KEY

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 30
Heat and Energy (AP Chemistry Topic 6.1, 6.2, 6.3)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)

• Changes in a substance’s properties or change into a • Explain the relationship between experimental
different substance requires an exchange of energy. observations and energy changes associated with a
chemical or physical transformation
• Represent a chemical or physical transformation with
an energy diagram.
• Explain the relationship between the transfer of
thermal energy and molecular collisions.

Types of Energy
chemistry
Thermodynamics (Thermochemistry) is the study of the relationships between _________________ energy
and ____________
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the Potential energy is the energy associated with
motion
_____________ of an object _________________
position or
_______________________
com position of an object.
Thermal energy is the energy associated with
the ______________________
temperature of an Chemical energy is the energy associated with
object. Thermal energy is a type of kinetic the relative ___________________________
positions of electrons
energy because it arises from the motions of __________________in atoms and molecules.
& nuclei
the atoms or molecules in a substance. Chemical energy is a type of potential energy.

The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed BUT ___________
energy
be transferred
______________________________
can from one object to another and it can assume different forms.

Heat and Heat Transfer

difference
of _____________
flow _____
Heat is the _________ temperature _____________________.
energy caused by a ______________________

Heat vs Temperature

Heat and temperature are related but represent different

Temperature
things. _______________________ represents the average
_____________
amount _____ of ______________
Kinetic _____________
energy
present in a given substance. Lower temperatures
correspond to lower kinetic energies and substances at the
same temperature have the same average kinetic energy.

Heat represents the _____________

_________ energy _________flow
between two substances at different temperatures.

Energy (in this case, kinetic energy) is something an object

possesses whereas heat is a way that objects exchange
energy.
 When hotter particles and colder particles are in contact with one
another and they collide, _______________ _____________ _____
_____________________ between them. This is called _________
_________________or heat exchange.

This results in the hotter particles losing some energy and the
colder substance increases in temperature (gaining energy). Heat is
____________ transferred from the hotter substance to the colder
one.

When the two substances eventually reach the same temperature,

we call that _______________ ________________________ and
there is no net transfer of heat.

When two substances reach the ________

______________________, they have the ___________________
________________________.

Reminder: Average Kinetic Energies

When substances are at the same temperature, they have the

same average kinetic energy.

However, keep in mind:

1.There still exists a __________ ____ ______________ (not

every particle will have the exact same kinetic energy as every
other particle)
2.The particles of different substances may have the same
kinetic energy, but they will have __________________
____________ due to differences in mass (KE = ½ mv2)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

In order to track energy changes, we must define the system under investigation.

•System: The part of the world that ______________________________. This

might be a beaker, a salt, water and a thermometer or it could be just the salt that
is dissolving. You define the system.

•Surroundings: _________________________around the system. This might be

the air, the tabletop, hands holding the beaker, or it might be the water and the
beaker..
•Universe: The system and the surroundings together.
The first law of thermodynamics states that the
_______________________________
______________________________________.

Therefore, in an energy exchange, if the system loses energy, the surroundings

gain the exact same amount of energy, and vice versa.
•In an _________ system, __________________________are allowed to _________________ with the surroundings

•In a _____________ system, _____________________________________ with the surroundings

•In an ________________ system, __________________________ are both _________________

Enthalpy Change (ΔH)

The enthalpy change (ΔH) for a chemical reaction is the _________________________________________________

_____________ by the reaction under conditions of constant pressure.

All sorts of processes, both physical and chemical, have an enthalpy change associated with them. While a general
change in enthalpy is symbolized as ΔH, specific types of enthalpy changes may be symbolized by a subscripted
explanation attached to this symbol.

For example, ΔHsolution is defined as the

amount of heat released or absorbed
during the dissolving process and ΔHfusion
is defined as the amount of heat required
to convert a solid to liquid at its melting
point.

The basic rules of enthalpy are when ____________________________,

________________________________ and when ____________________________,
________________________________ . Bonds refer to both intramolecular (i. e. covalent bonds) and
intermolecular (i.e. dispersion or hydrogen bonds) bonds.

o If more energy is released when the bonds in the products form than is necessary to break the bonds in the
reactants, the overall reaction releases energy into the surroundings and the reaction is called exothermic.
___________________ reactions have a ________________ enthalpy change (-ΔHrxn).
o If more energy is required to break the bonds in the reactants than is released when the bonds in the
products form, the overall reaction requires energy from the surroundings and is called endothermic.
___________________ reactions have a ________________ enthalpy change (+ΔHrxn).

In general, ___________________ processes are more likely to be ___________________ than endothermic

processed because all substances are most stable in their lowest energy state.
 Endothermic Reactions

The _________________
products higher _____
are ____________ in
_____________than
energy the reactants. Examples of endothermic
reactions include melting and evaporation. These processes
are always endothermic because they are all about breaking
bonds.

feel _________because
Endothermic reactions will ________ cold
heat is transferred from the surroundings (your hand) to the
system (the reaction vessel). The temperature of the
surroundings decreases.

Exothermic Reactions

products
The _________________ lower
are ____________ _____
in
_____________
energy than the reactants. Examples of exothermic
reactions include combustion or freezing.

feel _________
Exothermic reactions will ________ warm because
heat is transferred from the system (the reaction vessel) to
the surroundings (your hand). The temperature of the
surroundings increases.

Catalysts and Enthalpy Change (ΔH)

Catalysts are added to reactions to increase the reaction rate by providing an alternate
pathway that has a lower activation energy. They are not consumed in the reaction.

Notice that a catalyst has no effect on the energy of the reactants, products or ΔH for
the reaction. ΔHrxn is ______ changed by a catalyst!
NOT ______________

Dissolving Can Be Exothermic or Endothermic

When an ionic substance dissolves in water, heat can be released or absorbed.

The process can be broken down into three steps (with NaCl as an example):

1.Separating the solute particles: the bonds between the Na+ and Cl- ions must
be broken (this energy is equal to the lattice energy). This step is endothermic
because it requires the breaking of bonds

2.Separating the solvent molecules: the water molecules must spread out to
make room for the Na+ and Cl- ions. This requires the weakening of the
intermolecular forces (hydrogen bonds) and is also endothermic

3.Creating new attractions between the solute and solvent: the free-floating
ions are attracted to the dipoles of the water molecules forming new
intermolecular attractions. This step is exothermic.
If the energy required in steps 1 and 2 is greater than the energy released in step
3, the enthalpy of solution is positive. If the energy released in step 3 is greater
than the energy required in steps 1 and 2, the enthalpy of solution is negative.
 Thermochemical Equations and Stoichiometry with ΔHrxn
The enthalpy of reaction is an extensive property; the amount of heat absorbed or released _______________
________________________ of material undergoing the reaction. A thermochemical equation specifies the ΔHrxn in
combination with the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) ΔHrxn = -2044 kJ

An LP gas tank in a home barbecue contains 13.2 kg of propane, C3H8. Calculate the heat (in kJ) associated with the
complete combustion of all the propane in the tank.

Ammonia reacts with oxygen according to the equation:

4NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g) ΔHrxn = -906 kJ

Calculate the heat (in kJ) associated with the complete reaction of 155 g of NH3.

What mass of butane in grams is necessary to produce 1.5 x 103 kJ of heat? What mass of CO2 is produced?

2 C4H10(g) + 13 O2(g) → 8 CO2(g) + 10 H2O(g) ΔHrxn = -2658 kJ