TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES information briefly like “You are

excited, aren’t you?”, “It was

1. NOMINATION unexpected, wasn’t it?”; even by
- When you employ this strategy, you laughing.
try topic with the people you are
talking to. to open a When beginning a 5. TOPIC SHIFTING
topic, you may start off with news - Moving from other words, conversation
inquiries and news announcements as begins. one topic to another. In it is
they promise extended talk. where one part of a ends and where
another “By the way,” “In addition to
2. RESTRICTION what you said,” “Which reminds me
- Any limitation you may have a of,”
speaker. When communicating in the
classroom, in a meeting, or while 6. REPAIR
hanging out with your friends, you are - Refers to how speakers address
typically given specific instructions problems in speaking, listening,
that you must follow comprehending that they may
encounter in a conversation. Speakers
- For example, in your class, you might will always try to address and correct if
be asked by your teacher to there is a problem in understanding
brainstorm on peer pressure or deliver the conversation.
a speech on digital natives. In these
cases, cannot decide to talk about 7. TERMINATION
something else. Remember to always - Close-initiating expressions that end
be on point and avoid sideswiping topic in a conversation. Most of the
from the topic during the conversation time, the topic initiator takes
to avoid communication breakdown. responsibility to signal the end of the
discussion as well.
3. TURN-TAKING
- The process by which people decide
who takes the conversation floor. The Shifts in Speech Context, Speech Style,
primary idea is to give all and Speech Act
communicators a chance to speak.
Remember to keep your words FORM
relevant and reasonably short enough - refers to the shape and structure. It can
to express your views or feelings. also mean the organization, placement and
relationship between texts. As such,
- To acknowledge others, you may language form refers to the so-called surface
employ visual signals like a nod, a features of language and how these are
look, or a step back. Accompanied arranged.
with spoken cues such as “What do
you think?” wanted to say A shift on speech style
something?” or “You - A shift on speech style (e.g. from formal to
informal) can affect the form of the
4. TOPIC CONTROL language. A formal style does not allow
- Covers how procedural formality or contractions and ellipsis while informal
informality development of topic in does. An informal or casual style also allows
conversations. For example, in the use of slang, jargon and vernacular
meetings, speak after the chairperson language. Martin Joos (1976), a linguist and
you may only have directs you to do German professor, also added that the form
so. of language that the speaker utilized is
- You can make yourself actively characterized by the level of formality.
involved in the conversation without
overly dominating it by using minimal shift on speech context
responses like “Yes,” “Okay,” “Go on”; - A shift on speech context on the hand, also
asking tag questions to clarify affects the language form. An intrapersonal
communication used most of first-person
pronoun when people are talking to Overt Prestige
themselves about their feelings by means of – the speech shifts in a form that is frequent
thoughts. The words and phrases tend to be when those of a higher social status.
personal since communication will just
revolve among themselves. While in - For example, people talk more politely
interpersonal, which is expressive in nature, when talking to a person of higher position
can use variety of language to express what or when applying for a job.
is on the mind in a loose and free discussion.
In interpersonal, language is affected Covert Prestige
depends on the context of the conversation. – it happens when an individual regarded
the use of nonstandard languages in favor of
A shift on speech act the words, he “valued” and used to utter.
- A shift on speech act can also affect the - For example, language commonly used in
language form. The forms of language drag culture, hip-hop, fraternity, street talk,
depend on the intention of the speaker and and lower-working class. To better
the listener. For an instance an illocutionary- understand people in this level, one may
directives can be express in imperative way. shift the style of speech.
Therefore, the subject of the statement is
implied. Register
– is a conventional way of using language
A shift on communicative strategy that is appropriate in a specific context,
- A shift on communicative strategy likewise which may be identified as situational.
affects the language form. Nomination and
turntaking strategies somehow be presented - For example, the way language is used
through interrogative while in the process of when writing a newspaper is different when
terminating the conversation ends in a plane writing a poetry. Similarly, the news reporter
statement. must register a voice appropriate on a news
delivery and not a voice reciting a poem.
Shifting in Communication
- shifting refers to the speaker’s ability to Vernacular
change or adjust his speech context, speech – is a general expression for a kind of social
style, and speech act in response to the dialect, typically spoken by a lowerstatus
differences among listeners, social context, group, which is treated as “nonstandard”
personal goals, and relationship. because of marked differences from the
- It happens when the speaker attunes his or “standard” language.
her speech towards the person they were
talking to. - For example, Some Filipinos address their
parents as “mudra” and “pudra” instead of
Shifting Affects Language Form the standard language “nanay” and “tatay”
- Speaker may suddenly change his language Shifting Affects Language Form For
from being too formal to informal depending example, Some Filipinos address their
on audiences’ level of comprehension. parents as “mudra” and “pudra” instead of
Insertion of local dialects, slang or lingo, the standard language “nanay” and “tatay”
may or may not be appropriate depending
on event or speech situation.
A shift in speech context, speech style,
Shifting Affects Language Form speech act and communicative strategy
- Shifts in speech context, speech style, and affects:
speech act are dependent on regional and
social variations in the use of language. The DURATION OF INTERACTION
following are variations in language form: - This refers to the amount of time a
conversation takes between and among
Prestige communicators
– certain individuals change their language
form based on their social status.
Modes of Speech Delivery (Duration of •Keep frequent eye contact with the
Speech) audience
• If you forget a word or two or a small
How to Keep the Audience until the End section, just continue speaking.
of the Speech
1.Be Prepared A. Extemporaneous Speech Delivery
2.Stick to your point • delivering a speech in a conversational
3.Play safe fashion using notes. This is the style most
4.Observe your audience speeches call for
• presentation of a carefully planned and
A. Manuscript Speech Delivery rehearsed speech, spoken in a
a. Reading a fully scripted speech to the conversational manner using brief notes
audience
b. Is a written text read to an audience from Who uses it?
a paper script or teleprompter - speakers invited to talk about their field of
expertise
Who usually uses it? - anyone invited to talk about
- public figures, media personalities, and something, he/she has adequate
spokespersons for government and private knowledge about with ample or enough
organizations preparation time to make some brief
notes as guide
When is it usually used?
• when there is time limit When is it usually used?
• when exact words matter - when delivering a prepared speech (at
least in one’s mind) but does not want
How to effectively deliver it? to run the risk of losing track of the
•Deliver the speech several times (Practice) order of points or forgetting to include
• Mark the text the essential parts of the speech
• Know the text by heart
• Keep frequent eye contact with the How to effectively deliver it?
audience - Decide on your thesis statement
- Support your thesis statement
A. Memorized Speech Delivery •Conclude your speech
• Reciting a scripted speech from memory • Write the key points in every part of
• Memorizing and presenting information your speech in your notecard for
without using notes guidance
- Develop the idea from the key points
Who usually uses it? you have listed in your notecard on the
• Actors spot
• Teachers and preachers (especially when - Deliver the speech with spontaneity
they have been talking about the same thing and confidence
repeatedly
How to Make an Outline for
When is it usually used? Extemporaneous Speech
• When the message needs to be exact and 1. Write your thesis (topic sentence) at
when the speaker does not want to be the beginning
confined by notes 2. List the major points that support
your thesis. Label them in Roman
How to effectively deliver it? Numerals (I, II, III, IV, etc.) 3. List
•Develop an outline of the main points and supporting ideas or arguments for each
then memorize the outline major point. Label them in capital
•When writing the speech, write as if you letters (A, B, C, D, etc.)
were speaking naturally, directly to an 4. If applicable, continue to sub-divide
audience each supporting idea until your outline
•Understand the message
•Try to sound spontaneous and natural
is fully developed. Label them 1, 2, 3, 4, A-ction ( Reinforce the thing you would do in
etc. and then a, b, c, d, etc. the “Task”)-----------(Body)
R-esult (State the outcome you expect to
There are two main types of outline: happen after doing the things you have
mentioned in the “Task” and
Topic outline Sentence Outline Action”)----------------(Conclusion)

A. Impromptu Speech Delivery Advantages and Disadvantages of Every

- delivering a message on the spur of Mode of Delivery
the moment speaking in public without
prior notice or preparation. If there is, Manuscript Advantages:
only for a minute or two The speaker can control the time and word
choice. The speaker does not miss any word
Who usually uses it? or point from the text.
• anyone asked to talk about something
without much preparation time Disadvantages:
There is a tendency for the speaker to lose
When is it usually used? connection with the audience and lack
- anytime when short responses are spontaneity and natural style.
needed
(ex. When asked to lead a prayer before Advantages:
a meeting, say something about the The speaker can control the time and word
couple in a wedding reception, beauty choice.
pageant contestants answering • Speaker can maintain eye contact with the
questions,) audience especially when he/she has fully
memorized the piece
How to effectively deliver it?
• since you don’t really have any idea what Disadvantages:
topic you will be asked to talk about, it is The speaker runs the risk of forgetting some
recommended that you practice giving short parts or even the entire piece causing to
speeches about just anything following the lose sight of the audience.
basic structure or arrangement of ideas-
Topic Sentence, Body, and Conclusion. Extemporaneous Advantages:
The speaker is given time to prepare an
To guide you in answering impromptu outline of the points in the speech. The
questions Technique 1 speaker can sound more spontaneous and
natural. The speaker may engage the
A-nswer(State your thesis or stand in an audience anywhere in his/her speech.
issue)------ (Introduction)
R-eason/s (Provide reason/s for your Disadvantages:
stand)--------- (Body)
E-xample/s (Give example/s for your There is a tendency for the speaker to go
reason/s)----- (Body) beyond the time if he talks a lot about
M-essage(End your answer with a certain points in his speech and falls short of
restatement of your thesis, a call for action, time for the other points.
or a provocative rhetorical question)--------
Conclusion Impromptu Advantages:
It tests the speaker’s ability to think for
The STAR technique is usually used with himself/herself on his/her feet It exercises
situational questions. the speaker’s skill of organizing thoughts
with little to no preparation at all.
S-ituation (Restate the
situation)----------------------(Introduction) Disadvantages:
T-ask (State the thing you would do in the The speaker is not given enough time to
situation)--------(Body) organize his/her thoughts and does not have
the luxury of time to explain answers since c. A persuasive speech provides the
the response is timed. audience with well-argued ideas that
can
Usually, impromptu speakers are given a influence their own beliefs and
maximum of 2 minutes to think for the decisions.
answer and less than five minutes to deliver
the answer. PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH
WRITING: LOGICAL
Although the length of preparation and ORGANIZATION
delivery time may vary depending on the
organizer/institution. Logical organization refers to the
logical arrangement of ideas in a text.
He/she runs the risk of delivering a
disorganized and poorly supported thesis Organization can be easily followed
statement. through the use of outline. Strong
organization
constitutes proper paragraphing and
AUDIENCE PROFILE logical order of presentation of ideas.

PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEECH Writing patterns, in general, are

WRITING FOCUSING ON AUDIENCE structures that will help you organize
PROFILE the ideas
related to your topic.
Audience analysis entails looking into the
profile of your target audience. This is done • Biographical presents descriptions
so\you can tailor-fit your speech content and of your life or of a person, famous or
delivery to your audience. The profile not.
includes the following information. • Categorical/Topical presents related
categories supporting the topic.
a. Demography (age range, male-female • Causal presents cause-effect
ratio, educational background and relationships.
affiliations or degree program taken, • Chronological presents the idea in
nationality, economic status, academic time order.
or corporate designations) • Comparison/ Contrast presents
b. Situation (time, venue, occasion, and comparison/ contrast of two or three
size) points.
c. Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, • Problem-solution presents an
preferences, cultural and racial identified problem, its causes, and
ideologies, and needs recommended solutions.
d. Profiling the target audience of your
speech will be more effective if you An outline is a hierarchical list that
integrate the shows the relationship of your ideas.
purpose for writing and delivering the A good
speech. The purpose can be classified outline helps you see that all the ideas
into three— to inform, to entertain, or are in line with your main ideas or
to persuade. message.
The elements of an outline include
a. An informative speech provides the introduction, body, and conclusion.
audience with a clear understanding
of the
concept or idea presented by the
speaker.

b. An entertainment speech provides

the audience with amusement.
 WORD CHOICE: What do I need to convey?

Writing is a series of choices. By the time

you start working on your speech, you
choose your topic, your approach, your
sources and your main points.

When it’s time to write, you have to

consider your diction or your choice and use
of words that will help you express your
ideas. You
may want to leave a good impression to your
speech by ‘sounding smart’ using big and
technical words. Instead, think about what
makes sense and sound best to your
audience for you to communicate your
points clearly and convincingly.

You may want to consider the following in

writing your piece to achieve clarity:

1. Limit the use of jargon, technical terms,

acronyms and abbreviations. Use only when
necessary and don’t forget to give its
The introduction is the foundation of your definition or explain in layman’s term. Be
speech. Here, your primary goal is to get the aware of your reader’s knowledge and
attention of your audience and present the choose the words and phrases that you are
subject or main idea of your speech. certain they will understand.

The body of the speech provides 2. Be careful when using the thesaurus for
explanations, examples, or any details that synonyms/antonyms. You may pick the
can help you deliver your purpose and wrong
explain the main idea of your speech. The choice of word.
conclusion restates the main idea of your
speech. 3. Avoid using too general term that may
confuse your listeners. They might have
different
WORD CHOICE AND GRAMMATICAL interpretation on the point you want to
CORRECTNESS IN SPEECH WRITING emphasize.

One of the fundamentals of public speaking 4. Get rid of using words with multiple
is to master the principles of effective meanings (homonyms) since you are
speech focusing on an oral craft.
writing. In order for a public speaker to
come up with a suitable speech in various 5. Observe repetition and redundancy of
occasions, one terms. Repetition can be a good thing to
must deal with how audience profile, logical emphasize your main points but you may opt
organization, duration, word choice and to substitute the term. Dismiss redundant
grammatical correctness work terms and ideas as well.
synchronically to achieve its purpose.
6. Be careful when using words that you are
This session covers the important concepts unfamiliar with. Even terms with denotative
of Word Choice and Grammatical meaning may suggest different meaning
Correctness as basis for an impressive when used in wrong context.
discourse.
7. Select words that are accurate with what 3. Never disregard checking for spelling
you want to mean. Match it to the tone and errors. It might lead you to another mistake
style of of mispronouncing misspelled words.
your entire speech. 4. Quote statements properly, don’t forget to
acknowledge the sources
8. Look for misused words. A single
sound/letter missed in a word/phrase may Grammar
suggest different meaning and confuse your 1. Strictly observe rules on subject-verb and
audience. pronoun-antecedent agreements.

9. Avoid words with unwanted connotation 2. Look for your verbs, consistency of tenses
and meanings. Consider your audience shall apply from the linking, helping to
whenever you feel like using expressions action verbs used.
that suggest double meaning. The use of
informal and formal wordings may depend 3. Use active verbs and contractions
on the occasion. because they add to the personal
conversational tone of your speech.
10. During your revision/proofreading
period, check for awkward, vague and 4. Make your speech more personal. Use the
unclear word choice that may sacrifice the personal pronoun “I,” but take care not to
meaning of the entire speech overuse
it. When you need to emphasize
GRAMMATICAL CORRECTNESS: How will I collectiveness with your audience, use the
make it powerful? personal pronoun “We.”

According to David Rosenwasser and Jill 5. You may use metaphors and other figures
Stephen, "Achieving grammatical of speech to effectively convey your point.
correctness is a matter of both knowledge-
how to recognize and avoid errors-and 6. Whenever possible, avoid using indefinite
timing: when to narrow your focus to referents such as “it,” “there,” and “this”
proofreading" (Writing Analytically, 2012). when no
specific referents precede the pronouns.
In crafting your speech, using correct
grammar not only helps you communicate 7. Vary your sentence structures to avoid
more effectively and precisely, but also helps monotony. However, lengthy statements
you create a good impression to your from
audience and keep them focused all complex and compound complex structures
throughout your delivery. may not be taken well. Use simpler sentence
in
To make your discourse powerful, you have speaking than you would in writing.
to consider the following areas of
grammatical correctness before publishing 8. Your syntax matters. Be observant with
your craft. incomplete sentences, run-on sentences,
comma
• Mechanics splices, dangling modifiers and fragments.
• Grammar
• Style 9. Use accurate and strong content words
and make sure that function words are doing
Mechanics their role.
1. Use signals and transition words to help
your audience keep track on the important 10. Observe your shift in person or point-of-
points. view. Be consistent in your established POV
2. Punctuate your sentences correctly, this from the beginning of your speech.
will be your basis for correct intonation and
pausing during your speech delivery. 11. Keep parallelism in mind most especially
when enumerating some points.
 To help you better with being articulate,
Style here are the 8 Must-Follow Secrets to
1. Your style should match your topic and Improve Your Speech by ReadersDigest.com:
general purpose.
2. Set the tone of your speech which may 1. Listen to Yourself Speak. We know it’s
help you consider the presentation of your terrifying, but nothing will squash those
thoughts, including the word choice. verbal ticks quite like listening to yourself
3. Choose a speech style according to your speak. Record yourself in a natural
topic. Formal speech requires conversation; for example, replay a
straightforward ideas conference call or have a friend interview
while casual style is conversational in you on tape. Listen for technical issues, such
nature. as filler words, up talk, monotone, and run-
on sentences, as well as any habits that
Background Information for Learners sound awkward or uncomfortable.
Articulation and Pronunciation are two Identifying the problem is the first step
interrelated concepts when it comes to oral toward tackling it.
communication which are sometimes being
used interchangeably. However, each carries 2. Monitor Your Speed. It should be near the
its own specific meaning and being able to minute mark, says Carol A. Fleming, author
make this distinction will enhance the ways of It’s
of communication. the Way You Say It. “Aim for about 155 to
175 words per minute for normal
Articulation is the term used for all actions conversation,” she writes. If you’re reciting
of the organs of the vocal tract that effect background information or summarizing
modifications of the signal generated by the something, pick up the pace. If you're
voice source. This modification results in explaining something more technical, slow it
speech events which can be identified as down.
vowels, consonants or other phonological
units of a language. 3. Eliminate Filler Words. If you're
wondering how to be more articulate, it's
In other words, this is how the sound of the probably because you've caught yourself
letters is being made through our speech over-utilizing words such as “um,” “like,”
organs. and “ahh,” which can make you sound
Pronunciation, on the other hand, refers to unsure and inarticulate. Replace these fillers
the ability to use the correct stress, rhythm, with more eloquent transitions, suggests
and intonation of a word in a spoken Forbes contributor Selena Rezvani. “One of
language. the functions of “Um” is to tell your
audience that you’re not done talking yet
A word may be spoken in different ways by and need to gather your thoughts," she
various writes. 'Let’s move on to…', 'Another
individuals or groups, depending on many important consideration is…', and 'Let’s
factors. These factors include the place you transition to talking about…' are great
grow in, the place you are living in, the kind replacements.
of ethnic group you live with, or your
education. 4. Focus on the Final Sound. Avoid trailing
off or mumbling by making a conscious
Having speech or voice disorder can also effort to fully
affect your pronunciation. Always remember pronounce each syllable. Pay special
that knowing how attention to the Ts in contractions and the
to properly produce sounds and pronounce final words of sentences.
words will lead you to becoming an
articulately good 5. Study Other Speakers. Articulate
speaker. speakers learn from other articulate
speakers. Need inspiration? Find a radio
show or podcast you enjoy, and analyze the
host's speech. He or she has likely squashed
any verbal ticks, and can help you identify As we shift from one speech context to
effective patterns of speech. another, our level of communication and
language (speech style), speech act and
6. Speak with Confidence. How to be more communicative strategy also change.
articulate? Speak with confidence. Even if
you’re talking on the phone, the way you TARGET:
hold yourself impacts the way people
perceive your ideas. Extend your vocal cords Explain that a shift in speech context,
by keeping your chin parallel to the floor speech style, speech act and communicative
and sitting up straight, and avoid moving strategy affects the relationship of speaker.
your hands too much (studies show keeping
them folded on the table projects Identify the personas being referred to
trustworthiness). based on their utterances. “For me, you are
the sunshine that lights up the whole world.
7. Think Before You Speak. Perhaps the most I can’t imagine the future without you.” “My
important trick for more articulate speech? heart shouts in joy seeing the stretch of soil
Know what you’re talking about. Having a before me turning its verdant small grains
clear idea of what you want to say will allow into gold ”. “As long as I am here. There’s no
you to organize your mutiny in my ship. That’s an order men!”.
thoughts into a coherent structure. It's that “With the silent passing of time, slowly, I
simple. have been losing my strength, my sight and
even my appetite”. “These waters have fed
8. Address Your Weaknesses. Once generations. Today, they feed us and our
you've identified your weaknesses, children. Everyone who lives along these
create a plan for addressing them. shores greatly depend on the bounty they
One strategy is to tackle a specific offer.” “Please spare me a bite or a few coin.
issue each day. For example, focus on I have not eaten anything for the whole day
eliminating filler words on Monday, ”. “Each symbol, sign, object or image I have
and on completing your sentences on drawn in my canvas is full of life. It’s
Tuesday. Repeat the process each beautiful. It’s a masterpiece! ”. ‘’It’s ironic.
week until speaking clearly becomes We have been building almost every man’s
second nature. house in the neighborhood but we haven’t
built ours” “Each performance and
somersault I do on the trampoline makes the
A shift in speech context, speech style, audience amazed.” “With every carve that
speech act and communicative strategy my hands make, I bring this stone to life.”
affects:
An individual who participates in any
RELATIONSHIP OF THE SPEAKER communication process has roles and
responsibilities.
We communicate with different people in
different ways. How we communicate with He or She may be the speaker (sender of
individuals close to us differs from the way information) or a receiver (listener /audience
we communicate with strangers. That is, listening to the information). These roles of
how we respond to a communication process being a speaker or a listener may change
depends on the degree of relationship we depending on the speaking situation he/she
have with other people. participates in.

The degree of relationship we have with A shift in speech context, speech style,
others in a certain speech environment speech act and communicative strategy
dictates the level of communication affects MESSAGE The message conveyed by
(conversational relationship) and the the speaker depends on the speaking
language (speech style) we use which can be situations he/she participates in. The
intimate, formal, casual, consultative or message will be affected when there is a
frozen. shift to the communicative strategies and
their elements--Speech context
(Intrapersonal and Interpersonal); Speech
Style (Intimate, Casual, Consultative, Formal
and Frozen); Speech Act (Locutionary,
Illocutionary and Perlocutionary); and
Communicative Strategy (Nomination,
Restriction, Turn-taking, Topic control, Topic
shifting, Repair and Termination)

The message should be clear to avoid

communication breakdown.

DELIVERY
Communication is indeed a very important
aspect of our everyday life. In
communicating with people at home, in the
school or in the community, we want to be
understood clearly. We want our message or
information to be understood by others so
we can maintain a smooth and a meaningful
flow of the communication process.

Hence, the delivery of message, how it is

done, is also a concern of the speakers in
the communication process. Any problem in
the delivery of message can cause
communication breakdown.