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KEY Student Notes Lecture 27 Concentration Changes Over Time

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KEY Student Notes Lecture 27 Concentration Changes Over Time

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wperry42
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key

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 27
Concentration Changes Over Time (AP Chemistry Topic 5.3)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)


• Some reactions happen quickly, while others happen • Identify the rate law expression of a chemical reaction
more slowly and depend on reactant concentrations using data that show how the concentrations of
and temperature. reaction species change over time.
• There is a relationship between the speed of a
reaction and the collision frequency of particle
collisions.

Integrated Rate Law

integrated
Using calculus, we can produce an ____________________ rate _______.
_________ law The integrated rate law is a
concentrations
relationship between the ____________________________ time
of reactants and _________.

There is a different
integrated rate law for
each reaction order.

It is useful to know the relationship between concentration of reactants and time. For example, the
presence of CFCs in the atmosphere threaten the ozone layer and the reaction that consumes them is very
slow. Knowing how their concentration changes with time allows us to predict how much would be left
decades from now.

Zero Order Integrated Rate Law

When we integrate a zero-order rate law, we obtain the


following zero-order integrated rate law:

On the AP Chemistry Formula Sheet:

[A]t - [A]0 = -kt

We can rearrange the equation to get:

[A] + =
-
kt +
[A]o

A plot of the concentration of the reactant as


Which compares to y = mx + b a function of time yields a straight line with a
slope of -k and an intercept of [A] 0.
First Order Integrated Rate Law
When we integrate a second-order rate law, we obtain the
following second-order integrated rate law:

On the AP Chemistry Formula Sheet:

ln[A]t - ln[A]0 = -kt

We can rearrange the equation to get:

A plot of the natural log of the concentration of the


reactant as a function of time yields a straight line
Which compares to y = mx + b with a slope of -k and an intercept of ln[A]0.

Second Order Integrated Rate Law

When we integrate a second-order rate law, we obtain the


following second-order integrated rate law:

On the AP Chemistry Formula Sheet:

1/[A]t - 1/[A]0 = kt

We can rearrange the equation to get:

A plot of the inverse of the concentration of the


Which compares to y = mx + b reactant as a function of time yields a straight
line with a slope of k and an intercept of 1/[A]0.

Typically, when give data that shows concentration vs time, you can make three plots and whichever graph
is ___________ will tell you the reaction order.

•If [A] vs time is linear, it is zero order

•If ln[A] vs time is linear, it is first order


•If 1/[A] vs time is linear, it is second order

What is the order of the reaction with respect


to NO2? Justify your answer
Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) decomposes to NO2 and O2 at relatively low temperatures in the following reaction:
2N2O5 → 4NO2 + O2
The concentrations of N2O5 as a function of time are listed in the following table, together with the natural logarithms
and reciprocal N2O5 concentrations. The plots of [N2O5] versus t, ln[N2O5] versus t, and 1/[N2O5] versus t created from
the data table are also shown below.
• What is the order of the reaction with respect to N2O5?
• Write the rate law equation for this reaction

• Determine the value of the rate constant, k, with units

What is the value of the rate constant for a second order reaction if the reactant concentration drops from 0.657 M to
0.0981 M in 17.0 s ? Include appropriate units.

H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)


The decomposition of H2O2 to water and oxygen follows first order kinetics with a rate constant of 0.0410 min-1 .
Calculate the [H2O2] after 10 minutes if [H2O2]0 is 0.200 M.

The rate constant for a second order reaction is 0.13 M-1 s -1 . If the initial concentration of reactant is 0.26 mol/L, how
long will it take for the concentration to decrease to 0.13 mol/L?
Using Graphical Analysis of Reaction Data
Sucrose (C12H22O11), commonly known as table sugar, reacts in dilute acid solutions to form two simpler sugars, glucose
and fructose, both of which have the formula C6H12O6. At 23 °C and in 0.5 M HCl, the following data were obtained for the
disappearance of sucrose:
1.Determine whether the reaction is zero order, first order or second order with respect to sucrose.
a. First calculate the values for ln[C12H22O11] and 1/[C12H22O11] based on the given [C 12H22O11]
Time (min) [C12H22O11] ln[C12H22O11] 1/[C12H22O11]

0 0.316

39 0.274

80 0.238

140 0.190

210 0.146

b. Plot the following three graphs in order to determine the order of the reaction with respect to sucrose based on
your graphs
[C 12H22O11] vs time ln[C 12H22O11] vs time 1/[C 12H22O11] vs time

Equation of the Line: Equation of the Line: Equation of the Line:

R2 value R2 value R2 value

c. What is the order of the reaction with respect to sucrose? Justify your answer

d. What is the rate constant for this reaction? Include units in your answer
Using Graphical Analysis of Reaction Data
Consider the equation for the decomposition of NO2

NO2(g) → NO(g) + O(g)

A. The concentration of NO2 is monitored at a fixed


temperature as a function of time during the
decomposition reaction and the data tabulated is shown
on the right. Determine the order of the reaction using
graphical analysis. Make sure to sketch all your graphs
including axes titles, equation of the line of best fit and the
R2 value. Then determine the rate constant for the
reaction.

B. Using your graph and best fitting line, predict the


concentration of NO2 at 2000 s.

Half- Life

The half life (t ½ )of a reaction is the time required for the concentration of a reactant to fall to one-half of its initial
value.

Typically, half-life problems can be solved with a simple chart

The half life of substance A is 5 minutes. How much of a


1.52 M sample of A remains after 15 minutes?
Derivation of first order reaction half-life:
The half life expression is different for different
reaction orders. You are given the half-life
expression for first-order reactions. You cannot use Half life is ______________
this equation for anything other than first order ___________________________
reactants! ______________________; upon
observation of data, you can
determine that a reaction is first
order if the half life is constant- It
should always take the same
amount of time for the amount
to halve.

Molecular iodine dissociates at 625K with a first-order A first-order reaction has a half-life of 26.4 seconds. How
rate constant of 0.271 s -1. What is the best half-life of this long does it take for the concentration of the reactant in
reaction? the reaction to fall to one-eight of its initial value?

The student proposes that the rate law is rate =


k[CO(NH2)2].
i. Explain how the data support the student’s
proposed rate law.

ii. Using the proposed rate law and the student’s


results, determine the value of the rate constant, k.
Include units with your answer.

The half-life of a first order reaction is 13 min. If the initial The reaction given is first order:
concentration of reactant is 0.085 M, how long does it 2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O 2(g)
take for the concentration to drop to 0.055 M? A solution originally at 0.600 M H 2O2 is found to be 0.075
M after 54 min. What is the half-life of the reaction?

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