to OCA Java SE 8 Programmer I
Certification 2
3 The importance of OCA Java SE 8 Programmer I
Certification 2
4 Comparing OCA Java exam versions 4
5 Next step: OCP Java SE 8 Programmer II (1Z0-809)
exam 8
6 Complete exam objectives, mapped to book chapters, and
readiness checklist 8
7 FAQs 10
FAQs on exam preparation 10 ■
FAQs on taking the exam 18
8 The testing engine used in the exam 20

ix
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x CONTENTS

1 Java basics 22
1.1 The structures of a Java class and a source code file
Structure of a Java class 24 ■ Structure and components of
23

a Java source code file 32

1.2 Executable Java applications 36
Executable Java classes versus non-executable Java classes 36
The main method 37 Run a Java program from the
■

command line 39
1.3 Java packages 41
The need for packages 42 Defining classes in a package using
■

the package statement 42 Using simple names with import

■

statements 45 Using packaged classes without using the

■

import statement 47 Importing a single member versus all

■

members of a package 48 The import statement doesn’t import

■

the whole package tree 49 Importing classes from the default

■

package 50 Static imports 50

■

1.4 Java access modifiers 51

Access modifiers 52 Public access modifier 53 Protected
■ ■

access modifier 54 Default access (package access) 57

■

private access modifier 61 Access modifiers and

■

Java entities 62
1.5 Nonaccess modifiers 64
abstract modifier 65 ■
final modifier 66 ■
static modifier 67
1.6 Features and components of Java 72
Valid features and components of Java 72 ■
Irrelevant features
and components of Java 74
1.7 Summary 74
1.8 Review notes 75
1.9 Sample exam questions 79
1.10 Answers to sample exam questions 84

2 Working with Java data types 92

2.1 Primitive variables 93
Category: Boolean 95 Category: signed numeric 96
■

Category: character (unsigned integer) 102 Confusion with ■

the names of the primitive data types 104

2.2 Identifiers 105
Valid and invalid identifiers 105
 CONTENTS xi

2.3 Object reference variables 106

What are object reference variables? 107 Differentiating between■

object reference variables and primitive variables 109

2.4 Operators 111
Assignment operators 112 Arithmetic operators 115
■

Relational operators 119 Logical operators 121

■

Operator precedence 123

2.5 Wrapper classes 125
Class hierarchy of wrapper classes 125 Creating objects of the
■

wrapper classes 125 Retrieving primitive values from the

■

wrapper classes 126 Parsing a string value to a

■

primitive type 127 Difference between using the valueOf

■

method and constructors of wrapper classes 128 Comparing ■

objects of wrapper classes 128 Autoboxing and unboxing 130

■

2.6 Summary 132

2.7 Review notes 132
2.8 Sample exam questions 136
2.9 Answers to sample exam questions 140

3 Methods and encapsulation 147

3.1 Scope of variables 149
Local variables 149 Method parameters 151
■

Instance variables 152 Class variables 153

■

Overlapping variable scopes 155

3.2 Object’s life cycle 158
An object is born 159 Object is accessible 160
■

Object is inaccessible 161 Garbage collection 163

■

3.3 Create methods with arguments and return values 166

Return type of a method 168 ■
Method parameters 169
Return statement 172
3.4 Create an overloaded method 174
Argument list 175 ■
Return type 177 ■
Access level 177
3.5 Constructors of a class 178
User-defined constructors 178 ■
Default constructor 183
Overloaded constructors 185
3.6 Accessing object fields 188
What is an object field? 188 Read and write object fields
■ 189
Calling methods on objects 192
xii CONTENTS

3.7 Apply encapsulation principles to a class 194

Need for encapsulation 195 ■ Apply encapsulation 195
3.8 Passing objects and primitives to methods 197
Passing primitives to methods 198 ■ Passing object references
to methods 199
3.9 Summary 202
3.10 Review notes 203
3.11 Sample exam questions 207
3.12 Answers to sample exam questions 212

4 Selected classes from the Java API and arrays 221

4.1 Welcome to the world of the String class
Creating String objects 223 The class String is immutable
■
223
227
Methods of the class String 230 String objects and
■

operators 235 Determining equality of Strings 236

■

4.2 Mutable strings: StringBuilder 239

The StringBuilder class is mutable 239 Creating StringBuilder
■

objects 240 Methods of class StringBuilder 241 A quick

■ ■

note on the class StringBuffer 247

4.3 Arrays 247
What is an array? 248 Array declaration 249
■

Array allocation 250 Array initialization 252

■

Combining array declaration, allocation, and initialization 254

Asymmetrical multidimensional arrays 255 Arrays of type ■

interface, abstract class, and class Object 256 Members of ■

an array 258
4.4 ArrayList 258
Creating an ArrayList 259 Adding elements to an
■

ArrayList 261 Accessing elements of an ArrayList 263

■

Modifying the elements of an ArrayList 265 Deleting the ■

elements of an ArrayList 266 Other methods of ArrayList

■
267
4.5 Comparing objects for equality 273
The method equals in the class java.lang.Object 273
Comparing objects of a user-defined class 273 Incorrect ■

method signature of the equals method 275 Contract of the ■

equals method 276

4.6 Working with calendar data 278
LocalDate 279 LocalTime 282 LocalDateTime 285
■ ■

Period 286 DateTimeFormatter 291

■
 CONTENTS xiii

4.7 Summary 297

4.8 Review notes 299
4.9 Sample exam questions 309
4.10 Answers to sample exam questions 313

5 Flow control
5.1
322
The if, if-else, and ternary constructs
The if construct and its flavors 324 Missing else blocks 328
■
324

Implications of the presence and absence of {} in if-else

constructs 328 Appropriate versus inappropriate expressions
■

passed as arguments to an if statement 331 Nested if ■

constructs 332 Ternary construct 334

■

5.2 The switch statement 338

Create and use a switch statement 339 Comparing a switch ■

statement with multiple if-else constructs 339 Arguments ■

passed to a switch statement 341 Values passed to the label

■

case of a switch statement 343 Use of break statements within

■

a switch statement 345

5.3 The for loop 346
Initialization block 348 Termination condition 349
■

The update clause 349 Optional parts of a for statement

■
350
Nested for loop 351
5.4 The enhanced for loop 352
Iteration with enhanced for loop 352 Limitations of the
■

enhanced for loop 355 Nested enhanced for loop 356

■

5.5 The while and do-while loops 358

The while loop 358 The do-while loop 360
■

while and do-while block, expression, and nesting rules 362

5.6 Comparing loop constructs 362
Comparing do-while and while loops 362 Comparing for and ■

enhanced for loops 363 Comparing for and while loops 364
■

5.7 Loop statements: break and continue 364

The break statement 364 ■
The continue statement 366
Labeled statements 367
5.8 Summary 368
5.9 Review notes 369
5.10 Sample exam questions 372
5.11 Answers to sample exam questions 377
xiv CONTENTS

6 Working with inheritance 384

6.1 Inheritance with classes 385
The need to inherit classes 385 Benefits 387 A derived class
■ ■

contains within it an object of its base class 390 Which base class
■

members are inherited by a derived class? 391 Which base class

■

members aren’t inherited by a derived class? 391 Derived classes ■

can define additional properties and behaviors 391 Abstract base ■

class versus concrete base class 392

6.2 Use interfaces 394
Need for using interfaces 396 Defining interfaces 398
■

Types of methods in an interface 401 Implementing a single

■

interface 405 A class can’t extend multiple classes 407

■

A class can implement multiple interfaces 408 Extending ■

interfaces 411 Modifying existing methods of an interface 414

■

Properties of members of an interface 417

6.3 Reference variable and object types 418
Using a variable of the derived class to access its own object 418
Using a variable of a superclass to access an object of a derived
class 419 Using a variable of an implemented interface to access
■

a derived class object 420 The need for accessing an object using
■

the variables of its base class or implemented interfaces 421

6.4 Casting 424
How to cast a variable to another type 424
Need for casting 426
6.5 Use this and super to access objects and constructors 427
Object reference: this 427 ■
Object reference: super 430
6.6 Polymorphism 434
Polymorphism with classes 434 Binding of variables and
■

methods at compile time and runtime 439 Polymorphism ■

with interfaces 441

6.7 Simple lambda expressions 446
Comparing passing values with passing code to methods 446
Syntax of lambda expressions 449 Interface Predicate 450
■

6.8 Summary 452

6.9 Review notes 453
6.10 Sample exam questions 456
6.11 Answers to sample exam questions 461
 CONTENTS xv

7 Exception handling 469

7.1 Exceptions in Java 470
A taste of exceptions 470 Why handle exceptions
■

separately? 473 Does exception handling offer any

■

other benefits? 474

7.2 Categories of exceptions 475
Identifying exception categories 476 Class hierarchy of ■

exception classes 476 Checked exceptions 477

■

Runtime exceptions 478 Errors 478

■

7.3 Creating a method that throws an exception 479

Create a method that throws a checked exception 480
Handle-or-declare rule 481 Creating a method that throws
■

runtime exceptions or errors 481 A method can declare to throw

■

all types of exceptions, even if it doesn’t 482

7.4 What happens when an exception is thrown? 483
Creating try-catch-finally blocks 485 Using a method that throws
■

a checked exception 490 Using a method that throws a runtime

■

exception 491 Using a method that throws an error 493

■

Will a finally block execute even if the catch block defines a return
statement? 493 What happens if both a catch and a finally block
■

define return statements? 494 What happens if a finally block

■

modifies the value returned from a catch block? 495 Can a try ■

block be followed only by a finally block? 496 Does the order of the ■

exceptions caught in the catch blocks matter? 497 Can I rethrow ■

an exception or the error I catch? 499 Can I declare my methods ■

to throw a checked exception instead of handling it? 500 I can ■

create nested loops, so can I create nested try-catch blocks too? 500
Should I handle errors? 502
7.5 Common exception classes and categories 503
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException and
IndexOutOfBoundsException 504 ClassCastException 505 ■

IllegalArgumentException 507 NullPointerException 508

■

ArithmeticException 511 NumberFormatException 514

■

ExceptionInInitializerError 516 StackOverflowError 518 ■

NoClassDefFoundError 519 OutOfMemoryError 519

■

7.6 Summary 520

7.7 Review notes 520
7.8 Sample exam questions 526
7.9 Answers to sample exam questions 530
xvi CONTENTS

8 Full mock exam 539

8.1 Mock exam 539
8.2 Answers to mock exam questions 574

appendix Answers to Twist in the Tale exercises 641

index 659
 preface
Java programmer certifications are designed to tell would-be employers whether you
really know your stuff, and cracking the OCA Java SE 8 Programmer Certification is
not an easy task. Thorough preparation is crucial if you want to pass the exam the first
time with a score that you can be proud of. You need to know Java inside-out, and you
need to understand the certification process so that you’re ready for the challenging
questions you’ll face in the exam.
This book is a comprehensive guide to the 1Z0-808 exam. You’ll explore a wide
range of important Java topics as you systematically learn how to pass the certification
exam. Each chapter starts with a list of the exam objectives covered in that chapter.
Throughout the book you’ll find sample questions and exercises designed to reinforce
key concepts and prepare you for what you’ll see in the real exam, along with numerous
tips, notes, and visual aids.
Unlike many other exam guides, this book provides multiple ways to digest impor-
tant techniques and concepts, including comic conversations, analogies, pictorial rep-
resentations, flowcharts, UML diagrams, and, naturally, lots of well-commented code.
The book also gives insight into common mistakes people make when taking the
exam, and guides you in avoiding traps and pitfalls. It provides
■ Complete coverage of exam topics, all mapped to chapter and section numbers
■ Hands-on coding exercises, including particularly challenging ones that throw
in a twist

xvii
xviii PREFACE

■ Instruction on what’s happening behind the scenes using the actual code from
the Java API source
■ Mastery of both the concepts and the exam
This book is written for developers with a working knowledge of Java. My hope is that
the book will deepen your knowledge and prepare you well for the exam and that you
will pass it with flying colors!
 acknowledgments
First and foremost, I thank Dheeraj—my pillar of strength, my best friend, and my
husband. His constant guidance, encouragement, and love kept me going. He helped
me to get started with this book and got me over the goal line.
My sincere gratitude goes to Marjan Bace, publisher at Manning, for giving me the
opportunity to author this book. The Manning team has been wonderful—Michael
Stephens ensured that it was worth it for Manning to have a book on this subject.
Cynthia Kane, my development editor, is like sunshine. Not only did she help me with
the organization of individual chapters and the overall book, but she pulled me through
whenever the task of writing a book became overwhelming. It’s always a pleasure to
work with her. Copyeditor Linda Recktenwald not only applied her magic to sentence
and language constructions but also supplemented her editing with valuable sugges-
tions on technical content.
Technical development editor Francesco Bianchi suggested multiple additions and
modifications, improving the content of this book. Technical proofreader Jean-François
Morin was outstanding in his review. He not only pointed out existing errors but also
suggested multiple improvements to the organization of the contents. Proofreader
Katie Tennant was extremely capable and talented. She reviewed the final manuscript
with great precision.
The technical reviewers on this book did an awesome job of reviewing the con-
tents and sharing their valuable feedback and comments: Andrea Barisone, Andrea
Consentino, Anutosh Ghosh, David Blau, Marty Henderson, Mirsad Vojnikovic, Nicola
Pedot, Sanjiv Kumar, Simona Russo, Travis Nelson, and Ursin Stauss. I would also like

xix
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xx ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

to thank Nicole Butterfield and Donna Clements, review editors, for managing the
whole review process and meticulously funneling the feedback to make this book better.
Dennis Dalinnik did an outstanding job of converting the black-and-white hand-
drawn illustrations into glorious images. It was amazing to scrutinize the page proofs.
I also thank Dennis for adjusting the images in the final page proofs, which was a lot
of work. Janet Vail and Mary Piergies were awesome in their expertise at turning all
text, code, and images into publishable form. I am also grateful to Candace Gillhoolley
for her efforts in promoting the book.
I thank the MEAP readers for buying the book while it was being developed and
for their suggestions, corrections, and encouragement.
I would also like to thank my former colleagues Harry Mantheakis, Paul Rosenthal,
and Selvan Rajan, whose names I use in coding examples throughout the book. I have
always looked up to them.
I thank my daughters, Shreya and Pavni, who often advised me on the images that
I created for the book. I thank my family for their unconditional support. The book
would have been not been possible without their love and encouragement.
 about this book
This book is written for developers with a working knowledge of Java who want to earn
the OCA Java SE 8 Programmer Certification. It uses powerful tools and features to
make reaching your goal of certification a quick, smooth, and enjoyable experience.
This section explains the features used in the book and tells you how to use the book
to get the most out of it as you prepare for the certification exam. More information
on the exam and on how the book is organized is available in the Introduction.

Start your preparation with the chapter-based exam

objective map
I strongly recommend a structured approach to preparing for this exam. To help you
with this task, I developed a chapter-based exam objective map, as shown in figure 1.
The full version is in the Introduction (table I.3).

Covered in chapter/
Exam objectives
section

1 Java basics Chapters 1 and 3

1.1 Define the scope of variables Section 3.1

1.2 Define the structure of a Java class Section 1.1

1.3 Create executable Java applications with a main method; run a Java program from Section 1.2

Figure 1 The Introduction to this book provides a list of all exam objectives and the corresponding
chapter and section numbers where they are covered. See the full table in the Introduction (table I.3).

xxi
xxii ABOUT THIS BOOK

The map in the Introduction shows the complete exam objective list mapped to the
relevant chapter and section numbers. You can jump to the relevant section number
to work on a particular exam topic.

Chapter-based objectives
Each chapter starts with a list of the exam objectives covered in that chapter, as shown
in figure 2. This list is followed by a quick comparison of the major concepts and top-
ics covered in the chapter with real-world objects and scenarios.

Exam objectives covered in this chapter What you need to know

[1.2] Define the structure of a Java class. Structure of a Java class, with its components:
package and import statements, class declara-
tions, comments, variables, and methods.
Difference between the components of a Java
class and that of a Java source code file.

[1.3] Create executable Java applications with a The right method signature for the main method
main method; run a Java program from the to create an executable Java application.
command line; including console output. The arguments that are passed to the main
method.

Figure 2 An example of the list of exam objectives and brief explanations at the beginning of each
chapter

Section-based objectives
Each main section in a chapter starts by identifying the exam objective(s) that it cov-
ers. Each listed exam topic starts with the exam objective and its subobjective number.
In figure 3, the number “4.4” refers to section 4.4 in chapter 4 (the complete list of
chapters and sections can be found in the table of contents). The number “9.4” pre-
ceding the exam objective refers to the objective’s numbering in the list of exam
objectives on Oracle’s website (the complete numbered list of exam objectives is given
in table I.3 in the Introduction).

4.4 ArrayList
[9.4] Declare and use an ArrayList of a given type

In this section, I’ll cover how to use ArrayList, its commonly used methods, and the
advantages it offers over an array.
The OCA Java SE 8 Programmer I exam covers only one class from the Java Collec-
tion API: ArrayList. The rest of the classes from the Java Collection API are covered
in the OCP Java SE 8 Programmer II exam (exam number 1Z0-809). One of the reasons

Figure 3 An example of the beginning of a section, identifying the exam objective that it covers
 ABOUT THIS BOOK xxiii

Exam tips
Each chapter provides multiple exam tips to reemphasize the points that are the most
confusing, overlooked, or frequently answered incorrectly by candidates and that
therefore require special attention for the exam. Figure 4 shows an example.

EXAM TIP An ArrayList preserves the order of insertion of its elements.

Iterator, ListIterator, and the enhanced for loop will return the ele-
ments in the order in which they were added to the ArrayList. An iterator
(Iterator or ListIterator) lets you remove elements as you iterate an
ArrayList. It’s not possible to remove elements from an ArrayList while
iterating it using a for loop.

Figure 4 Example of an exam tip; they occur multiple times in a chapter

Notes
All chapters also include multiple notes that draw your attention to points that should
be noted while you’re preparing for the exam. Figure 5 shows an example.

NOTE Although the terms method parameters and method arguments are not the
same, you may have noticed that many programmers use them interchange-
ably. Method parameters are the variables that appear in the definition of a
method. Method arguments are the actual values that are passed to a method
while executing it. In figure 3.15, the variables phNum and msg are method
parameters. If you execute this method as sendMsg("123456", "Hello"),
then the String values "123456" and "Hello" are method arguments. As you
know, you can pass literal values or variables to a method. Thus, method argu-
ments can be literal values or variables.

Figure 5 Example note

Sidebars
Sidebars contain information that may not be directly relevant to the exam but that is
related to it. Figure 6 shows an example.

static classes and interfaces

Certification aspirants frequently ask questions about static classes and inter-
faces, so I’ll quickly cover these in this section to ward off any confusion related to
them. But note that static classes and interfaces are types of nested classes and
interfaces that aren’t covered by the OCA Java 8 Programmer I exam.
You can’t prefix the definition of a top-level class or an interface with the keyword
static. A top-level class or interface is one that isn’t defined within another class or
interface. The following code will fail to compile:
static class Person {}

Figure 6 Example sidebar

xxiv ABOUT THIS BOOK

Images
I use a lot of images in the chapters for an immersive learning experience. I believe
that a simple image can help you understand a concept quickly, and a little humor can
help you to retain information longer.
Simple images are used to draw your attention to a particular line of code (as shown
in figure 7).
public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar) {
if (oldChar != newChar) {
// code to create a new char array and
// replace the desired char with the new char

return new String(0, len, buf);

}
return this; replace creates and
} returns a new String
object. It doesn’t modify
the existing array value.

Figure 7 An example image that draws your attention to a particular line of code

I use pictorial representation of data in arrays (figure 8) and other data types to aid
visualization and understanding.

A
0 0
B
multiStrArr 1 1
null
2
Jan
0
Feb
1
Figure 8 An example pictorial representation
Mar
2 of data in an array

To reinforce important points and help you retain them longer, a little humor has been
added using comic strips (as in figure 9).

Figure 9 An example of a little humor to help you remember that the finally block always executes
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sacred things, our country’s household gods. For me, just
emerged from this mighty war, with the stains of carnage
fresh upon me, it were sacrilege to touch them, till I
have cleansed me in the running stream.’ 10

“So saying, I spread out my shoulders, bow my neck,

cover them with a robe, a lion’s tawny hide, and take up
the precious burden. My little Iulus has fastened his
hand in mine, and is following his father with ill-matched
steps, my wife comes on behind. On we go, keeping in the 15
shade—and I, who erewhile quailed not for a moment at
the darts that rained upon me or at the masses of Greeks
that barred my path, now am scared by every breath of air,
startled by every sound, fluttered as I am, and fearing alike
for him who holds my hand and him I carry. And now I 20
was nearing the gates, and the whole journey seemed
accomplished,
when suddenly the noise of thick trampling
feet came to my ear, and my father looks onward through
the darkness. ‘Son, son,’ he cries, ‘fly: they are upon
us. I distinguish the flashing of their shields and the 25
gleam of their steel.’ In this alarm some unfriendly
power perplexed and took away my judgment. For,
while I was tracking places where no track was, and
swerving from the wonted line of road, woe is me! destiny
tore from me my wife Creusa. Whether she stopped, 30
or strayed from the road, or sat down fatigued, I never
knew—nor was she ever restored to my eyes in life.
Nay, I did not look back to discover my loss, or turn my
thoughts that way till we had come to the mound and
temple of ancient Ceres; then at last, when all were 35
mustered, she alone was missing, and failed those who
should have travelled with her, her son and husband both.
Whom of gods or men did my upbraiding voice spare?
what sight in all the ruin of the city made my heart bleed
more? Ascanius and Anchises my father and the Teucrian
household gods I give to my comrades’ care, and lodge
them in the winding glade. I repair again to the city
and don my shining armour. My mind is set to try every 5
hazard again, and retrace my path through the whole of
Troy, and expose my life to peril once more. First
I repair again to the city walls, and the gate’s dark entry
by which I had passed out. I track and follow my footsteps
back through the night, and traverse the ground 10
with my eye. Everywhere my sense is scared by the
horror, scared by the very stillness. Next I betake me
home, in the hope, the faint hope that she may have turned
her steps thither. The Danaans had broken in and were
lodged in every chamber. All is over—the greedy flame 15
is wafted by the wind to the roof, the fire towers triumphant—the
glow streams madly heavenwards. I pass
on, and look again at Priam’s palace and the citadel. There
already in the empty cloisters, yes, in Juno’s sanctuary,
chosen guards, Phœnix and Ulysses the terrible, were 20
watching the spoil. Here are gathered the treasures of
Troy torn from blazing shrines, tables of gods, bowls of
solid gold, and captive vestments in one great heap. Boys
and mothers stand trembling all about in long array.

“Nay, I was emboldened even to fling random cries 25

through the darkness. I filled the streets with shouts, and
in my agony called again and again on my Creusa with unavailing
iteration. As I was thus making my search and
raving unceasingly the whole city through, the hapless
shade, the spectre of my own Creusa appeared in my 30
presence—a likeness larger than the life. I was aghast,
my hair stood erect, my tongue clove to my mouth, while
she began to address me thus, and relieve my trouble
with words like these: ‘Whence this strange pleasure
in indulging frantic grief, my darling husband? It is 35
not without Heaven’s will that these things are happening:
that you should carry your Creusa with you on your journey
is forbidden by fate, forbidden by the mighty ruler
of heaven above. You have long years of exile, a vast
expanse of ocean to traverse—and then you will arrive
at the land of Hesperia, where Tiber, Lydia’s river, rolls
his gentle volumes through rich and cultured plains.
There you have a smiling future, a kingdom and a royal 5
bride waiting your coming. Dry your tears for Creusa,
your heart’s choice though she be. I am not to see the
face of Myrmidons or Dolopes in their haughty homes,
or to enter the service of some Grecian matron—I, a
Dardan princess, daughter by marriage of Venus the immortal. 10
No, I am kept in this country by heaven’s
mighty mother. And now farewell, and continue to love
your son and mine. Thus having spoken, spite of my
tears, spite of the thousand things I longed to say, she left
me and vanished into unsubstantial air. Thrice, as I 15
stood, I essayed to fling my arms round her neck—thrice
the phantom escaped the hands that caught at it in vain—impalpable
as the wind, fleeting as the wings of sleep.

“So passed my night, and such was my return to my

comrades. Arrived there, I find with wonder their band 20
swelled by a vast multitude of new companions, matrons
and warriors both, an army mustered for exile, a crowd
of the wretched. From every side they were met, prepared
in heart as in fortune to follow me over the sea to
any land where I might take them to settle. And now 25
the morning star was rising over Ida’s loftiest ridge
with the day in its train—Danaan sentinels were blocking
up the entry of the gates, and no hope of succour appeared.
I retired at last, took up my father, and made for the
mountains. 30
 BOOK III
“After that it had seemed well to the powers above to
overthrow Asia’s fortunes and Priam’s guiltless nation;
after that Ilion fell headlong from its pride, and Troy,
which Neptune reared, became one levelled smoking ruin,
we are driven by auguries from heaven to look elsewhere 5
for the exile’s home in lands yet unpeopled. We build us
a fleet under the shadow of Antandros,[140] and the range of
our own Phrygian Ida, all uncertain whither fate may
carry us, where it may be our lot to settle, and muster
men for sailing. Scarcely had summer set in, when my 10
father, Anchises, was bidding us spread our sails to destiny.
Then I give my last tearful look to my country’s shores
and her harbours, and those plains where Troy once stood
but stands no longer. A banished man, I am wafted into
the deep with my comrades and my son, my household 15
gods and their mighty brethren.

“In the distance lies the land of the war-god, inhabited,

in vast extent—the Thracians are its tillers—subject
erewhile to Lycurgus’[141] savage sway, bound by old hospitality
to Troy, their household gods friends of ours, while 20
our star yet shone. Hither I am wafted, and on the
bending line of coast trace the outline of a city, a commencement
made in an evil hour, and call the new nation
Æneadæ,[142] after my own name.

“I was sacrificing to my parent, Dione’s[143] daughter, and 25

the rest of the gods, that they might bless the work I
had begun, and was slaying to the heavenly monarch of the
powers above a bull of shining whiteness on the shore.
It happened that there was a mound near, on whose top
were plants of cornel, and a myrtle bristling thick with 30
spearlike wands. I drew near, and essayed to pull up
from the ground the green forest growth, that I might
have leafy boughs wherewith to shadow the altar, when I
see a portent dreadful and marvellous to tell. For the
first tree that I pull up from the soil, severing its roots, 5
from that tree trickle drops of black blood, staining the
earth with gore. For me, a freezing shudder palsies my
frame, and my chilled blood curdles with affright. Again
I go on to pluck the reluctant fibres of a second tree, and
thus probe the hidden cause to the bottom; as surely 10
from the bark of that second tree the black blood follows.
Much musing in my mind, I began to call on the nymphs
of the wood, and Gradivus,[144] our father, patron of the land
of Thrace, that they might duly turn the appearance to
good, and make the heavy omen light. But when I come 15
to tear up a third spear-shaft with a still greater effort,
straining with my knees against the sand which pressed on
them—ought I to tell the tale or hold my peace?—a lamentable
groan is heard from the bottom of the mound, and
the utterance of a human voice reaches my ear: ‘Why, 20
Æneas, mangle a wretch like me? Spare me at length in
my grave—spare those pious hands the stain of guilt.
It was not an alien to you that Troy bore in bearing me—it
is no alien’s blood that is trickling from the stem. Ah!
fly from this land of cruelty, fly from this shore of greed, 25
for I am Polydorus. Here I lie, pierced and buried by a
growing crop of spears that has shot into sharp javelins.’

“Then, indeed, terror, blank and irresolute, came over

me—I was aghast—my hair stood erect, my tongue
clove to my mouth. Yes, this Polydorus had long ago 30
been sent secretly by Priam, unhappy then as ever, with
a vast weight of gold, to be brought up by the king of
Thrace, when he had already come to despair of the arms
of Dardania, and saw the siege folding closer round his
city. When the power of the Trojans had been broken, 35
and their star set, the Thracian followed Agamemnon’s
fortunes, and joined the standard of the conqueror—every
tie of duty is snapped—he murders Polydorus, and
by violence possesses himself of the gold. Cursed lust of
gold, to what dost thou not force the heart of man? After
the cold shuddering had ceased to tingle in my marrow,
I lay this portent from heaven before the select senate
of our nation, and my father as their chief, and ask them 5
what they think. All are of the same mind, to depart from
the land of crime, to leave the home of violated friendship,
and indulge our fleet with the gales that wooed it. So we
give Polydorus a solemn funeral: earth is heaped high
upon his mound; there stand the altars reared to his 10
manes,[145] in all the woe of dark fillets and sad-coloured
cypress: and round them are daughters of Ilion, their
hair unbound in mourner fashion: we offer bowls of new
milk warm and frothing, and dishes of consecrated blood:
so we lay the spirit to rest in its grave, and with a loud 15
voice give the farewell call.[146]

“Then, when the deep first looks friendly, and the

winds offer a smooth sea, and the south’s gentle whisper invites
us to the main, our crews haul down their ships and
crowd the shore. We sail out of the harbour, land and 20
town leaving us fast. There is a sacred country with
water all round it, chief favourite of the mother of the
Nereids and the god of the Ægean. Once it drifted among
the coasts and seaboards round about, till the heavenly
archer in filial gratitude moored it to the rock of Myconos 25
and to Gyaros, and gave it to be a fixed dwelling-place
henceforth, and to laugh at the winds. Hither I sail:
here it is that in a sheltered harbour our weary crews
find gentlest welcome. We land, and worship the city of
Apollo. King Anius, king of men at once and priest of 30
Phœbus, his temples wreathed with fillets and hallowed
bay, comes running up; in Anchises he owns an old friend,
we knit hand to hand in hospitality and enter his roof.

“Behold me now worshipping the temple of the god,

built of ancient stone. ‘Give us, god of Thymbra,[147] a home 35
that we can call our own: give us weary men a walled
habitation, a posterity, a city that will last: keep from
ruin Troy’s second Pergamus, all that was left by the
Danaans and their ruthless Achilles! Who is our guide?
Whither wouldst thou have us go? where set up our
roof-tree? Vouchsafe us a response, great father, and
steal with power upon our souls!’

“Scarce had I spoken, when methought suddenly came 5

a trembling on the whole place, temple-gate and hallowed
bay, a stir in the mountain from height to depth, a muttering
from the tripod as the door of the shrine flew open.
We fall low on earth, and a voice is wafted to our ears:
‘Sons of Dardanus, strong to endure, the land which first 10
gave you birth from your ancestral tree, the same land
shall welcome you back, restored to its fruitful bosom:
seek for your old mother till you find her. There it is
that the house of Æneas shall set up a throne over all
nations, they, and their children’s children, and those 15
that shall yet come after.’ Thus Phœbus; and a mighty
burst succeeds of wild multitudinous joy, all asking as one
man what that city is—whither is Phœbus calling the
wanderers, and bidding them return. Then my father,
revolving the traditions of men of old: ‘Listen,’ he cries, 20
‘lords of Troy, and learn where your hopes are. Crete
lies in the midst of the deep, the island of mighty Jove.
There is Mount Ida, and there the cradle of our race.
It has a hundred peopled cities, a realm of richest plenty.
Thence it was that our first father, Teucer, if I rightly 25
recall what I have heard, came in the beginning to the
Rhœtean coast, and fixed on the site of empire: Ilion and
the towers of Pergamus had not yet been reared: the
people dwelt low in the valley. Hence came our mighty
mother, the dweller on Mount Cybele, and the symbols 30
of the Corybants, and the forest of Ida: hence the inviolate
mystery of her worship, and the lions harnessed
to the car of their queen. Come, then, and let us follow
where the ordinance of heaven points the way: let us
propitiate the winds, and make for the realm of Gnossus[148]—the
35
voyage is no long one—let but Jupiter go with us,
and the third day will land our fleet on the Cretan shore.’
He said, and offered on the altar the sacrifice that was
meet—a bull to Neptune, a bull to thee, beauteous
Apollo—a black lamb to the storm-wind, to the favouring
Zephyrs a white one.

“Fame flies abroad that King Idomeneus[149] has been

driven to quit his paternal realm, that the shores of Crete 5
are abandoned, houses cleared of the enemy, dwellings
standing empty to receive us. So we leave Ortygia’s
harbour, and fly along the deep, past Naxos’ bacchant
mountains, and green Donysa, Olearos, and snowy Paros,
and the Cyclades sprinkled over the waves, and seas thick 10
sown with islands. Up rises the seaman’s shout amid
strain and struggle—each encourages his comrades,
‘For Crete and our forefathers, ho!’ A wind gets up
from the stern and escorts us on our way, and at length we
are wafted to the Curetes’ time-honoured shore. 15

“And now the site is chosen, and I am rearing a city’s

walls and calling it Pergamia: the new nation is proud
to bear the name of the old: I bid them love hearth and
home, and raise and roof the citadel. Already the ships
had been hauled up high and dry on the shore, the crews 20
were busied with marriage and tilling the new country, and
I was appointing laws to live by, and houses to dwell in—when
suddenly there came on the human frame a wasting
sickness, shed from the whole tainted expanse of the sky,
a piteous blight on trees and crops, a year charged with 25
death. There were men leaving the lives they loved, or
dragging with them the bodies that burdened them,
while Sirius baked the fields into barrenness, the herbage
was parching, the corn was sickening, and would not
yield its food. Back again to Phœbus and his Ortygian 30
oracle over the sea my father bids us go, and there sue for
grace, asking the god to what haven he means to bring our
overtoiled fortunes, whence he orders us to seek for help
in our sufferings—whither to direct our course.

“It was night and all living things on earth were in the 35
power of sleep, when methought the sacred images of the
gods, the Phrygian household deities, whom I had borne
away with me from Troy, even from the midst of the blazing
town, stood before my eyes as I lay in slumber, clear in
a flood of light, where the full moon was streaming through
the windows of the house. Then they began to address
me thus, and relieve my trouble with words like these:
‘The answer which Apollo has ready to give you when you 5
reach Ortygia, he delivers here, sending us, see, of his own
motion to your very door. We, the followers of you and
your fortune since Dardanland sunk in flame—we,
the comrades of the fleet which you have been guiding over
the swollen main—we it is that will raise to the stars the 10
posterity that shall come after you, and crown your city
with imperial sway. Be it yours to build mighty walls
for mighty dwellers, and not abandon the task of flight for
its tedious length. Change your settlement: it is not this
coast that the Delian god moved you to accept—not in 15
Crete that Apollo bade you sit down. No, there is a
place—the Greeks call it Hesperia[150]—a land old in
story, strong in arms and in the fruitfulness of its soil—the
Œnotrians were its settlers. Now report says that
later generations have called the nation Italian from the 20
name of their leader. That is our true home: thence
sprung Dardanus and father Iasius, the first founder of our
line. Quick! rise, and tell the glad tale, which brooks no
question, to your aged sire; tell him that he is to look for
Corythus[151] and the country of Ausonia. Jupiter bars you 25
from the fields of Dicte.’[152] Thus astonished by visions
and voices of heaven—for sleep it was not: no—methought
I saw them face to face, their wreathed locks and
their features all in full view; and a cold sweat, too,
trickled down my whole frame. I leap from the bed, and 30
direct upturned hand and voice to heaven, and pour on the
hearth the undefiled libation. The sacrifice paid, with
joy I inform Anchises, and expound the whole from first to
last. He owns the double pedigree and the rival ancestors,
and his own new mistake about the two old countries. 35
Then he says: ‘My son, trained in the school of Troy’s
destiny, Cassandra’s was the one voice which used to
chant to me of this chance. Now I recollect, this was the
fortune she presaged as appointed for our line, calling often
for Hesperia, often for the land of Italy. But could anyone
think that Teucrians would ever reach the Hesperian
shore? Could Cassandra’s prophesying in those days gain
any one’s credence? Let us give way to Phœbus, and 5
follow the better course enjoined.’ He said, and with one
consent we gladly obey. So we quit this settlement as we
quitted the last, and leaving a few behind, set sail, and
make our hollow barque fly over the vast world of waters.

“Soon as the ships had gained the mid-sea, and land was 10
no more to be seen, sky on every side, on every side ocean,
then came a murky storm-cloud and stood over my head,
charged with night and winter tempest, and darkness
ruffled the billow’s crest. At once the winds lay the sea in
heaps, and the waters rise mountains high: a scattered 15
fleet, we are tossed upon the vast abyss: clouds enshrouded
the day, and dank night robbed us of the sky, while fire
flashes momently from the bursting clouds. We are
dashed out of our track, and wander blindly over the blind
waters. Nay, even Palinurus owns he cannot tell day 20
from night in a heaven like this, or recollect the footpath
in the watery wilderness. Three dreary suns, blotted by
blinding darkness, we wander on the deep: three nights
with never a star. On the fourth day, at last, land was
first seen to rise, and mountains with curling smoke 25
wreaths to dawn in distant prospect. Down drop the
sails: we rise on our oars: incessantly the crews, straining
every nerve, toss the foam and sweep the blue.

“Escaped from the sea, I am first welcomed by the coast

of the Strophades—the Strophades are known by the 30
name Greece gave them, islands in the great Ionian, which
fell Celæno[153] and the rest of the Harpies have made their
home, ever since Phineus’[154] doors were closed against
them, and fear drove them from the board which once fed
them. A more baleful portent than this—a fiercer plague 35
of heaven’s vengeance never crawled out of the Stygian
flood. Birds with maiden’s faces, a foul discharge, crooked
talons, and on their cheeks the pallor of eternal famine.

“On our arrival here, and entering the harbour, see! we

behold luxuriant herds of oxen grazing dispersedly in the
fields, and goats all along the grass, with none to tend them.
On we rush, sword in hand, inviting the gods and Jove
himself to share the spoil with us: and then on the winding 5
shore pile up couches for the banquet, and regale on the
dainty fare. But on a sudden, with an appalling swoop
from the hills, the Harpies are upon us, flapping their
wings with a mighty noise—they tear the food in pieces,
and spoil all with their filthy touch, while fearful screeches 10
blend with foul smells. Again, in a deep retreat under a
hollow rock, with trees and crisp foliage all about us, we set
out the board and put new fire on new altars. Again,
from another quarter of the sky, out of their hidden lair,
comes the troop, all rush and sound, flying about the prey 15
with their hooked talons, tainting the food with their
loathsome mouths. I give the word to my comrades to
seize their arms and wage war with the fell tribe. As I
ordered they do—they arrange their swords in hiding
about the grass, and cover and conceal their shields. So 20
soon as the noise of their swoop was heard along the winding
shore, Misenus, from his lofty watch-tower, makes the
hollow brass sound the alarm. On rush my comrades, and
essay a combat of a new sort, to spoil with their swords the
plumage of these foul sea-birds. But no violence will 25
ruffle their feathers, no wounds pierce their skin: they are
off in rapid flight high in the air, leaving their half-eaten
prey and their filthy trail behind them. One of them,
Celæno, perches on a rock of vast height—ill-boding
prophetess—and gives vent to words like these: ‘What, 30
is it war, for the oxen you have slain and the bullocks
you have felled, true sons of Laomedon? is it war that
you are going to make on us, to expel us, blameless Harpies,
from our ancestral realm? Take then into your minds
these my words, and print them there. The prophecy 35
which the Almighty Sire imparted to Phœbus, Phœbus
Apollo to me, I, the chief of the Furies, make known to you.
For Italy, I know, you are crowding all sail: well, the winds
shall be at your call as you go to Italy, and you shall be
free to enter its harbours: but you shall not build walls
round your fated city, before fell hunger and your murderous
wrong against us drive you to gnaw and eat up your
very tables.’[155] She said, and her wings carried her swiftly 5
into the wood. But for my friends, a sudden terror curdled
their blood, their hearts died within them; no more arms—no,
we must sue for grace, with vows and prayers, be
the creatures goddesses or fell and loathsome birds. And
my father Anchises, spreading his hands from the shore, 10
invokes the mighty powers, and ordains meet sacrifice—‘Great
gods, forefend these menaces! Great gods, avert a
chance like this, and let your blessing shield your worshippers!’
Then he bids us tear our moorings from the shore,
and uncoil and stretch our ropes. 15

“The winds swell our sails, we scud over the foaming

surge, where gale and pilot bid us go. Now rising from
the wave are seen the woods of Zacynthos,[156] and Dulichium,
and Samos, and the tall cliffs of Neritos: we fly
past the rocks of Ithaca, Laertes’ realm, breathing a curse 20
for the land that nursed the hard heart of Ulysses. Soon,
too, the storm-capped peaks of Leucata dawn on the
view, and their Apollo, the terror of sailors. In our
weariness we make for him, and enter the little town:
our anchors are thrown from the prow, our sterns ranged 25
on the coast.

“So now, masters of the land beyond our hope, we perform

lustrations to Jove, and set the altars ablaze with
our vows, and solemnize the shores of Actium[157] with the
native games of Troy. My comrades strip, and practise 30
the wrestle of the old country, all slippery with oil: what
joy to have passed in safety by all those Argive cities,
and held on our flight through the heart of the foe!
Meanwhile the sun rolls round the mighty year, and the
north winds of icy winter roughen the sea. A shield of 35
hollow brass, once borne by the great Abas, I fasten up
full on the temple gate, and signalize the deed with a
verse: ‘These arms are the offering of Æneas, won from
his Danaan conquerors.’ Then I give the word to leave
the haven and take seat on the benches. Each vying with
each, the crews strike the water and sweep the marble
surface. In due course we hide from view the airy summits 5
of Phæacian[158] land, coast the shore of Epirus, enter
the Chaonian haven, and approach Buthrotum’s lofty
tower.

“Here a rumour of events past belief takes hold of our

ears—that Helenus, son of Priam, is reigning among
Grecian cities, lord of the wife and crown of Pyrrhus, 10
Achilles’ very son, and that Andromache had again been
given to a husband of her own nation. I was astounded:
my heart kindled with a strange longing to have speech
of my old friend, and learn all about this wondrous stroke
of fortune. So I advance into the country from the haven, 15
leaving fleet and coast behind, at the very time when
Andromache, before the city, in a grove, by the wave of
a mock Simois, was celebrating a yearly banquet, the
offering of sorrow, to the dead, and invoking her Hector’s
shade at a tomb called by his name, an empty mound of 20
green turf which she had consecrated to him with two
altars, that she might have the privilege of weeping.
Soon as her wild eye saw me coming with the arms of
Troy all about me, scared out of herself by the portentous
sight, she stood chained to earth while yet gazing—life’s 25
warmth left her frame—she faints, and after long time
scarce finds her speech:—‘Is it a real face that I see?
are those real lips that bring me news? Goddess-born,
are you among the living? or, if the blessed light has left
you, where is my Hector?’ She spoke—her tears flowed 30
freely, and the whole place was filled with her shrieks.
Few, and formed with labour, are the words I address to
her frenzied ear, broken and confused the accents I utter:—‘Aye,
I live, sure enough, and through the worst of
fortunes am dragging on life still. Doubt it not, your eye 35
tells you true. Alas! on what chance have you alit,
fallen from the height where your first husband throned
you? What smile has Fortune bright enough to throw
back on Hector’s Andromache? is it Pyrrhus’ bed you
are still tending?’ She dropped her eyes, and spoke with
bated breath:—‘O blest pre-eminently over all, Priam’s
virgin daughter,[159] bidden to die at the grave of her foe,
under Troy’s lofty walls! she that had not to brook the 5
chance of the lot, or, a slave and a captive, to touch the
bed of her lord and conqueror! While we, after the burning
of our city, carried over this sea and that, have stooped
to the scorn, the youthful insolence of Achilles’ heir, the
slave-mother of his child; he, after this, goes in quest of 10
Leda’s Hermione[160] and her Spartan alliance, and gives me
over to Helenus, the bondwoman to be the bondman’s
mate! Him, however, Orestes, fired by desperate passion
for a ravished bride, and maddened by the frenzy-fiend of
crime, surprises at unawares, and slays at his sire’s own 15
altar. At Neoptolemus’ death a portion of this kingdom
passed to Helenus, who called the fields Chaonian, and
the land itself Chaonia, from Chaon, their Trojan namesake,
and crowned, as you see, these heights with a new
Pergamus, the citadel of Ilion. But you—what wind, 20
what destiny has shaped your voyage? What god has
driven you on a coast which you know not to be ours?
What of the boy Ascanius? is he alive and breathing
upper air? he, whom you on that night at Troy—say,
can his boyish mind feel yet for the mother he has lost? 25
Is he enkindled at all to the valour of old days, the prowess
of a grown man, by a father like Æneas, an uncle like
Hector?’

“Such were the sorrows she kept pouring out, weeping

long and fruitlessly, when Priam’s noble son, Helenus, 30
presents himself from the city, with a train of followers,
and knows his friends again, and joyfully leads them to
his home, many a tear interrupting his utterance. As I
go on, I recognize a miniature Troy, a Pergamus copied
from the great one, a dry rivulet the namesake of Zanthus, 35
and throw my arms round a Scæan[161] gate. My
Trojan comrades, too, are made free of the friendly town.
The king made entertainment for them in spacious cloisters.
There, in the midst of the hall, they were pouring libations
from cups of wine, their meat served on gold, and
goblets in their hands.

“And now suppose a day past, and yet another day:

the breeze is inviting the sail, the swelling south inflating 5
the canvas, when I accost the prophet with these words,
and put to him the question I tell you:—‘True Trojan
born, heaven’s interpreter,[B] whose senses inform you of
the stars, and of the tongue of birds, and of the omens of
the flying wing, tell me now—for revelation has spoken 10
in auspicious words of the whole of my voyage, and all
the gods have urged me with one voice of power to make
for Italy, and explore that hidden clime. One alone, the
Harpy Celæno, forebodes a strange portent, too horrible
to tell, denouncing fierce vengeance and unnatural hunger. 15
Tell me then, what perils do I shun first, or what must
I observe to surmount the tremendous hardships before
me?’ Then Helenus first implores the favour of Heaven
by a solemn sacrifice of bullocks, and unbinds the fillet
from his consecrated brow, and with his own hand leads 20
me to thy temple, Phœbus, my mind lifted from its place
by the effluence of divine power; which done, that priestly
mouth chants these words from its prophetic lips:—

“‘Goddess-born—for that presages of mighty blessing

are attending you over the deep is clear beyond doubt—such 25
is the casting of the lot of fate by heaven’s king as
he rolls event after event—such the ordained succession—a
few things out of many, to make your voyage through
strange waters safer, your settlement in Ausonia’s haven
more assured. My speech shall unfold to you but a few—for 30
the rest the fatal sisters keep from Helenus’ knowledge,
and Saturnian Juno seals his lips. First then for
Italy, which you think close at hand, ready in your blindness
to rush into the harbours that neighbour us, the
length of a way where no way is severs you from its length 35
of territory. First must the oar be suppled in Trinacrian
waters, and your ships must traverse the expanse
of the Ausonian brine, and the spectral lake, and the isle
of Ææan Circe,[162] ere you can find a safe spot to build a
peaceful city. I will tell you the tokens, be it yours to 5
keep them lodged in your mind. When on an anxious
day, by the side of a sequestered river, you shall find an
enormous swine lying under the oaks on the bank with a
litter of thirty head just born, white herself through all
her lazy length, her children round her breasts as white 10
as she—that shall be the site of your city—that your
assured rest from toil and trouble. Nor need you shudder
beforehand at the prospect of gnawing your tables—the
fates will find you a path, and a prayer will bring you
Apollo. But as for these lands, and this line of the 15
Italian coast, which lies close at hand, and is washed by
the spray of our waters, this you must fly: the cities, one
and all, are peopled by enemies from Greece. Here the
Narycian Locrians have built them cities, and the Sallentine
fields have been occupied with an army by Lyctian 20
Idomeneus: here is the Melibœan chief Philoctetes’ tiny
town Patelia, with a strong wall to prop it. Further,
when your fleet stands moored on the other side the
water, and you build altars and pay vows on the coast,
shroud your head with the covering of a purple robe, lest, 25
while the hallowed fires are blazing, and the worship of
the gods is yet unfinished, some enemy’s eye should meet
yours, and make the omens void. Be this ritual custom
maintained by your comrades as by yourself: let the piety
of generations to come abide in this observance. But 30
when leaving Italy you are carried by the wind near the
Sicilian coast, and Pelorus’ narrow bars dimly open, make
for the left shore, for the left water, long as the circuit
round may be; avoid the right, its land and its seas.
This whole region by the forceful throes of a mighty convulsion—
such 35
power of change is there in long centuries
of olden time—was rent in twain, so runs the story, the
two countries before having been one and unbroken; at
last the sea poured in violently between, and with its
waters cut off the Hesperian from the Sicilian side, washing
between fields and cities, their seaboards now parted,
with the waves of its narrow channel. There the right-hand
coast is held by Scylla,[163] the left by Charybdis, ever 5
hungering, who, at the bottom of the whirling abyss,
thrice a day draws the huge waves down her precipitous
throat, and in turn upheaves them to the sky, and lashes
the stars with their spray. But Scylla is confined in the
deep recesses of a cave, whence she thrusts out her mouths, 10
and drags vessels on to her rocks. At top, a human face,
a maiden with beauteous bosom; at bottom an enormous
sea-monster—dolphins’ tails attached to a belly all of
wolves’ heads. Better far wearily to round the goal of
Trinacrian[164] Pachynus and fetch about a tedious compass, 15
than once to have looked on the monster Scylla in her
enormous cave, and the rocks that echo with her sea-coloured
dogs. Moreover, if there be any foresight in
Helenus, if you give any credence to his prophetic tongue,
if his mind be a fountain of Apollo’s truth, one thing 20
there is, goddess-born, one thing outweighing all beside
which I will foreshow you, reiterating the warning again
and again—be Juno, great Juno, the first whose deity
you worship—to Juno chant your willing prayers: subdue
that mighty empress by suppliant offerings: thus at 25
last victorious you will leave Trinacria behind, and be
sped to the borders of Italy. When you are there at
length, and have come to the city of Cumæ, and the
haunted lake, and the woods that rustle over Avernus, you
will have sight of the frenzied prophetess, who, in the 30
cavern under the rock, chants her fateful strain, and commits
characters and words to the leaves of trees. All the
strains that the maid has written on these leaves she
arranges in order, shuts them up in her cave, and leaves
them there. They remain as she has left them, their 35
disposition unchanged. But, strange to say, when the
hinge is turned, and a breath of air moves the leaves,
and the opened door throws their light ranks into confusion,
henceforth she never troubles herself for a moment
to catch them as they fly about the cavern, to restore
them to their places, or to fit each strain to each. The
inquirers retire with their doubts unsolved, and a hatred
of the sibyl’s seat. Arrived here, let no cost of time or 5
delay weigh with you so much—though your comrades
should chide, and the voyage loudly call your sails
to sea, and a sheet-full of fair wind be there at your choice—but
that you visit the prophetess, and beg and pray
her herself to chant the oracle, loosing speech and tongue 10
with a ready will. She shall tell you of the nations of
Italy, and the wars of the future, and the way to shun or
stand the shock of every peril, and shall vouchsafe to
your prayer the boon of a prosperous voyage. Such are
the counsels which it is given you to receive from my 15
lips. Go on your way, and by your own actions lift to
heaven the greatness of Troy.’
“Soon as the seer had thus uttered these words of kindness,
he next orders massy gifts of gold and carved ivory
to be carried on shipboard, and stores in the keels, a 20
weight of silver and caldrons of Dodona, a cuirass of
chain-mail, three-threaded in gold, and a splendid helmet
with cone and flowing crest, the armour of Neoptolemus.
My father, too, has presents of his own. Horses, too, he
gives, and guides too; makes up the complement of oars, 25
and arms the crews. Meanwhile Anchises was giving the
word to rig the fleet, not to wear out the patience of a
fair wind. Him the interpreter of Phœbus addresses with
much pomp of courtesy: ‘Anchises, graced with the
proud privilege of Venus’ wedded love, the special care 30
of the gods, whom they twice interposed to save from the
fall of Pergamus, lo! there lies Ausonia’s land; for this
make all sail. Yet what have I said? This coast you
must needs sail past; far away yonder lies that part of
Ausonia which Apollo reveals to you. Go on your way,’ 35
cries he, ‘blessed in a son so duteous! Why proceed
further, and make the rising gales wait while I talk?’
As freely, too, Andromache, saddened with the grief of
parting, presents Ascanius with robes pictured with gold
embroidery, and a Phrygian scarf. She tires not in her
bounty, but loads him with gifts of needlework, and bespeaks
him thus: ‘Take, too, these, dear boy, to be a
memorial of what my hands can do—a token for long 5
years of the affection of Andromache, Hector’s wife. Yes,
take the last presents your kin can bestow, O sole surviving
image of my own Astyanax[165]! Those eyes are his
eyes, those hands his hands, that face his face, and he
would now be growing to manhood by your side, in bloom 10
like yours!’ Tears started forth, as I addressed my parting
words to the royal pair: ‘Live long and happily, as
those should for whom the book of Fortune is closed.
We, alas! are still called to turn page after page. You
have won your rest: you have no expanse of sea to 15
plough, no Ausonian fields to chase, still retiring as
you advance. Your eyes look upon a copy of the old
Xanthus, upon a Troy which your own hands have made—made,
I would hope and pray, with happier auspices, and
with less peril of a visit from Greece. If the day ever 20
arrive when I shall enter Tiber and the fields that neighbour
Tiber, and look on the walls which Fate has made
over to my people, then we will have our two kindred
cities, our two fraternal nations—the one in Epirus, the
other in Hesperia, with a common founder, Dardanus, 25
and a common history—animated by one heart, till they
come to be one Troy. Be this the destined care of our
posterity!’

“We push on over the sea under Ceraunia’s neighbouring

range, whence there is a way to Italy, the shortest 30
course through the water. Meantime the sun drops, and
the mountains are veiled in shadow. We stretch ourselves
gladly on the lap of earth by the water’s side, having cast
lots for the oars, and take our ease dispersedly along the
dry beach. Sleep’s dew sprinkles our wearied limbs. Not 35
yet was night’s car entering the middle of its circle, drawn
by the unflagging hours, when Palinurus, with no thought
of sloth, springs from his bed, explores every wind, and
catches with his ears the voices of the air. All the stars
he notes, as they swim through the silent sky, looking
round on Arcturus, and the showery Hyades, and the
twin Bears, and Orion in his panoply of gold. Soon as
he sees them all set in a heaven of calm, he gives a clear 5
signal from the stern. We break up our quarters, essay
our flight, and spread the wings of our sails. And now
the stars were fled, and Aurora[166] was just reddening in the
sky, when in the distance we see the dim hills and low
plains of Italy. ‘Italy!’ Achates was the first to cry. 10
Italy our crews welcome with a shout of rapture. Then
my father, Anchises, wreathed a mighty bowl with a garland,
and filled it with wine, and called on the gods, standing
upon the tall stern: ‘Ye powers that rule sea and
land and weather, waft us a fair wind and a smooth passage, 15
and breathe auspiciously!’ The breeze we wished
for freshens; the harbour opens as we near it, and the
temple of Minerva is seen crowning the height. The crews
furl the sails, and turn their prows coastward. The harbour
is curved into an arch by the easterly waves; a 20
barrier of cliffs on each side foams again with the briny
spray; between them the haven lies concealed; the towery
rocks let down their arms like two walls, and the temple
retires from the shore. Here on the grass I saw four
horses, the first token of heaven’s will, browsing the 25
meadow at large, of snowy whiteness. And Anchises, my
father, breaks forth: ‘War is on thy front, land of the
stranger; for war thy horses are prepared; war is threatened
by the cattle we see. Still, these beasts no less are trained
one day to stoop to the car, and carry harness and curb 30
in harmony with the yoke; yes,’ cries he, ‘there is hope
of peace, too.’ With that we make our prayers to the
sacred majesty of Pallas, queen of clanging arms, the first
to welcome us in the hour of our joy; and, according to
Helenus’ order, that order which he gave so earnestly, we 35
duly solemnize to Juno of Argos the prescribed honours.
Then, without dallying, soon as our vows were paid in
course, we turn landward the horns of our covered sail-yards,
and leave the homes of the sons of Greece, and
the fields we could not trust. Next we sight the bay of
Tarentum, the city, if legend say true, of Hercules; right
against us rises the goddess of Lacinium, and the towers
of Caulon, and Scylaceum, wrecker of ships. Then, in 5
the distance, from the surge is seen Trinacrian Ætna;
and the heavy groaning of the sea and the beating of the
rocks is heard from afar, and broken voices on the beach,
and the depths leap up to sight, and the sands are in a
turmoil with the surge. Then, my father, Anchises: ‘No 10
doubt this is that Charybdis; these the cliffs, these the
frightful rocks of Helenus’ song. Snatch us from them,
comrades; rise on your oars as one man.’ They do no
less than bidden; first of all Palinurus turned the plashing
prow to the waters on the left; for the left makes the 15
whole fleet, oars, winds, and all. Up we go to heaven on
the arched back of the wave; down again, as the water
gives way under us, we sink to the place of death below.
Thrice the rocks shouted in our ears deep in their stony
hollows; twice we saw the foam dashed up, and the stars 20
all dripping. Meanwhile, tired and spent, we lose wind
and sunlight at once, and, in our ignorance of the way,
float to the land of the Cyclops.

“There is a haven, sheltered from the approach of the

winds, and spacious, were that all; but Ætna is near, 25
thundering with appalling crashes; at one time it hurls
to the sky a black cloud, a smoky whirlwind of soot and
glowing ashes, and upheaves balls of fire, and licks the
stars; at another it raises rocks, torn from the mountain’s
bowels, and whirls heaps of molten stones into the air 30
with a groan, and boils up from its very foundations.
The legend is, that the body of Enceladus,[167] blasted by
lightning, is kept down by this mighty weight, and that
the giant bulk of Ætna, piled on him, breathes forth penal
fire through passages which that fire has burst; and ever, 35
as he shifts his side from weariness, all Trinacria quakes
and groans, and draws up a curtain of smoke over the
sky. That night, in the shelter of the woods, we endure
the visitation of monstrous portents, yet see not what
cause produces the sound. For there was no starlight,
no sky, bright with a heaven of constellations, but the
firmament was dim and murky, and dead night was keeping
the moon in a prison of storm-clouds. 5

“And now the next day was breaking in early dawn,

and Aurora had drawn off the dewy shadow from the
sky, when suddenly from the woods comes forth the
strange figure of a man unknown, in piteous trim—a
picture completed by Famine’s master-stroke, and 10
stretches his hands in supplication to the shore. We
look back: there was filth to make us shudder, a length
of beard, a covering fastened with thorns; yet the rest
betokened a Greek, who had once been sent to Troy in
the army of his nation. As for him, when he saw from 15
afar the dress of Dardan land and the arms of Troy, for
a moment he faltered, scared by the sight, and checked
his steps; soon he ran headlong to the shore, crying and
praying: ‘By the stars I adjure you, by the powers
above, by this blessed light of heaven we breathe, take 20
me with you, Teucrians; carry me off to any land you
will; this will be enough. I know I am one of the Danaan
crews; I own that I carried war into your Trojan homes;
for which, if the guilt of my crime is so black, fling me
piecemeal to the waves, drown me deep in the great sea. 25
If I am to die, there will be pleasure in dying by the hands
of men.’ His speech was over, and he was clinging about
us, clasping our knees, and writhing round them. We
encourage him to tell us who he is, of what race sprung,
to reveal what fortune has since made him its sport. My 30
father, Anchises, after no long pause, himself gives his
hand to the youth, and reassures him by the powerful
pledge. He at length lays aside his fear, and speaks as
follows:—

“‘I come from Ithaca, a comrade of the ill-starred 35

Ulysses, my name Achemenides. I went to Troy, leaving
my father, Adamastus, who was poor. Would that his
lot had remained mine! Here, in their hurry to leave
the door of the slaughterhouse, my comrades forgot me
and so left me behind in the Cyclops’ enormous den. It
is a house of gore and bloody feasting, deep, and dark,
and huge; its master towers aloft, and strikes the stars
on high (ye gods, remove from the earth a plague like 5
this!), whom no eye rests on with pleasure, no tongue dare
accost. The flesh of wretched men and their black blood
are the food he feeds on. These eyes saw, when two
bodies from our company, caught by his huge hand, as
he threw back his head in the midst of the den, were 10
being brained against the rock, and the floor was plashed
and swimming with blood—they saw, when he was
crunching their limbs, dripping with black gore, and the
warm joints were quivering under his teeth. He did it,
but not unpunished. Ulysses was not the man to brook 15
a deed like this; the brain of Ithaca was not wanting to
itself when the need was so great. For soon as, gorged
with his food and buried in wine, he bent and dropped
his neck, and lay all along the den in unmeasured length,
belching out gore in his sleep, and gobbets mixed with 20
bloody wine; then we, having made our prayer to the
great gods and drawn our places by lot, surround him on
all sides as one man, and with a sharp weapon bore out
his eye, that vast eye, which used to lie single and sunk
under his grim brow,[C] and thus at last take triumphant 25
vengeance for our comrades’ shades. But fly, unhappy
men, fly, and tear your cable from the shore. For hideous
and huge as is Polyphemus, folding in his den his woolly
flocks and pressing their udders, as hideous and huge are
a hundred others that dwell everywhere along this coast, 30
monster Cyclops, and stalk over the tall mountains. It
is now the third moon, whose horns are filling out with
light, that I am dragging along my life in the woods;
among the lonely lairs where wild beasts dwell, and looking
forth on the huge Cyclops as they stalk from rock to 35
rock, and trembling at their tread and at the sound of
their voices. My wretched fare, berries and stony cornels,
is supplied by the boughs, and herbage uprooted yields
me food. As I turned my eyes all about, this fleet of
yours at last I saw advancing to the shore; with this, 5
prove it what might, I cast in my lot; it is enough to
have escaped this race of monsters. Sooner do you destroy
this life by any death you please.’

“Scarce had he ended, when on the mountain-top we

see the giant himself, moving along with his enormous 10
bulk among his cattle, and making for the well-known
shore—a monster dreadful, hideous, huge, with his eye
extinguished. A pine, lopped by his own hand, guides
him and steadies his footsteps. His woolly sheep accompany
him—there is his sole pleasure, the solace of his 15
suffering. After he had touched the waves of the deep
and come to the sea, he washes with its water the gore
that trickles from his scooped-out eye, gnashing his teeth
with a groan; and he steps through the sea, now at main
height, while the wave has not yet wetted his tall sides. 20
We, in alarm, hasten our flight from the place, taking on
board the suppliant, who had thus made good his claim,
and silently cut the cable; then throw ourselves forward,
and with emulous oars sweep along the sea. He perceived
it, and turned his steps towards the noise he heard. 25
But when he finds he has no means of grasping at us with
his hand, no power of keeping pace with the Ionian waves
in pursuit, he raises a gigantic roar, at which the sea and
all its waters trembled inwardly, and the land of Italy
shuddered to its core, and Ætna bellowed through her 30
winding caverns. But the tribe of the Cyclops, startled
from wood and lofty mountain, rush to the haven and
fill the shore. There we see them standing, each with
the empty menace of his grim eye, the brethren of Ætna,
lifting their tall heads to heaven, a dire assemblage—like 35
as on some tall peak, skyey oaks or cone-bearing cypresses
stand together, a lofty forest of Jupiter, or a grove of
Diana. Headlong our crews are driven by keen terror to
fling out the ropes anywhither, and stretch their sails to
the winds that would catch them. On the other hand,
Helenus’ warning bids them not to hold on their way
between Scylla and Charybdis, a passage on either side
removed but a hair’s breadth from death; so our purpose 5
stands to spread our sails backward. When lo! the north
wind is upon us, sped from Pelorus’ narrow strait. On I
fly past Pantagia’s mouth of living rock, and the bay of
Megara, and low-lying Thapsus. Such were the coasts
named to us by Achemenides, as he retraced his former 10
wanderings—Achemenides, comrade of the ill-starred
Ulysses.

“Stretched before the Sicanian bay lies an island, over

against Plemyrium the billowy—former ages named it
Ortygia. Hither, the legend is, Alpheus, the river of 15
Elis, made himself a secret passage under the sea; and
he now, through thy mouth, Arethusa,[168] blends with the
waters of Sicily. Obedient to command, we worship
the mighty gods of the place; and from thence I pass the
over-rich soil of Helorus the marshy. Hence we skirt the 20
tall crags and jutting rocks of Pachynus, and Camarina is
seen in the distance,—Camarina, which the oracle gave
no man leave to disturb, and the plains of Gela, and Gela
itself, mighty city, called from the stream that laves it.
Next Acragas the craggy displays from afar its lofty 25
walls, one day the breeder of generous steeds. Thee,
too, I leave, by favour of the winds, palmy Selinus, and
pick my way through the sunk rocks that make Lilybæum’s
waters perilous. Hence Drepanum receives me,
with its haven and its joyless coast. Here, after so many 30
storms on the sea had done their worst, woe is me! I
lose him that had made every care and danger light, my
father, Anchises. Here, best of sires, you leave your son,
lone and weary, you, who had been snatched from those
fearful dangers, alas! in vain. Helenus, the seer, among 35
the thousand horrors he foretold, warned me not of
this agony; no, nor dread Celæno. This was my last
suffering, this the goal of my long journeyings. It
was on parting hence that Heaven drove me on your
coast.”

Thus father Æneas, alone, amid the hush of all around,

was recounting Heaven’s destined dealings, and telling of
his voyages; and now, at length, he was silent, made an 5
end, and took his rest.
 BOOK IV
But the queen, pierced long since by love’s cruel shaft,
is feeding the wound with her life-blood, and wasting under
a hidden fire. Many times the hero’s own worth comes
back to her mind, many times the glory of his race; his
every look remains imprinted on her breast, and his every 5
word, nor will trouble let soothing sleep have access to
her frame.

The dawn-goddess[169] of the morrow was surveying the

earth with Phœbus’ torch in her hand, and had already
withdrawn the dewy shadow from the sky, when she, 10
sick of soul, thus bespoke the sister whose heart was one
with hers:—“Anna, my sister, what dreams are these
that confound and appal me! Who is this new guest
that has entered our door! What a face and carriage!
What strength of breast and shoulders! I do believe—it 15
is no mere fancy—that he has the blood of gods in his
veins. An ignoble soul is known by the coward’s brand.
Ah! by what fates he has been tossed! What wars he
was recounting, every pang of them borne by himself!
Were it not the fixed, immovable purpose of my mind 20
never to consent to join myself with any in wedlock’s
bands, since my first love played me false and made me
the dupe of death—had I not been weary of bridal bed
and nuptial torch, perchance I might have stooped to
this one reproach. Anna—for I will own the truth—since 25
the fate of Sychæus, my poor husband—since the
sprinkling of the gods of my home with the blood my
brother shed, he and he only has touched my heart and
shaken my resolution till it totters. I recognize the