KEY

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Period: _________

Lecture 37
Introduction to Acids and Bases (AP Chemistry Topic 8.1)
Student Notes

Enduring Understanding Learning Objective(s)

• The chemistry of acids and bases involves reversible • Calculate the values of pH and pOH, based on Kw and
proton-transfer reactions, with equilibrium the concentration of all species present in a neutral
concentrations being related to the strength of the solution of water.
acids and bases involved. • Identify species as Brønsted-Lowry acids, bases,
and/or conjugate acid-base pairs, based on proton-
transfer involving those species.

The Nature of Acids and Bases

Acids and bases are important to our health and also found in many household products, foods, and medicines. Acid-base
chemistry is central to much of biochemistry and molecular biology.

sour
Acids generally have a _________ taste
___________, the ability bitter ___________,
Bases generally have a _________ taste a
dissolve many metals
to ________________________________ __, the ability to slippery
_________________ feel
_________, the ability to turn red
turn blue litmus paper red, and the ability to neutralize
litmus paper blue and the ability to ___________________
neutralize
____________________ bases
___________. acids
____________.

There are three different definitions of acids and bases. No single definition is “correct” but each definition is useful in different
instances. We will examine two of the definitions in detail. Lewis acids and bases play a more important role in organic chemistry

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

In the late 1880s, Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius proposed his definition of acids and bases

The Arrhenius Definition:

produces Htions in
Acid: a substance that ______________________________ produces Of ions in
Base: A substance that ___________________________
aqueous solution
___________________________. ___aqueous solution
___________________________.

HCl is an Arrhenius acid because it produces H+ ions in NaOH is an Arrhenius base because it produces OH- ions
solution: in solution:

HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl-(aq) NaOH(aq) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

The H+ ions are too small to act as stable particles. They are Under the Arrhenius definition, acids and bases combine
bind
highly reactive and in aqueous solution, they __________ neutralizing
to form water, _______________________ each other in
to water
________________to +
form H3O which is called the the process:
Hydronium _______.
__________________ ion
H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
Hydrogen ion and hydronium ion are often used The Arrhenius definition is limited because it requires
interchangeably. Both are allowed but hydronium (H3O+) is substances to be dissolved in water and it is not
preferred on the AP Exam applicable to gaseous solutions
 Identify each substance as an Arrhenius acid or an Arrrhenius base and write a chemical equation showing how it is
an acid or a base according to the Arrhenius definition

1. NaOH(aq) Base NaOH1an) >

-

Natcags + OH-can)

2. HBr(aq) Acid HCI(an) > H (an) + Cl- (ac

3. HNO3(aq) Asid ANOz (an) >

- HY(an) +
NO5(aG)
4. Sr(OH)2(aq) Base Sr(OH)2 >
-

Sr2Ylan) + IOH can)

5. H2SO4(aq) Acid H2SO4(ag) >

- HYsag) +
HSOG can)

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

widely
The Bronsted-Lowry definition of acids and bases was introduced in 1923. It is a more _____________
applicable
____________________ transfer of Ht
definition of acids and bases. This definition focuses on the ___________________________ions

proton (H ) donor
+
Acid: ____________________________

HCl is a Bronsted-Lowry acid because, in solution, it donates a proton to water:

HCl(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

proton CH ) acceptor
+
Base: ______________________________

NH3 is an example of a Bronsted-Lowry base because it accepts a proton from water:

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) → NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

For each reaction, identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid and the Bronsted-Lowry base
Acid Base
Summary
1.H2S(aq) + CH3NH2(aq) ⇄ HS-(aq) + CH3NH3 +(aq) •If the substance donates a
proton, it is an acid.
Acid Base
2.HCl(aq) + NH3(aq) ⇄ Cl-(aq) + NH4+(aq) •If the substance accepts a
proton, it is a base
Acid Base
3.HF(aq) + HCO3-(aq) ⇄ H2CO3(aq) + F-(aq)

Amphoteric Substances

occur
According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, acids and bases always ___________ together
__________________ in an acid-
base reaction:

According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, some substances

water
such as ___________ in the two equations shown above can
amphoteric
act as acids or bases. An ______________________ substance
is a substance that
can act as an acid
______________________________________ or

base
___________________.
 Conjugate Pairs

Notice what happens when we reverse an equation representing a Bronsted-Lowry acid-base reaction:

In the original reaction NH3 was the proton acceptor and H2O the
proton donor.

In the reverse reaction, NH4+ acts as the proton donor and OH- acts
as the proton acceptor.

The substance that was the base (NH3) has become the acid (NH4+)
and vice versa

NH3 and NH4+ are referred to as a __________________________

____________.

In each reaction, identify the Bronsted-Lowry acid, the

Bronsted-Lowry base, the conjugate acid, and the conjugate
A conjugate acid-base pair are two substances
base.
that are related to each other by the
______________________________
______________. A conjugate acid is any base to A. H2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) → HSO4-(aq) + H3O+(aq)
which a proton has been added. A conjugate base
is any acid from which a proton has been B. HCO3-(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ H2CO3(aq) + OH-(aq)
removed.
C. C5H5N(aq) + H2O(l) ⇄ C5H5NH+(aq) + OH-(aq)
In other words, a base accepts a proton and
becomes a conjugate acid. An acid donates a
proton and becomes a conjugate base D. HNO3(aq) + H2O(l) → H3O+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

Identify the conjugate base in the reaction shown here: Which pair is a Bronsted-Lowry conjugate acid-base pair?
HClO2(aq) + H2O(aq) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + ClO2-(aq) a) NH3 and NH4+
a) HClO2 b) H3O+ and OH-
b) H2O c) HCl and HBr
c) H3O+ d) ClO4- and ClO3-
d) ClO2-

Both HCO3- and HS- are amphoteric. Write an equation to show how Write the formula for the conjugate base of each acid:
each substance can act as an acid and another equation to show how
each substance can act as a base. HCl

H2SO3

HCHO2
Write the formula for the conjugate acid of each base:

NH3

ClO4-

HSO4-
 Lewis Acids and Bases
The Lewis model of acids and bases is named after G. N. Lewis, an
American chemist who developed the electron dot representation of
chemical bonding.

While the Bronsted-Lowry definition focused on the proton, the

Lewis model focuses on the electron pair and opens up a whole new
class of acids.

A _____________________is an _______________________
_______________________

A _____________________is an _______________________
_______________________

Lewis acids and bases are important in organic chemistry and will
not be discussed much further in this course.

Autoionization of Water

Recall that water is _____________________ which means it can act as an acid or base. In _________ ____________,
water acts as an acid and a base with itself in a process called ___________________________.

H2O(l) + H2O(l) ⇄ H3O+(aq) + OH-(aq)

The equilibrium constant for this reaction is the product of the concentration of the two ions:

KW = [H3O+][OH-] or can be written as KW = [H+][OH-]

This equilibrium constant is called the _________________________________________(Kw). At 25 °C, Kw =____________

In ____________________, H2O is the only source of the ions so the concentrations of H 3O+ and OH- are ____________
and the solution is ________________. Since the concentrations are equal, we can calculate them from Kw.
+ -
R 2 H2O(l) ⇄ H3O (aq + OH (aq)
KW = [H3O+][OH-]

It is important to note that the Kw for water is 1.0 x 10-14 at a temperature Temperature Kw pH
of _____________________. Like any equilibrium constant, it will change (°C)
if temperature changes.
-15
0 1.14 x 10 7.47
The dissociation of water is an ______________________ process
-15
because bonds are broken without any new bonds being formed, so as 10 6.81 x 10 7.27
__________________ ________________the reaction shifts to the right -14
which __________________ the value for _________. 25 1.00 x 10 7.00

-14
This temperature increase will have an effect on the pH of water. As the 50 5.48 x 10 6.63
__________________ ________________ and more dissociation occurs, -13
100 5.13 x 10 6.14
and the _____ _________________.
 The concentration of H3O+ times the concentration of OH- is always 1.0 x 10-14 at 25 °C. The value of Kw can only change
if CH30 ] increases the
+
tempperature changes. Therefore, _______________________________,
if _____________________
[OH-] must decrease
_______________________________accordingly so that the product remains 1.0 x 10 -14 and vice versa

KW = [H3O+][OH-]
acidic
•In an _____________ solution, an acid creates more H3O+ ions. If [H3O+] increases, then [OH-] must decrease in order
for the value of Kw to remain 1.0 x 10-14.
CH30 [OH-] +
] >
• In an acidic solution _________________________
basic
•In a _____________ solution, the base creates more OH - ions. If [OH-] increases, then [H3O+] must decrease in order for
the value of Kw to remain 1.0 x 10-14.

• [OH-] < [H30 + ]

In a basic solution __________________________
neutral solution _______________________=
•Finally, as a reminder, in a _______________
+
CH30 ] [OH-] 1.0 X 10-7
=

does not mean that water becomes

If the pH falls as temperature increases, this __________________________________________________________
more acidic
________________________________ excess of
at higher temperatures. A solution is acidic if there is an _________________
ions over hydroxide ions (i.e., [H3O+] > [OH-]). In the case of _____________
hydronium
______________________________________________________ pure
water
_____________, the
there are always the same concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions and hence, ________
water is still neutral
______________________________________ even if its pH
_ ( [H3O+] = [OH-] or pH = pOH) - _____________________________
changes
________________.

The problem is that we are all familiar with 7 being the pH of pure water, that anything else feels really strange.
Remember that we calculate the __neutral
_____________________________ from kn If that changes, then the
value of pH _____________.
value for
neutral
__ pH changes
_________________________________________ as well
________________________.

At 100°C, the pH of pure water is 6.14, which is "neutral" on the pH scale at this higher temperature. A solution with a
pH of 7 at this temperature is slightly alkaline because its pH is a bit higher than the neutral value of 6.14.
120 + H20 = H3 ot + OH- Kw= CHz0 ] [OH) [H30T = 7 (6x107
+

e 100 % O
.

(x)(X)
O
5 13 x 15 This would be the
-
-

.
=
- - +X +X

X 7 16 x 157
X neutral [H30t) at =
-
* -
.
- 100 C
°

Calculate [OH-] at 25 °C for each solution and determine if the Calculate [H3 O +] at 25 °C for each solution and determine if the
solution is acidic, basic, or neutral kn = SH30t][OHt
solution is acidic, basic, or neutral = [H30
+
J Kw [OH-]
[H3 O +] = 7.5 X 10 -5 [OH-] = 1.5 X 10 -2
e
0x10
Ag 10 X 10
SH30T] = [H30T]
[OH-] = = 1
10 [OH]
b7 x M
.
I =
1 3
=
M
.

= .
x =

5
CH30 ]
+
[H3OT]
-

. 5
7 x 10
basic; [0H] <
[H30t]
[H3 O +] = 1.5 X 10 -9
acidic;
POH-] [OH-] = 1.0 X 10 -7

O.
4
CoHC > [H3OD SHOT
-

= [H30T]
COH- = 1 0 . x 10
= 6 .
7 x 10 O M basic ; 1 0x
. 10 M =

1 5. x 10-9 =
[OH-] neutral ; CHz0 +] = [OH-

[H3 O +] = 1.0 X 10 -7 [OH-] = 8.2 X 10 -10

1 0 x10-1" 107M Neutral
; [HgOt] = [OH-] -4

COH- = 1 0x CH30 +] = 1 0 x 10
.
.

1 2x 10 - M CH30T]
= .

Toxio-
- - - .

[OH-]
=
=
8 2 x 10. +
CH30 ] [OH-]
.

acidic; >
The pH scale is a compact way to specify the The pH Scale
______________ of a solution. We define pH as the
negative log of the hydronium ion concentration: Calculate the pH of each solution at 25 °C and indicate whether the
solution is acidic or basic
pH = -log[H3O+] 1.[H3 O +] = 1.8 X 10 -4 M

In general at 25 °C:

•When the _____________________________, the 2.[OH-] = 1.3 X 10 -2 M

solution is ______________
3.[H3 O+] = 9.5 X 10 -9 M
•When the _____________________________, the
solution is ______________
4.[OH-] = 7.1 X 10 -3 M
•When the _____________________________, the
solution is ______________

Recall that when [H3O+] is high, the solution is acidic.

Alternatively, when [H3O+] is low, the solution is basic.

It is important to remember that ___________________

_______means _______________________; there are fewer
H3O+ ions floating around and the solution is _________
______________.

Alternatively, __________________________ means

__________________________; there are more H3O+ ions
floating around and the solution is _________
______________.
The pH scale is a ______________________ ____________so
a change of 1 pH unit corresponds to a 10-fold change in H3O+
concentration.

•For example, a lime with a pH of 2.0 is 10 times more acidic

than a plum with a pH of 3.0 because it has 10 times the
[H3O+]

•The same lime with a pH of 2.0 is 100 times more acidic than
a cherry with a pH of 4.0 because it has 100 times the [H3O+]
•Rainwater has a pH of about 6.0. How much more acidic is a
soft drink with a pH of about 2.0?
______________________________________________
We can work backward to calculate the [H3O+] of a solution from its pH

[H3O+] = 10-pH

1.Calculate the [H3O+] for a solution with a pH of 4.80

2.Calculate the [H3O+] for a solution with a pH of 8.37

3.Calculate the [OH-] for a solution with a pH of 2.40

 The pOH Scale 1.Calculate the pOH of a solution with [H3 O +] = 1.7 X 10 -8

The pOH scale is analogous to the pH scale but

it is defined _______________________
_______instead of [H3O+] 2.Calculate the [OH-] of a solution with pOH = 8.55

pOH = -log[OH-]

Just as with pH, we can work backward to

3.Calculate the pOH of a solution with [OH-] = 1.6 x 10-11
calculate the concentration of OH- from pOH

[OH-] = 10-pOH

On the pOH scale, pOH < 7 is basic and pOH > 7 4.What is the [H3 O +] in a solution with pOH of 11.1
is acidic. pOH = 7 is still neutral.

pH and pOH

We can derive a relationship between pH and pOH at 25 °C from the expression for KW:

[H3O+][OH-] = 1.0 x 10-14

Take the log of both sides:

log([H3O+][OH-]) = log(1.0 x 10-14)

log[H3O+] + log[OH-] = -14.00

Negate both sides of the equation:

-log[H3O+] - log[OH-] = 14.00

pH + pOH = 14.00

The _______________________________________________________________________. Therefore, a solution with a

pH of 3 has a pOH of 11. In pure water, pH = pOH = 7.
Complete the table. All solutions are at 25 °C
+ -
[H3O ] [OH ] pH pOH Acidic or Basic

3.15
-9
3.7 x 10

2.9
-11
1.6 x 10
-3
3.5 x 10

7.15
-7
3.8 x 10

8.2