Multivariable Calculus and Linear Algebra

Unit - I

Introduction to Vector Calculus: Introduction, scalar and vector point functions, Velocity,
acceleration, Gradient, Divergence, curl, Laplacian, Solenoidal and irrotational vector. Vector
identities.

Differential Calculus-1: Successive differentiation- nth derivatives of standard functions (no

proof) simple problems, Leibnitz Theorem (without proof) and problems, Taylor’s series and
McLaurin’s series expansion for function of one variable (only problems).

Vector Function of Single Variable:

Definition: If a unique vector f is associated to each value of a scalar variable t in certain

interval [a, b], then we say the vector f is a vector of a scalar variable t and it is denoted by
f(t).

A vector function f(t) can be expressed in terms of basic unit vectors i, j & k as
f(t) = f 1 (t) i + f 2 (t) j + f 3 (t) k

Where f 1 (t), f 2 (t) & f 3 (t) are scalar functions of the scalar variable t and these are called
components of the vector function f(t)

Note: The scalar functions f 1 (t), f 2 (t) & f 3 (t) changes as t varies. Thus the vector f(t)
changes with t both in magnitude and direction.

Example: 1. f (t) = 2t 2 i - 4t j + 4 k

2. f (t) = a cost i +a sin t j + 0 k

3. f (t) = 5t 2 i + t j – 4t 3 k

Derivative or Differential co-efficient of a vector function of a single variable

Definition; Let f(t) be vector function of a scalar variable t .

 f (t   t )  f ( t ) 
If lim   exists, then it is called the differential co-efficient of f(t) and it is
 x 0
 t 
df
denoted by f 1 (t) or
dt

Note: If f(t) = f 1 (t) i + f 2 (t) j + f 3 (t) k is differentiable vector function , then f 1 (t), f 2 (t) &
f 3 (t) are also differentiable scalar functions and conversely

1
 df df1 df 2 df
Also  i j 3 k
dt dt dt dt

Position vector of a point P(x, y, z):


The Position vector of a point P(x, y, z) in space is r = x i + y j + z k

Velocity and Acceleration:

If a particle is moving along a curve r = f(t) where f(t) = f 1 (t) i + f 2 (t) j+ f 3 (t) k then this
equation determines the position of the particle at any time t.

Then

df df1 df df
Velocity =  i  2 j  3 k = Rate of change of the position of the particle
dt dt dt dt
2 2
d  df (t )  d f (t ) d f1 (t ) d 2 f 2 (t ) d 2 3 f (t )
Acceleration =   =  i  j  k = Rate of change of
dt  dt  dt 2 dt 2 dt 2 dt 2
velocity

Tangent vector to the space curve:


Let r = x i + y j + z k be the Position vector of the space curve C at the point P(x, y, z ) .

Then the tangent vector to the curve at the point P is denoted by T and defined by

 d r dx dy dz
T =  i j k
dt dt dt dt

 T
Note: Unite tangent vector is = T = 
T

Normal vector to the space curve: If T is the unit tangent vector to the space curve.

dT
Then the normal vector to the space curve = n =
ds

 n
Note: Unite normal vector to the space curve = n  
n

2
Derivative of the scalar product and vector product of two vectors:

   
d ( A B )  d B d A 
1.  A  B
dt dt dt
 
Proof: Let A  f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k and B  g1i  g 2 j  g 3 k be two vector functions of t.

 
Now A B  f1 g1  f 2 g 2  f 3 g 3   f1 g1

 
d ( A  B) d d
= (  f1 g1 )=  ( f 1 g 1 )
dt dt dt

dg df
=   f1 1  1 g1    f1 1   1 g1
dg df
 dt dt  dt dt

dg1 df
=  f1i   i   1 i   g1i
dt dt
   
d ( A B)  d B d A 
Thus  A  B
dt dt dt
   
d ( A B)  d B d A 
2.  A  B
dt dt dt
 
Proof: Let A  f1i  f 2 j  f 3 k and B  g1i  g 2 j  g 3 k be two vector functions of t

i j k
 
Now A B  f1 f2 f 3   i( f 2 g 3  f 3 g 2 )
g1 g2 g3

 
d ( A  B) d
dt
=
dt
 i( f 2 g3  f3 g 2 )

d
=i ( f 2 g3  f 3 g 2 )
dt

 dg df   dg df 
=  i  f 2 3  2 g 2    f3 2  3 g 2  
 dt dt   dt dt 

3
  dg dg   df df 
=  i  f 2 3  f3 2    i  2 g3  3 g 2 
 dt dt   dt dt 

i j k i j k
f1 f2 f3 df1 df 2 df 3
= +
dg1 dg 2 dg 3 dt dt dt
dt dt dt g1 g2 g3

 
dB dA 
= A  B
dt dt
   
d ( A B)  d B d A 
Thus  A  B
dt dt dt

Example (1): A particle move along the curve r = (t 3  4t )i  (t 2  4t ) j  (8t 2  3t 3 )k . Find

velocity and acceleration at time t and their magnitude at t = 2

Solution: r = (t 3  4t )i  (t 2  4t ) j  (8t 2  3t 3 )k

dr
v = velocity = = (3t 2  4)i  (2t  4) j  (16t  9t 2 ) k
dt

dv
a = acc n = = 6ti  2 j  (16  18t ) k
dt

At t = 2

v=8i+8j–4k

a  12iˆ  2 ˆj  20kˆ

v  8  8  4  144  12
2 2 2

a  12  2  20  548  2 137
2 2 2

Example (2): A particle move along the curve x  1  t 3 , y  1  t 2 , z  2t  5 . Find velocity

and acceleration.

Solution: The Position vector of a point P(x, y, z) in space is


r =xi+yj+zk

 r = (1  t )i  (1  t ) j  (2t  5) k
3 2

4
 
dr dv
v = velocity = = 3t 2i  2tj  2k a = acc n =  6ti  2 j
dt dt

Example (3): Find velocity and acceleration of a particle moving along the given curve

r = e 2t i  2 cos 5tj  5 sin 2tk at any time t.


Solution: Here r = e 2t i  2 cos 5tj  5 sin 2tk


dr
v = velocity = =  2e 2t i  10 sin 5tj  10 cos 2tk
dt

dv
a = acc n = = 4e 2t i  50 cos 5tj  20 sin 2tk
dt

Example (4): A particle move along a curve whose parametric equations are x = e  t ,
y = 2cos3t, z = 2sin3t where t is the time. Find velocity and acceleration at any time t and
also their magnitude at t = 0.

Solution: The Position vector of a point P(x, y, z) in space is


r = x i + y j + z k = e  t i  2 cos 3tj  2 sin 3tk


dr
v = velocity = =  e  t i  6 sin 3tj  6 cos 3tk
dt

dv  t
a = acc n = = e i  18 cos 3tj  18 sin 3tk
dt

At t = 0

v = - i + 6k

a = i - 18j

v  12  6 2  37

a  12  18 2  325  5 13

Example (5): A particle move along a curve x = 2t 2 , y = t 2 - 4t, z = 3t – 5, where t is the

time. Find the components of velocity and acceleration in the direction of the vector i - 3j +
2k at t =1.

Solution: The Position vector of a point P(x, y, z) in space is

5
 
r =xi+yj+zk

r = 2t 2 i + (t 2 - 4t)j + (3t – 5)k

dr
v = velocity = = 4t i + (2t – 4) j + 3 k
dt

dv
a = acc n = = 4i + 2j
dt

At t = 1

v=4i–2j+3k

a=4i+2j

The given vector is A = i – 3j + 2k


A  1  3  2  14
2 2 2


 A i  3 j  2k
Unit vector along A = Â = 
=
A 14


Therefore the required velocity component in the direction of A is given by = v  Â

 i  3 j  2k 
= (4i - 2j + 3k)   
 14 

(4)(1)  ( 2)(3)  (3)(2) 16

= =
14 14

Also the required acceleration component in the direction of A is given by = a  Â

 i  3 j  2 k  ( 4)(1)  (2)(3)  (0)(2) 2

= (4i + 2j)   = =
 14  14 14

Example (6): A particle moves along a curve x = 1- t 3 , y = 1 + t 2 z = 2t – 5. Determine its

velocity and acceleration. Find the components of velocity and acceleration at t = 1 in the
direction of the vector 2i + j + 2k.

Solution: The Position vector of a point P(x, y, z) in space is


r =xi+yj+zk

6
 
r = (1- t 3 ) i + (1 + t 2 )j + (2t – 5)k

dr
v = velocity = = - 3t 2 i + 2t j + 2 k
dt

dv
a = acc n = = - 6ti + 2j
dt

At t = 1

v = -3i + 2j + 2k

a = -6i + 2j

The given vector is A =2i +j + 2k


A  2 1  2  9  3
2 2 2


 A 2i  j  2k
Unit vector along A = A =  =
3
A

Therefore the required velocity component in the direction of A is given by = v  A

2i  j  2 k 
= (-3i + 2j + 2k)   
 3 

(3)(2)  (2)(1)  (2}(2)

= =0
3

Also the required acceleration component in the direction of A is given by = a  A

2i  j  2 k  (6)(2)  (2)(1)  (0)(2)  10

= (- 6i + 2j)    = =
 3  3 3


Example (7): Find the unit tangent vector to the curve r = 4 sint i + 4 cost j + 3t k.

Solution: Here r = 4 sint i + 4 cost j + 3t k

dr
Tangent vector = = 4 cost i - 4sint j + 3k
dt

7
 
dr = 16cos2 t  16sin 2 t  9  16  9  25  5
dt

dr

Unit tangent vector to the curve r = dt
dr
dt

= (4 cost i - 4sint j + 3k) / 5

= 4/5 cost i - 4/5 sint j + 3/5k


Example (8): Find angle between the tangents r = t 2 i  2tj  t 3 k at t =  1


Solution: The tangent vector T  2ti  2 j  3t 2 k

 
(T ) t 1 = 2i - 2j - 3k = A

 
(T ) t  1 = - 2i - 2j - 3k = B

Let θ be the angle between the tangent at t =1 & t = - 1

 
A B = (2)(-2) + (-2)(-2) + (-3)(-3)

=-4+4+9=9


A  2  2  3  17
2 2 2


B  2  2  3  17
2 2 2

 
A B
We have cosθ =  
A B

9 9
ie, cos θ = 
17 17 17

 9 
  cos 1  
 17 

   
da   db   d (a  b)   
Example (9): If  w a &  w b show that  w ( a b )
dt dt dt
8
    
d (a  b)  d b d a 
Solution:  a  b
dt dt dt
     
= a ( w b )  ( w a )  b

           
={( a  b ) w ( a  w) b} }+{( w b ) a  ( b  a ) w }

        
 a ( b c )  ( a  c ) b  ( a  b ) c
        
( a b )  c  ( a  c ) b  ( c  b ) a
         
= ( w b ) a  ( w a ) b  a  w  w a

 
d (a  b)   
 w ( a b )
dt

dr d 2r
Example (10): If r(t) = a coswt i + bsinwt j show that r   w(a  b) & 2   w 2 r
dt dt

dr
Solution:   aw sin wt  bw cos wt
dt

d 2r
  aw 2 cos wt  bw 2 sin wt   w 2 ( a cos wt  b sin wt )   w 2 r
dt 2

dr
r  (a cos wt  b sin wt )  (aw sin wt  bw cos wt )
dt
 (a  a ) w cos wt sin wt  (b  a ) sin 2 wt  (a  b) cos 2 wt  (b  b) sin wt cos wt
 (a  b)(sin 2 wt  cos 2 wt )  a  b

(Since a  a  0 & b  b  0 &  (b  a )  a  b )

9
 GRADENT OF A SCALAR POINT FUNCITION

Definition: The vector operator denoted by  (read as del or nabla) defined by

   
= i j  k  i is called the vector differential operator.
x y z x

Definition: Let  ( x , y , z ) be a continuously differential scalar point function.

The gradient of  denoted by grad  or   is defined by

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

Note :( 1) grad  is a vector function

  
(2) If  is a scalar point function then , , are components of the grad 
x y z

Geometrical meaning of grad  : If  is a scalar point function then grad  is a vector

normal to the surface defined by  ( x , y , z ) = c


Directional derivative of  at P in the direction of a :


Let  ( x , y , z ) be a scalar point function and a be a vector through the point P,

 
Then the directional derivative of  at P in the direction of a =    a

    
=  i j k   (l i +m j +n k )
 x y z 

  
=l +m +n
x y z

10
 
a
where a   = Unit vector in the direction of a


Example (1): If  = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 - 3xyz find   and  at (2, -1, 2).

Solution: Here  = x 3 + y 3 + z 3 - 3xyz

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

= (3x 2 - 3yz) i + (3y 2 - 3xz) j + (3z 2 - 3xy) k

(   ) at ( 2, 1, 2 ) = [3(2 2 ) - 3(-1)(2)] i + [3(-1 2 ) - 3(2)(2)] j + [ 3(2 2 ) - 3(2)(-1)] k

=18i - 9j + 18k

 = 182  ( 9) 2  182

= 729 = 27

Example (2): Find directional derivative of  = x 2 yz + 4xz 2 at (1, - 2, - 1) in the direction

of 2i – j - 2k.

Solution: We have  = x 2yz + 4xz 2

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

= (2xyz + 4z 2 ) i + (x 2z) j + (x 2y + 8xz) k

(   ) at (1, -2, -1) = [2(1)(-2)(-1) + 4(-1) 2 ] i + [1 2 (-1)] j + [1 2 (-2) + 8(1)(-1)] k

= 8i - j - 10k

Now a = 2i – j - 2k

11

a  2  (1)  (2)  9  3
2 2 2


 a 2i  j  2k
a= 
=
3
a

The directional derivative of  at (1, - 2, - 1) in the direction of 2i – j - 2k is given by

 2i  j  2 k   (8)(2)  (1)(1)  (10)(2)  37

   â = (8i - j - 10k)   
 3  3 3

Example (3): Find directional derivative of  = xz + x 2 + y 2 at (1, - 1, 1) in the direction of

i - 2j + k.

Solution: We have  = xz + x 2 + y 2

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

= (z + 2x) i +2y j + x k

(   ) at (1, - 1, 1) = [1 + 2(1)] i + 2(-1) j + (1) k

= 3i - 2 j + k

Now a = i - 2j + k


a  1  (2)  (1)  6
2 2 2


 a i2jk
a= 
=
a 6

The directional derivative of  at (1, - 1, 1) in the direction of i - 2j + k is given by

i2jk 
 a = (3i - 2 j + k)   
 6 

(3)(1)  ( 2)(2)  (1)(1) 8

 
6 6

12
Example : Find directional derivative of   4 xz 3  3x 2 y 2 z at  2, 1, 2  in the direction of
2i  3 j  6k .

Solution: We have   4 xz 3  3x 2 y 2 z

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

  4 z 3  6 xy 2 z  i  6 x 2 yzj  12 xz 2  3 x 2 y 2  k

(   ) at (2, - 1, 2)  4(2)3  6(2)( 1) 2 (2) i  6(2) 2 ( 1)(2) j  12(2)(2) 2  3(2) 2 ( 1) 2  k

 8i  48 j  84k


Now a =2 i - 3j + 6 k


a  2  ( 3)  6  49  7
2 2 2


 a 1
a = 
=   2i  3 j  6k 
7
a

The directional derivative of  at (2, - 1, 2) in the direction of 2i - 3j +6 k is given by

 a   8i  48 j  84k    2i  3 j  6k 
1
7

(8)(2)  (48)(3)  (84)(6) 376

 
7 7

13
 xz
Example (4): If  = find the directional derivative at (1, -1, 1) in the direction of
x  y2
2


a = i - 2j + k.

xz
Solution: We have  =
x  y2
2

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

z ( x 2  y 2 )1  x  2 x  1  x
= i  xz  2 2 2  2 yj  k
(x  y )  (x  y }  (x  y2 )
2 2 2 2

( x2  y 2 ) z  2x2 z 2 xyz x
= i 2 j 2 k
(x  y )
2 2 2
(x  y )
2 2
(x  y2 )

2 1 1 1
(   ) at (1, -1, 1) = 0i  j k  j k
4 2 2 2

Now a = i – 2 j + k


a  1  (2)  (1)  6
2 2 2


 a i2jk
a = 
=
a 6

The directional derivative of  at (1, - 1, 1) in the direction of i - 2j + k is given by

 1 1  i2jk 
 a =  j k   
2 2   6 

(0)(1)    (2)    (1) 1  1

1 1
=  2 2  2  1
6 6 2 6

Example (5): Find directional derivative of  = x 2 y 2 z 2 at the point (1, 1, -1) in the
direction of the tangent to the curve x = e t , y = 1 + 2sint & z = t - cost

Solution: Let r = xi + yj + zk

r = e t i + (1 + 2sint) j + (t – cost) k

Tangent to the curve at this point is

14
dr 
 T  e t i  2 cos tj  (1  sin t )k
dt

When t = 0

T = i + 2j + k

Given  = x 2 y 2 z 2

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

= 2x y 2 z 2 i + 2 x 2yz 2 j + 2 x 2 y 2 z k

(   ) at (1, 1, -1) =2(1)(1) 2(-1) 2 i + 2(1) 2 (1) (-1) 2 j+ 2(1) 2 (1) 2(-1) k

= 2i + 2j - 2k

Now T = i +2j +k


T  1  2 1  6
2 2 2


 T i2jk
T = 
=
T 6

The directional derivative of  at (1, 1, -1) in the direction of i + 2j + k is given by

 i2jk 
 T = (2i + 2j - 2k)   
 6 

(2)(1)  (2)( 2)  (2)(1) 4

= 
6 6

Example (6): Find directional derivative of  = x y 2 + yz 3 at the point (1, -2, -1) in the
direction of the normal to the surface x log z - y 2 = - 4 at (-1, 2, 1).

Solution: Let the given surface is  = x logz - y 2 + 4

Normal to the surface  is given

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

15
 x
= log z i – 2y j + k
z

  at(-1, 2, 1) = 0 i - 4j – k = - 4j – k = a (say)

We have  = x y 2 + yz 3

  
grad  =   = i j k
x y z

2
= y 2 i + (2xy + z 3 ) j + 3yz k

2
(   ) at (1, - 2, -1) = (-2) 2 i + [2(1)(-2) + (-1) 3 ] j + 3(-2)(-1) k

=4i-5j–6k

Now a = - 4j – k


a  0  (4)  (1)  17
2 2


a 4jk
a =  =
a 17

The directional derivative of  at (1, - 2, - 1) in the direction of the normal to the surface 
is given by

 4 j  k  (4)(0)  ( 5)(4)  ( 6)(1) 20  6 26

  a = (4i - 5 j - 6k)   = = 
 17  17 17 17

Example (7): If the directional derivative of  = axy 2 + byz + c z 2 x 3 at (-1, 1, 2) has a

maximum magnitude of 32 units in the direction parallel to y-axis find a, b, c.

Solution: Maximum directional derivative is along   and in the direction parallel to y - axis the
magnitude is given to be 32 units.

    j = 32 at (-1, 1, 2) (1)

  
We have   = i j k
x y z

ie.,   =(a y 2 +3c x 2 z 2 ) i + (2axy + bz) j + (by+2c x 3 z) k

16
  (1,1,2) = (a + 12c) i + (- 2a + 2b) j + (b – 4c) k

Now    j = -2a + 2b = 32 by using (1)

or - a + b =16

Also since   is parallel to the y - axis we must have a + 12c = 0 and b - 4c = 0

Thus by solving the three equations;

- a + b = 16, a + 12c = 0 , b – 4c = 0 we obtain

a = - 12, b = 4, c = 1.

Example (8): Find the angle between two surfaces x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 and z = - x 2 + y 2 + 3

at the point (2, 1, 1)

Solution: Let 1 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 - 9 &  2 = z + x 2 - y 2 - 3

At a point the angle between the two surfaces is the angle between the normal to the surface
at the point.

The normals n 1 & n 2 at (2, 1, 1) are

1 = 2x i + 2y j + 2z k

n1    1 ( 2,1,1)  2(2)i  2(1) j  2(1) k  4i  2 j  2 k

2 = 2x i - 2y j + k

n2    2 ( 2,1,1)  2(2)i  2(1) j  k  4i  2 j  k

n1  4 2  2 2  2 2  24  2 6

n2  4 2  (2) 2  12  21

n  n 2 = (4)(4)+(2)(-2)+(2)(1) = 14
1

n1  n2 14 7 49 7 1 7
cos  =     
n1 n2 2 6 21 126 126 18 3 2

 
  cos 1  1 7 
3 2 

17
 2
Example (9): Prove that the surfaces 4 x y + z3= 4 & 5 x 2
- 2yz = 9x intersect
orthogonally at the point (1, - 1, 2)

Solution: Let 1 = 4 x 2 y + z 3 - 4 &  2 = 5 x 2 - 2yz - 9x

The normals n 1 & n 2 at (1, -1, 2) are

1 = 8xy i + 4 x 2 j + 3z 2 k

n1 = [ 1 ] at (1, 1, 2) = 8(1)(-1) i + 4(1) 2 j + 3(2) 2 k

= - 8 i + 4 j + 12 k

2 = (10x - 9) i – 2z j - 2y k

n2 = [ 2 ] at (1, 1, 2) = [10(1) - 9] i - 2(2)j - 2(-1)k

= i – 4 j + 2k

n1  n2 = (-8)(1) + (4)(-4) + (12)(2)

= - 8 – 16 + 24 = 0

Since n1  n 2 = 0 therefore the normals to the given two surfaces intersect orthogonally,
hence the given two surfaces intersect orthogonally.
 
Example (10): Prove that  r n  nr n  2 r where r  xi  yj  zk

Solution: r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2

Differentiate partially w.r.t. x

r
2r  2x
x

r x

x r

Similarly,

r y

y r

r z

z r

18
  (r n )  (r n )  (r n )
r n  i j k
x y z

r r r
= nr n 1 i  nr n 1 j  nr n 1 k
x y z

 r r r 
= nr n 1  i  j k
 x y z 

n 1 x y z 
= nr  i j k
r r r 

= nr n  2 ( xi  yj  zk )


= nr n  2 r

  r n  nr n  2 r

DIVERGENCE OF A VECTOR FUNCTION

If f(x, y, z) be a continuously differentiable vector function, then divergence

of f denoted by divf or   f is defined by

    
divf =   f =  i  j  k k   f
 x y z 

f f f
=i   j k
x y z

If f  f 1i  f 2 j  f 3 k ,

f 1 f 2 f 3
then divf =   f =  
x y z

Note (1) The divergence of a vector function f is a scalar function

(2) If f is a constant vector function, then divf =   f =0

(3) The symbol   f doesn’t imply the dot product of  with f, for the reason

that the symbol  is not vector but just a differential operator.

Solenoidal vector:

A vector point function f is said to be solenoidal if divf = 0 (ie,   f =0)

19
 CURL OF A VECTOR FUNCTION

Let f be any given differentiable vector point function .Then the curlf or rotation of f ,
written as   f or rot f or curl f is defined by

    
Curl f =   f =  i  j  k k   f
 x y z 

If f  f 1i  f 2 j  f 3 k , then

    
Curl f =   f =  i  j  k k    f1i  f 2 j  f3 k 
 x y z 

i j k
  
=
x y z
f1 f2 f3

 f f  f f  f f 
=  3  2  i   1  3  j   2  1  k
 y z   z x   x y 

 f f 
  3  2 i
i  y z 

Note (1): curl f is a vector quantity. Thus the curl of a vector function is a vector

point function.

(2) Angular velocity of rotation at any point is equal to half the curl of the

velocity. Because of which the curl is called rotation vector.

IRROTATIONAL VECTOR

A vector point function f is said to be irrotational if curl f = 0 (i.e.   f = 0)

20
Example (1): Find the div of f = 3 x 2 i  5 xy 2 j  xyz 3 k at the point (1, 2, 3)

 f 1  f 2 f 3
Solution: divf =   f =  
x  y z

 (3x 2 )  (5 xy 2 )  ( xyz 3 )
=  
x y z

= 6x +10xy + 3xyz 2

(   f ) at (1, 2,3) = 6(1) + 10(1)(2) + 3(1)(2)(3) 2

= 80

Example (2): If f  x 2 yi  2 xzj  2 yzk find (1) divf (2) curlf (3) curlcurl f

f 1 f 2  f 3
Solution: (i) divf =   f =  
x  y z

 ( x 2 y )  (2 xz)  ( yz)

=  
x y z

=2xy + 0 + y

= 2xy + y

i j k
  
(ii) Curl f =   f =
x y z
f1 f2 f3

i j k
  
=
x y z
x y  2 xz 2 yz
2

 (2 yz ) (2 xz )   (2 yz ) ( x 2 y )   (2 xz) ( x y) 

2
=i    j  
 k  
 y z   x z   x y 

= (2z + 2x) i - (0-0) j + (-2z - x 2 ) k

=2 (x + z) i - (2z + x 2 ) k

21
 i j k
  
(iii) Curlcurlf =   (  f ) 
x y z
2( x  z ) 0  (2 z  x 2 )

 (2 z  x 2 ) (0)   (2 z  x 2 ) (2 x  2 z )   (0) (2 x  2 z) 

 i   j    k  x  y 
 y z   x z   

= 0 i - (- 2x - 2) j + 0 k

= 2 (x + 1) j
  
Example (3): If r  xi  yj  zk then prove that (a) div r =3 (b) curl r = 0


Solution: Given that r  xi  yj  zk

 x y z
(a) div r =  
x y z

=1+1+1=3

i j k

  
(b) curl r =
x y z
x y z

= i (0 - 0) – j (0 - 0) + k (0 - 0)

=0

2
Example (3): Show that  2  f (r )  f (r )  f (r )
r

2  
Solution:  2  f (r )   2 
f (r )    f (r )
x x x

=

x 
f ( r )
r
x 


x 
f ( r )
x
r 
r r x
 r 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2r  2 x or 
x x r

  r  
rx  r x
 2  f (r )    f ( r )  x   f ( r )
  r 2  x r
 

22
  x 
 r  x    xx
=  f ( r )   r     f ( r )
 r 2  r r

f (r ) 2 x2
= ( r  x 2
)   f ( r )
r3 r2

f (r ) 2 2 f (r )
3 ( r  x )  ( r  y )  ( r  z )
 2 2 2 2
 2  x2  y2  z 2 
r r

f (r ) 2 f (r )
3 3r  ( x  y  z )
= 2 2 2
 2 r2
r r

f (r ) 2 2
=  3r  r   f (r )
r3

2
 f (r )  f (r )
r
  
Example (4): Find div F & curl F if F = grad ( x 3  y 3  z 3  3 xyz )


Solution: F = grad ( x 3  y 3  z 3  3 xyz )

 3  
=
x
 x  y 3  z 3  3xyz  i +  x 3  y 3  z 3  3 xyz  j +  x3  y 3  z 3  3xyz  k
z
y

= (3 x 2  3 yz )i  (3 y 2  3 xz ) j  (3 z 2  3 xy )k

  F1 F2 F3

div F =   F =  
x y z

  
= (3 x 2  3 yz )  (3 y 2  3 xz )  (3 z 2  3 xy)
x y z

= 6x + 6y + 6z = 6(x + y + z)

i j k
    
Curl F =   F =
x y z
F1 F2 F3

23
 i j k
  
=
x y z
3x 2  3 yz 3 y 2  3xz 3z 2  3xy


 y
2 
z
2 
 i  (3z  3xy )  (3 y  3xz )   j


x  
(3z 2  3xy)  (3x 2  3 yz )
z 
  
 k  (3 y  3xz )  (3x  3 yz ) 
2 2

 x y 

= i ( 3 x  3 x )  j ( 3 y  3 y )  k ( 3 z  3 z )

=0
 
Example (4): Find curl curl A given A  xyi  y 2 zj  z 2 yk

i j k
 
  
Solution: Curl A =   A =
x y z
A1 A2 A3

i j k
  
=
x y z
xy y2z z2 y

 2  2       2  
 i  ( z y)  ( y z)  j  ( z 2 y )  ( xy)   k  ( y z )  ( xy ) 
 y z   x z   x y 

= i ( z 2  y 2 )  j (0  0)  k (0  x)

 ( z 2  y 2 )i  0 j  xk

i j k
   
curlcurl A =
x y z
z  y2
2
0 x

  
 i  ( x)  (0)   j
 y z 

x   

 2 2 
( x)  ( z 2  y 2 )  k  (0)  ( z  y ) 
z  x y 

24
 = 0i  (  1  2 z ) j  2 yk

= ( 2 z  1) j  2 yk

 
Example (5): Find curl curl A given A  x 2 yi  y 2 zj  z 2 yk

i j k
    
Solution: Curl A =   A =
x y z
A1 A2 A3

i j k
  
=
x y z
x2 y y2z z2 y

 2
 y
 2 
 i  ( z y)  ( y z )   j
z 
 2
x    2

 2 
( z y)  ( x 2 y )  k  ( y z )  ( x y) 
z  x y 

= i ( z 2  y 2 )  j (0  0)  k (0  x 2 )

 ( z 2  y 2 )i  0 j  x 2 k

i j k
   
curlcurl A =
x y z
z2  y2 0  x2

  
 i  ( x )  (0)   j
 y
2

z 

x   

 2 2 
( x 2 )  ( z 2  y 2 )  k  (0)  ( z  y ) 
z  x y 

= 0i  ( 2 x  2 z ) j  2 yk = 2 ( x  z ) j  2 yk

  
Example (6): If F  ( x  y  1)i  j  ( x  y )k show that F  curl F  0

i j k
    
Solution: Curl F =   F =
x y z
F1 F2 F3

25
 i j k
  
=
x y z
x  y 1 1 x y

  
 i  ( x  y )  (1)   j
 y z 

x   
  
( x  y )  ( x  y  1)  k  (1)  ( x  y  1) 
z  x y 

= i (  1  0 )  j (  1  0 )  k ( 0  1) =  i  j  k

 
F  curl F  ( x  y  1)i  j  ( x  y ) k   (  i  j  k )

= ( x  y  1)(  1)  (1)(1)  (  x  y )(  1)

= x  y 11 x  y = 0

 
Therefore F  curl F  0

Example (7): Show that the vector f  3 y 4 z 2 i  4 x 3 z 2 j  3 x 2 y 2 k is solenoidal.

f 1 f 2 f 3
Solution: divf =   f =  
x y z

  
= (3 y 4 z 2 )  ( 4 x 3 z 2 )  ( 3 x 2 y 2 )
x y z

=0+0+0=0

Here divf = 0 therefore vector is f solenoidal.

Example (8): Determine ‘a’ so that the vector v  ( x  3 y )i  ( y  2 z ) j  ( x  az ) k is

Solenoidal.

Solution: Since v is solenoidal

 div v = v = 0

v1 v 2 v 3
  =0
x y z

  
( x  3 y )  ( y  2 z )  ( x  az )  0
x y z

1+1+a=0

a=-2

26
Example (9): Show that the vector v  (sin y  z )i  ( x cos y  z ) j  ( x  y ) k is irrational.

i j k
  
Solution: Curl v =   v =
x y z
v1 v2 v3

i j k
  

x y z
sin y  z x cos y  z x y
  
 i  ( x  y )  ( x cos y  z )   j
 y z 

x 
 
  
( x  y )  (sin y  z )  k  ( x cos y  z )  (sin y  z ) 
z  x y 

= i ( 1  1)  j (1  1)  k (cos y  cos y ) = 0

Here Curl v = 0 therefore vector v is irrational.

     
Example (10): If v  w r prove that curl v  2 w where w a constant vector.
 
Solution: Let w  w1i  w2 j  w3 k & r  xi  yj  zk

i j k
  
v  w r = w1 w2 w3
x y z

= ( w2 z  w3 y )i  ( w1 z  w3 x ) j  ( w1 y  w2 x)k

i j k
 
  
Curl v =   v =
x y z
v1 v2 v3

i j k
  
=
x y z
w2 z  w3 y w3 x  w1 z w1 y  w2 x

 i ( w1  w1 )  j (  w2  w2 )  k ( w3  w3 )

= 2 w1i  2 w2 j  2 w3 k

27
 
= 2( w1i  w2 j  w3 k ) = 2 w


Example (11): If F  ( x  y  az )i  (bx  2 y  z ) j  ( x  cy  2 z )k find a, b, c such that
 
Curl F = 0, then find  such that F    .


Solution: Given that Curl F =0

i j k
  
0
x y z
F1 F2 F3

i j k
  
0
x y z
x  y  az bx  2 y  z x  cy  2 z

 y

z

 i  ( x  cy  2 z )  (bx  2 y  z )   j


x  
( x  cy  2 z )  ( x  y  az )
z 
  
 k  (bx  2 y  z )  ( x  y  az )   0
 x y 

i (c  1)  j (1  a )  k (b  1)  0.i  0. j  0.k

 ( c  1)  0, (1  a )  0, (b  1)  0

 c=-1 a=1 b=1

When a = 1, b = 1, c = - 1.

F  ( x  y  z )i  ( x  2 y  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z )k


Given that F  

  
( x  y  z )i  ( x  2 y  z ) j  ( x  y  2 z ) k  i j k (1)
x y z


From (1)  x yz
x

Integrating w.r.t. x treating y & z constants

28
 x2
   ( x  y  z )dx   yx  zx  f 1 ( y , z ) (2)
2


From (1)  x  2y  z
y

Integrating w.r.t. y treating x & z constants

   ( x  2 y  z ) dx  xy  y 2  zy  f 2 ( x , z ) (3)


From (1)  x  y  2z
z

Integrating w.r.t. z treating x & y constants

   ( x  y  2 z ) dx  xz  yz  z 2  f 3 ( x, y ) (4)

x2 x2
Let us choose f1 ( y, z )  y 2  yz  z 2 , f 2 ( x, z )   xz  z 2 , f 3 ( x, y )   xy  y 2
2 2

x2
Thus the required    xy  xz  y 2  yz  z 2
2

x2
   ( x  y  z )dx   yx  zx  f1 ( y, z ) (2)
2

   ( x  2 y  z )dx  xy  y 2  zy  f 2 ( x , z ) (3)

   ( x  y  2 z )dx  xz  yz  z 2  f 3 ( x , y ) (4)

x2
   xy  xz  y 2  yz  z 2
2


Example (12): Find the constants a & b that F  (axy  z 3 )i  (3 x 2  z ) j  (bxz 2  y )k


is irrotational and find  such that F   .

 
Solution: Since F is irrotational therefore Curl F =0

29
 i j k
   
Curl F = 0
x y z
F1 F2 F3

i j k
  
0
x y z
axy  z 3 3x 2  z bxz 2  y


 y
2 
z
2 
 i  (bxz  y )  (3x  z )   j


x  
(bxz 2  y )  (axy  z 3 )
z 
  3 
 k  (3x  z )  (axy  z )   0
2

 x y 

i (1  1)  j (bz 2  3 z 2 )  k (6 x  ax)  0

(bz 2  3 z 2 )  0, ( 6 x  ax )  0

b = 3 a=6

When a = 6, b = 3, F  (6 xy  z 3 )i  (3 x 2  z ) j  (3 xz 2  y )k


Given that F  

  
(6 xy  z 3 )i  (3 x 2  z ) j  (3 xz 2  y ) k  i j k (1)
x y z


From (1)  6xy  z 3
x

Integrating w.r.t. x treating y & z constants

   (6 xy  z 3 ) dx  3 x 2 y  xz 3  f 1 ( y , z ) (2)


From (1)  3x 2  z
y

Integrating w.r.t. y treating x & z constants

   (3 x 2  z ) dx  3 x 2 y zy  f 2 ( x, z ) (3)

30
 
From (1)  3xz 2  y
z

Integrating w.r.t. z treating x & y constants

3
   (3xz 2  y )dx  xz  yz  f 3 ( x, y ) (4)

Let us choose f1 ( y, z )   yz, f 2 ( x, z )  xz 3 , f 3 ( x, y )  3x 2 y

Thus the required   3 x 2 y  xz 3  yz

   (6 xy  z 3 )dx  3 x 2 y  xz 3  f1 ( y , z ) (2)

   (3 x 2  z )dx  3 x 2 y  zy  f 2 ( x , z ) (3)

   (3 xz 2  y )dx  xz 3  yz  f 3 ( x , y ) (4)

  3 x 2 y  xz 3  yz


Example (13): Show that F  (6 xy  z 3 )i  (3 x 2  z ) j  (3 xz 2  y )k is irrotational and find

 such that F  

Solution:

i j k i j k
      
Curl F = 
x y z x y z
F1 F2 F3 6 xy  z 3x  z 3xz 2  y
3 2


 y
2 
z
2 
 i  (3xz  y )  (3x  z )   j


x  
(3xz 2  y )  (6 xy  z 3 )
z 
  3 
 k  (3x  z )  (6 xy  z ) 
2

 x y 

 i (1  1)  j (3 z 2  3 z 2 )  k (6 x  6 x)


Curl F =0

Therefore F is irrotational.

31
 
Given that F  

  
(6 xy  z 3 )i  (3 x 2  z ) j  (3 xz 2  y ) k  i j k (1)
x y z


From (1)  6xy  z 3
x

Integrating w.r.t. x treating y & z constants

   (6 xy  z 3 ) dx  3 x 2 y  xz 3  f 1 ( y , z ) (2)


From (1)  3x 2  z
y

Integrating w.r.t. y treating x & z constants

   (3 x 2  z ) dx  3 x 2 y zy  f 2 ( x, z ) (3)


From (1)  3xz 2  y
z

Integrating w.r.t. zy treating x & y constants

3
   (3xz 2  y )dx  xz  yz  f 3 ( x, y ) (4)

Let us choose f1 ( y, z )   yz, f 2 ( x, z )  xz 3 , f 3 ( x, y )  3x 2 y

Thus the required   3 x 2 y  xz 3  yz

  
Example (14): If A  2 x 2 i  3 yzj  xz 2 k and   2 z  x 3 y find A  & A  at (1, - 1, 1)

  
Solution:   i j k
x y z

  
= ( 2 z  x 3 y )i  ( 2 z  x 3 y ) j  ( 2 z  x 3 y ) k
x y z

=  3 x 2 yi  x 3 j  2k

   at (1, - 1, 1) = 3i  j  2k


A at (1, - 1, 1) = 2i  3 j  k

32

A  = ( 2i  3 j  k )  ( 3i  j  2 k )

= (2)(3) + (3)(-1) + (1)(2) = 6 – 3 + 2 = 5

i j k

A  = 2 3 1
3 1 2

= i ( 6  1)  j ( 4  3)  k (  2  9 ) = 7i  j  11k

HOME WORK:

(1)Find div f & curl f for the following

(a) f  xyz 2 i  xy 2 zj  xyz 2 k

(b) f  2 x 2 zi  xy 2 zj  3 xy 2 k

(c) f  xy 2 i  2 x 2 yzj  3 yz 2 k at (1,-1,1)

33
 VECTOR IDENTITIES

(1) Prove that div (f ) =  divf + f  grad or   (f )   (  f )  f (  )

Proof: we have  f    f1i  f 2 j  f3k   ( f1 )i  ( f 2 ) j  ( f3 )k

  
div (f )  (f 1 )  (f 2 )  (f 3 )
x y z

f1  f  f 3 
=  f1 +  2  f2 +  f3
x x y  y z z

 f f f    
=   1  2  3  + f1  f2  f3
  x  y z  x y z

    
=  divf + ( f 1i  f 2 j  f 3 k )   i  j k
 x y z 

=  divf + f  grad 

 div (f ) =  divf + f  grad 

(2) Prove that curl (f ) =  curlf + ( grad  )  f or   (f )   (  f )  (  )  f

Proof: we have f  (f 1 )i  (f 2 ) j  (f 3 )k

i j k
      
  f  =   ( f3 )  ( f 2 )  i
x y z  y z 
f 1 f 2 f 3

 f    f 2     f f     
    3  f3      f 2  i =    3  2  i +   f3  f2 i
 y y   z z    y z   y z 

i j k i j k
     
= +
x y z x y z
f1 f2 f3 f1 f2 f3

    
=  (  f ) +  i  j k   ( f 1i  f 2 j  f 3 k ) =  (   f )  (   )  f
 x y z 

34
  curl (f ) =  curlf + ( grad )  f

(3) Prove that curl ( grad  )  0 or   (  )  0

  
Proof: We have grad  i j k
x y z

i j k
  
         
curl ( grad  )    (  ) = x y z =         i
 y  z  z  y  
  
x y z

  2  2  2 f 2 f
=   i = 0 
 yz zy  xy yx

 curl ( grad  )  0

 
(4) Prove that div(curl F )  0 or   (  F )  0


Proof: Let F  F1i  F2 j  F3 k

i j k
    F F   F F   F F 
Then curl F    3  2 i   3  1  j   2  1 k
x y z  y z   x z   x y 
F1 F2 F3

   F3 F2    F1 F3    F2 F1 

Now div (curl F )        
x  y z  y  z 
x  z  x y 

 2 F3  2 F2  2 F1  2 F3  2 F2  2 F1
=      =0
xy xz yz yx zx zy


 div(curl F )  0

35
Differential Calculus:

Successive differentiation:

The process of differentiating the same function again and again is called successive
differentiation.

Notation:

If y be a function of x, its successive derivatives are denoted by

dy d 2 y d 3 y dn y
, , ,.......
dx dx 2 dx 3 dx n

or y1 , y2 , y3 ,........ yn

or y , y , y ,......... y ( n )

The nth derivatives of some standard functions:

m!
I. If y  x m and (nm) then yn  x mn where m being a positive constant.
(m  n)!

Note 1: If m be a positive integer and n = m, then ym  m ! .

Note 2: If y  x m and n > m then yn  0 .

m!
II. If y  (ax  b)m and (n  m) then yn  (ax  b)mn a n where m being a positive
(m  n)!
constant

Note 1: If m be a positive integer and n = m, then ym  m ! a n .

1 n n !a n
III. If y  then yn  (1)
ax  b  ax  b ( n1)

1 n (m  n  1)!a n
IV. If y  then yn  (1)
 ax  b m (m  1)! ax  b ( m n)

V. If y  e ax then yn  a n e ax

Note: If y  e x then yn  e x

VI. If y  a mx then yn  a mx m n (log a ) m

36
Note: If y  a x then yn  a x (log a ) m

n1 (n  1)!a n
VII. If y  log e ( ax  b) then yn  (1)
(ax  b)n


VIII. If y  Sin ( ax  b ) then yn  a n Sin  ax  b  n 
 2


Note: If y  Sinax then yn  a n Sin  ax  n 
 2


IX. If y  Cos ( ax  b ) then yn  a n Cos  ax  b  n 
 2


Note: If y  Cosax then yn  a n Cos  ax  n 
 2

X. If y  e ax Sin(bx  c) then yn   a2  b2 
n / 2 ax

e Sin bx  c  ntan1 (b / a) 
Note: If y  e ax Sinbx then yn   a 2  b2 
n / 2 ax

e Sin bx  ntan1(b / a) 
XI. If y  e ax Cos (bx  c ) then yn   a 2  b2 
n / 2 ax

e Cos bx  c  ntan1 (b / a) 
Note: If y  e ax Cosbx then yn   a 2  b 2 
n / 2 ax

e Cos bx  ntan 1 (b / a) 

37
 1
Example: Find nth derivative of
 x  2  x  1

1 A B
Solution: Let us take  
 x  2  x  1  x  2   x  1

Multiply both sides by  x  2  x  1

1  A  x  1  B  x  2 

Taking x = - 2 in this we get

1
1  A  2  1  B  2  2   A  
3

Taking x = 1 in this we get

1
1  A 1  1  B 1  2   B 
3

Thus

1 1 1 1 1
y  
 x  2   x  1 3  x  2  3  x  1

1 dn  1  1 dn  1 
Therefore yn      
3 dx n   x  2   3 dx n   x  1 

1  (1) n n !  1  (1) n n ! 
yn      
3   x  2 n 1  3   x  1n1 

(1)n n !  1 1 
yn     
3   x  2 n 1 n 1
 x  1 

2x  1
Example: Find nth derivative of
 x  2   x  1

2x  1 A B
Solution: Let us take  
 x  2  x  1  x  2   x  1

Multiply both sides by  x  2  x  1

38
2 x  1  A  x  1  B  x  2 

Taking x = 2 in this we get

3  A  2  1  B  2  2   A  1

Taking x = -1 in this we get

3  A  1  1  B  1  2   B  1

Thus

2x  1 1 1
y  
 x  2  x  1  x  2   x  1

dn  1  dn  1 
Therefore yn     
dx n   x  2   dx n   x  1 

 (1) n n !   (1)n n ! 
yn   
n1   n 1 
  x  2     x  1 

 1 1 
yn  (1) n n ! n 1

n 1 
  x  2  x  1 

x
Example: Find nth derivative of
 x  1 2 x  3 

x A B
Solution: Let us take  
 x  1 2 x  3   x  1  2 x  3 

Multiply both sides by  x  1 2 x  3

x  A  2 x  3  B  x  1

Taking x = 1 in this we get

1
1  A  2  3  B 1  1  5 A  1  A 
5

Taking x = -3/2 in this we get

3 / 2  A  3 / 2  3 / 2   B  3 / 2  1  5 / 2 B  3 / 2  B  3 / 5

Thus

39
 x 1 3
y  
 x  1  2 x  3  5  x  1 5  2 x  3 

1 dn  1  3 dn  1 
Therefore yn     
5 dx n   x  1  5 dx n   2 x  3 

1  (1)n n !  3  (1)n n !2n 

yn     
5   x  1n1  5   2 x  3n1 

x2
Example: Find nth derivative of
 x  2  2 x  3

Solution: The given fraction is an improper fraction, first we have to convert it in to proper
fraction

1
2
x2
2 x2  7 x  6
7
x2  x 3
2
7
0 x 3
2

7
2  x3
x 1 2 1 1 7x  6
   
 x  2  2 x  3 2  x  2  2 x  3 2 2  x  2   2 x  3

7x  6 A B
Let us take  
 x  2  2 x  3   x  2   2 x  3 

Multiply both sides by  x  2  2 x  3

7 x  6  A  2 x  3  B  x  2 

Taking x = - 2 in this we get

7( 2)  6  A 2( 2)  3  B  2  2   8   A  A  8

Taking x = -3/2 in this we get

7  3 / 2   6  A2( 3 / 2)  3  B ( 3 / 2)  2  9 / 2  (1/ 2) B  B  9

Thus

40
 7
2  x 3
x 1 2 1 1 8 9 
      
 x  2  2 x  3 2  x  2   2 x  3 2 2   x  2   2 x  3 

x2 1 4 9
y   
 x  2  2 x  3 2  x  2  2  2 x  3

dn  1  9 dn  1 
Therefore yn  0  4    
dx n   x  2   2 dxn   2 x  3 

 (1)n n!  9  (1)n n !2n 

yn  4   
n1  n1 
  x  1  2   2 x  3 

x2  6x  1
Example: Find nth derivative of
 x  2   x  1  x  1

x2  6x  1 A B C
Solution: Let us take   
 x  2  x  1 x  1  x  2   x  1  x  1

Multiply both sides by  x  2  x  1 x  1

x 2  6 x  1  A  x  1 x  1  B  x  2  x  1  C  x  2  x  1 (1)

Taking x = - 2 in (1) we get

7
(2) 2  6(2)  1  A  2  1 2  1  B  0   C  0   3 A  7  A  
3

Taking x = - 1 in (1) we get

(1) 2  6(1)  1  A  0   B  1  2  1  1  C  0   2 B  4  B  2

Taking x = 1 in (1) we get

4
12  6(1)  1  A  0   B  0   C 1  2 1  1  6C  8  C 
3

Thus

x2  6x  1 7 2 4
y   
 x  2  x  1 x  1 3  x  2   x  1 3  x  1

41
 7 dn  1  dn  1  4 dn  1 
Therefore yn      2    
3 dx n   x  2  dx n   x  1  3 dx n   x  1 

7  (1) n n !   (1)n n!  4  (1)n n ! 

yn      2   
3   x  2 n1    x  1n1  3   x  1n1 

Example: Find nth derivative of the following functions

1 1 1 1
1. 2. 3. 4.
x 2
 4
2
x  6x  8 2
6x  5x  1 2
6x  7x  3

Example: Find nth derivative of Sin 2 x

Solution: Let y  Sin 2 x

1 1
y  1  Cos 2 x  Sin 2 x  1  Cos 2 x 
2 2

1 1
y  Cos2 x
2 2

1  n 
yn  0  2n Cos  2 x  
2  2 

 n 
yn  2n1Cos  2 x  
 2 

Example: Find nth derivative of Cos 2 x

Solution: Let y  Cos 2 x

1 1
y  1  Cos 2 x  Cos 2 x  1  Cos 2 x 
2 2

1 1
y  Cos 2 x
2 2

1  n 
yn  0  2n Cos  2 x  
2  2 

 n 
yn  2n1Cos  2 x  
 2 

42
Example: Find nth derivative of Sin5xCos3x

Solution: Let y  Sin5 xCos3x

1 1
y   Sin8 x  Sin2 x  SinACosB  Sin( A  B )  Sin( A  B)
2 2

1 1
y  Sin8 x  Sin2 x
2 2

1  n  1 n  n 
yn  8n Sin  8 x    2 Sin  2 x  
2  2  2  2 

8n  n  n1  n 
yn  Sin  8 x    2 Sin  2 x  
2  2   2 

Example: Find nth derivative of CosxCos 2xCos3x

Solution: Let y  CosxCos 2 xCos 3 x  Cos 3 x.Cosx.Cos 2 x

1
 Cos(3x  x)  Cos(3x  x) Cos 2 x
2
1
 Cos 4 x  Cos 2 x Cos 2 x
2
1 1
 Cos 4 xCos 2 x  Cos 2 2 x
2 2


1 1

2 2
Cos (4 x  2 x)  Cos(4 x  2 x ) 
 2 2
1 1

1  Cos 4 x 

1
  Cos6 x  Cos 2 x  1  Cos4 x 
4
1 1 1 1
y  Cost.Cos 2t.Cos3t   Cos 2t  Cos 4t  Cos6t
4 4 4 4
1 n n  1 n n  1 n n 
yn  0  2 Cos  2 x  
  4 Cos  4 x 

  6 Cos  6 x  
4  2  4  2  4  2 

n n n 
n
  n 1   6 
yn  2 n  2 Cos  2 x    4 Cos  4 x    Cos  6 x  
 2   2  4  2 

Example: Find nth derivative of the following functions

43
1. Sin 3 x 2. Cos3 x 3. Sin 4 x 4. Cos 4 x

5. Sin5xCos3x 6. Cos5xSin3x 7. Cos 4 xCos 2 x 8. Sin3xSinx

9. SinxSin2 xSin3x

Example: Find nth derivative of e x Sin 2 x .

x
If y  e ax Sin(bx  c )
Solution: Let y  e Sin2 x
then, yn   a 2  b 2 
n / 2 ax

e Sin bx  c  ntan 1 (b / a ) 
yn  12  22 
n/ 2 x

e Sin 2 x  ntan1(2 /1) 
 
yn   5 n / 2 e x Sin 2 x  n tan 1 2

Example: Find nth derivative of e x Sin 2 x .

Solution: Let y  e x Sin2 x

1 1 
y  e x   Cos 2 x 
2 2 

1 1
y  e x  e x Cos 2 x
2 2

1 1

yn   1n e x  (1)2  22  e x Cos 2 x  ntan1(2 / 1) 
n /2
2 2

If y  eax Cos(bx  c )
then, yn   a 2  b 2 
n /2 ax
e  
Cos bx  c  ntan 1 (b / a )

1 1

yn   1n e x  (5) n/2 e x Cos 2 x  ntan1 2
2 2

Example: Find nth derivative of the following functions

44
1. e2 x Cos3x 2. e3 x Cos3 x 3. e2 x Cos3 x 4.
1
 e 2 x Cosx 5. e x Cos 2 xSinx 6. e x Sin 2 xSin 2 x
 x  2   2 x  3

Example: Find nth derivative of log x2

Solution: Let y  log x2

y  2 log x

 (1)n1 (n  1)!
yn  2  
 xn 

2x  1
Example: Find nth derivative of log
x2

2x 1
Solution: Let y  log
x2

1  2x 1 
y log  
2  x2 

1 1
y  log  2 x  1  log  x  2 
2 2

1  (1) n1(n  1)!2n  1  (1)n1 (n  1)!

yn     
2   2 x  1n  2   x  2 
n


Example: Find nth derivative of x5  log10  3x 2  5 x  2 

Solution: Let y  x5  log10  3 x 2  5 x  2 

y  x5  log10  3 x  1 ( x  2)

log e  3x  1 ( x  2)
y  x5 
log e 10

1
y  x5  log e  3x  1  loge ( x  2)
log e 10

1  (1)n1 (n  1)!3n (1) n1 (n  1)!

yn  0    
log e 10   3x  1 n  x  2 n 

45
 1  (1)n1 (n  1)!3n (1)n1 (n  1)!
yn    
loge 10   3x  1n  x  2 n 

 x 1
Example: Find nth derivative of x log  
 x 1

 x 1 
Solution: Let y  x log  
 x 1 

y  x log  x  1  x log  x  1

Differentiate w.r.t.x

y  x log  x  1  x log  x  1

1 1
y1  x  log  x  1 .1  x  log  x  1 .1
 x  1  x  1

x x
y1   log  x  1   log  x  1
 x  1  x  1

( x  1)  1 ( x  1)  1
y1   log  x  1   log  x  1
 x  1  x  1

1 1
y1  1   log  x  1  1   log  x  1
 x  1  x  1

Differentiate y1 (n-1) times w.r.t x

(1)n1(n  1)! (1)n2 (n  2)! (1)n1(n  1)! (1)n2 (n  2)!

yn  0    0  
 x  1n  x  1n1  x  1 n  x  1n1

(1) n2 (n  2)!  (n  1)  (1)n2 (n  2)!  (n  1) 

yn    1    1
 x  1n1   x  1   x  1n1   x  1 

(1)n2 (n  2)!  (n  1)  (1)n2 (n  2)!  (n  1) 

yn  1   1  
 x  1n1   x  1   x  1n1   x  1 

(1)n2 (n  2)!  x  1  n  1  (1)n2 (n  2)!  x  1  n  1 

yn     
 x  1n1   x  1   x  1n1   x  1 

46
 (1)n2 (n  2)! x  n  (1)n2 (n  2)! x  n 
yn  
 x  1n  x  1n

1
Example: Find nth derivative of
x  a2
2

1
Solution: Let y 
x  a2
2

x  a cot 

1 1 1 1
y    Sin 2 
2
a Cot   a 2 2
a  Cot   1
2 2 2
a Cos ec 2
a 2

1
y 2
Sin 2 
a

1 d
y1  2
2Sin  Cos 
a dx

d
x  a cot   1   a Cos ec 2
1 d dx
y1  Sin 2
a 2 dx d 1 1
  2
  Sin 2 
dx a Cos ec  a

1  1  1
y1  Sin 2   Sin 2    3 (1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2 
2
a  a  a

1
y1  3
(1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2  (1)
a

y2 
a
1
3 
(1)1! Sin 2 2Sin  Cos 
d
dx
 2 Cos 2
d
dx
Sin 2  
1 d
y2  3
( 1)1!2 Sin 2 Cos   Cos 2 Sin  Sin 
a dx

1  1 
y2  ( 1)1!2Sin 3 Sin    Sin 2  
3
a  a 

1
y2  4
(1)2 2!Sin 3 Sin 3  (2)
a

Similarly,

47
 1
y3  4
( 1)3 3!Sin 4 Sin 4  (3)
a

Generalizing (1), (2) and (3) we get

1
yn  n 1
(1)n n !Sin(n  1) Sin n1  , where   Cot 1x
a

Example: Find nth derivative of tan 1 x

Solution: Let y  tan 1 x

Differentiate w.r.t x

1
y1 
1  x2

Put x  cot 

1 1
y1  2
 2
 Sin 2 
1  cot  cos ec 

y1  Sin 2 

d
y2  2Sin  Cos 
dx

d
x  cot   1   Cos ec 2
d dx
y2  Sin 2
dx d 1
  2
  Sin 2 
dx Cos ec 

y2  Sin 2   Sin 2    (1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2 

y2  ( 1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2  (1)


y3  (1)1! Sin 2 2Sin  Cos 
d
dx
 2 Cos 2
d
dx
Sin 2  
d
y3  (1)1!2Sin 2 Cos   Cos 2 Sin  Sin 
dx

y3  (1)1!2Sin 3 Sin    Sin 2  

48
y3  (1)2 2!Sin 3 Sin 3  (2)

Similarly,

y4  ( 1)3 3!Sin 4 Sin 4  (3)

Generalizing (1), (2) and (3) we get

yn  ( 1)n1 ( n  1)!Sin n Sin n  , where   Cot 1x

1 x 
Example: Find nth derivative of tan 1  
1 x 

 1 x 
Solution: Let y  tan 1  
 1 x 

Put x  tan 

 1  tan   1    
y  tan 1    tan tan       
 1  tan    4  4


y  tan 1 x
4

Differentiate w.r.t x

1
y1  0 
1  x2

Put x  cot 

1 1
y1  2
 2
 Sin 2 
1  cot  cos ec 

y1  Sin 2 

d
y2  2Sin  Cos 
dx

d
x  cot   1   Cos ec 2
d dx
y2  Sin 2
dx d 1
  2
  Sin 2 
dx Cos ec 

49
y2  Sin 2   Sin 2    (1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2 

y2  (1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2  (1)


y3  (1)1! Sin 2 2Sin  Cos 
d
dx
 2 Cos 2
d
dx
Sin 2  
d
y3  (1)1!2Sin 2 Cos   Cos 2 Sin  Sin 
dx

y3  (1)1!2Sin 3 Sin    Sin 2  

y3  (1)2 2!Sin 3 Sin 3  (2)

Similarly,

y4  (1)3 3!Sin 4 Sin 4  (3)

Generalizing (1), (2) and (3) we get

yn  (1)n1 (n  1)!Sin n Sin n  , where   Cot 1x

1  2 x 
Example: Find nth derivative of tan  
 1  x2 

1  2 x 
Solution: Let y  tan  
 1  x2 

Put x  cot 

 2Cot  1   2Cot  2Cot

y  tan 1  2   tan  2   tan 2
 1  Cot    Cot   1  Cot 2  1

y  tan 1   tan 2    tan 1  tan 2   2

d
x  cot   1   Cos ec 2
d dx
y1  2  2   Sin 2  
dx d 1
  2
  Sin 2 
dx Cos ec 

y1  2Sin 2 

50
 d
y2  2  2Sin  Cos 
dx

d
y2  2  Sin 2
dx

y2  2  Sin 2   Sin 2    2  ( 1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2 

y2  2  ( 1)1!Sin 2 Sin 2  (1)


y3  2  (1)1! Sin 2 2Sin  Cos 
d
dx
 2 Cos 2
d
dx
Sin 2  
d
y3  2  (1)1!2 Sin 2 Cos   Cos 2 Sin  Sin 
dx

y3  2  (1)1!2Sin 3 Sin    Sin 2  

y3  2  ( 1) 2 2!Sin 3 Sin 3  (2)

Similarly,

y4  2  ( 1)3 3!Sin 4 Sin 4  (3)

Generalizing (1), (2) and (3) we get

yn  2( 1) n1 ( n  1)!Sin n Sin n  , where   Cot 1x

Example: Find nth derivative of the following functions

x2
1. log(ax  x 2 ) 2. log  x2  4  3. Sinh2 xCos2 x 
( x  2)(2 x  3)

51
Leibnitz’s Theorem:

The rule of finding nth derivative of the product of two functions in the form of a theorem
called Leibnitz’s Theorem.

Leibnitz’s Theorem:

If y  uv , where u and v are functions of x having derivatives of nth order, then

yn  nC0 un v  nC1un1v1  nC2 un2 v2  ...........  nCr un r vr  ........  nCn uvn

where suffixes of u and v denote the number of times they are differentiated and nCr denotes
the number of combinations of n different things taken r at a time.

Note: If xm where m is a positive integer is one of the factors, taking v  x m simplifies the
process of writing the nth derivative.

Example: Find nth derivative of x3 eax

Solution:

Let u  eax v  x3

un  a neax v1  3x 2

un1  a n1eax v2  6 x

un2  an2eax v3  6

un3  an3eax v4  0

yn  nC0un v  nC1un1v1  nC2un2v2  nC3un3v3

n ( n  1) n 2 ax n ( n  1)(n  2) n 3 ax
yn  a n e ax  x 3   na n 1e ax  3 x 2   a e 6x   a e 6
2 6

yn  a n e ax x3  3na n1eax x 2  3n(n  1)a n 2e ax x  n( n  1)(n  2)a n3eax

yn  a n 3e ax a 3 x 3  3na 2 x 2  3n ( n  1) ax  n ( n  1)( n  2)

52
Example: Find nth derivative of x 2 Sinx

Solution:

Let u  Sinx v  x2

n 
un  Sin  x   v1  2 x
 2 

un1  Sin x  (n  1)

2  v2  2


un  2  Sin x 
(n  2)
2

 v3  0

yn  nC0un v  nC1un1v1  nC2un2 v2  nC3un3v3

yn  Sin  x 

n  2
  x   nSin x 
2  2 
( n  1)
2x 
2 
n( n  1)
Sin x 
( n  2)
2
 2  
n n n 
yn  x 2 Sin  x    2 nxCos 
 x
  n ( n  1) Sin 
 x 
 2   2   2 

Example: Find nth derivative of x 2 log x

Solution:

Let u  log e x v  x2

(1) n 1 (n  1)!
un  v1  2 x
xn

(1)n  2 (n  2)!
un 1  v2  2
x n 1

(1) n 3 ( n  3)!
un  2  v3  0
x n2

yn  nC0un v  nC1un1v1  nC2un2v2  nC3un3v3

( 1) n 1 ( n  1)! ( 1) n  2 ( n  2)! n( n  1) ( 1) n 3 (n  3)!

yn   x2   n 2x   2
xn x n1 2 x n2

53
 ( 1) n 1 ( n  1)! ( 1) n  2 n( n  2)! ( 1) n 3 n( n  1)( n  3)!
yn  2 
x n2 x n2 x n2

( 1) n 1 n ( n  1)! ( 1) n  2 n ( n  1)( n  2)! ( 1) n 3 n ( n  1)( n  2)( n  3)!

yn  2 
nx n  2 ( n  1) x n  2 ( n  2) x n  2

( 1) n1 n ! ( 1) n  2 n ! ( 1) n 3 n !

yn  2 
nx n  2 ( n  1) x n  2 ( n  2) x n  2

( 1) n 3 n !  1 2 1 
yn  n2    
x  n ( n  1) ( n  2) 

Example: Find nth derivative of the following functions

1. x3Cosx 2. x 2 Cos 2 3 x 3. x 2 e x Sinx 4. x 2 e x Cosx

n!
Example: If y  x n log x show that yn1 
x

Solution: y  x n log x (1)

Differentiate (1) w.r.t. x

1
y1  x n   log x  nx n1
x

xy1  x n  nx n log x

xy1  x n  ny |Using (1)

Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

 xyn1  nyn   n ! nyn

xyn1  n !

n!
yn1 
x

54
 2
Example: If y   Sin 1 x  show that 1  x 2  yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  n 2 yn  0

2
Solution: y   Sin 1 x  (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. x

1
y1  2 Sin 1 x 
1  x2

1  x 2 y1  2Sin 1x

Square both sides

1  x 2  y12  4  Sin 1x 2

1  x 2  y12  4 y
Differentiate again w.r.t. x

1  x 2  2 y1 y2   2 x  y12  4 y1
Dividing by 2 y1

1  x 2  y2  xy1  2
Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

1  x 2  yn  2  n ( 2 x ) yn 1 
n (n  1)
2! 
( 2) yn   xyn 1  nyn   0

1  x 2  yn 2  (2n  1) xyn 1  n 2 yn  0

1
Example: If y  e mSin x
show that 1  x 2  yn  2  (2 n  1) xyn 1  ( n 2  m 2 ) yn  0

1
Solution: y  emSin x (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. x

1 m
y1  e mSin x

1  x2

1  x 2 y1  my

55
Square both sides

1  x 2  y12  m 2 y 2
Differentiate again w.r.t. x

1  x 2  2 y1 y2   2 x  y12  m 2 2 yy1
Dividing by 2 y1

1  x 2  y2  xy1  m 2 y
Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

1  x 2  yn  2  n( 2 x ) yn 1 
n( n  1)
2! 
( 2) yn   xyn 1  nyn   m yn
2

1  x 2  yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  (n 2  m 2 ) yn  0

Example: If y  Sin  mSin 1 x  show that 1  x 2  yn  2  (2 n  1) xyn 1  ( n 2  m 2 ) y n  0

Solution: y  Sin  mSin 1x  (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. x

y1  Cos  mSin 1x  

m
1  x2

1  x 2 y1  mCos  mSin 1x 

Square both sides

1  x 2  y12  m 2Cos 2  mSin 1x 

1  x 2  y12  m 2 1  Sin 2  mSin 1 x 

1  x 2  y12  m 2 1  y 2  | Using (1)

Differentiate again w.r.t. x

1  x 2  2 y1 y2   2 x  y12  m 2 ( 2 yy1 )
Dividing by 2 y1

56
1  x 2  y2  xy1   m 2 y
Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

1  x 2  yn  2  n ( 2 x ) yn 1 
n ( n  1)
2! 
( 2) yn   xyn 1  nyn    m yn
2

1  x 2  yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  (n 2  m 2 ) yn  0
Example: If x  Sint and y  Cospt show that
1  x 2  yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  ( p 2  n 2 ) yn 0

Solution: x  Sint (1)

y  Cospt (2)

From (1) t  Sin 1 x (3)

Substituting (3) in (2)

y  Cos  p Sin 1 x  (4)

Differentiate (4) w.r.t. x

y1   Sin  pSin 1x  

p
1  x2

1  x 2 y1   p Sin  mSin 1x 

Square both sides

1  x 2  y12  p 2 Sin 2  pSin 1x 

1  x 2  y12  p 2 1  Cos2  mSin1x 

1  x 2  y12  p 2 1  y 2  | Using (1)

Differentiate again w.r.t. x

1  x 2  2 y1 y2   2 x  y12  p 2 ( 2 yy1 )
Dividing by 2 y1

57
1  x 2  y2  xy1   p 2 y
Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

1  x 2  yn  2  n( 2 x ) yn 1 
n( n  1)
2! 
( 2) yn   xyn 1  nyn    p yn
2

1  x 2  yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  ( p 2  n 2 ) yn  0

 
m
Example: If y  x  1  x 2 show that 1  x 2  y n  2  (2 n  1) xy n 1  ( n 2  m 2 ) yn  0

 
m
Solution: y  x  1  x 2 (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. x

 
m 1
 2x 
y1  m x  1  x 2 1  2 
 2 1 x 

m 1  
 
2
y1  m x  1  x 2  1 x  x 
 
 1  x2 

 
m
1  x 2 y1  m x  1  x 2

1  x 2 y1  my

Square both sides

1  x 2  y12  m 2 y | Using (1)

Differentiate again w.r.t. x

1  x 2  2 y1 y 2   2 x  y12  m 2 2 yy1
Dividing by 2 y1

1  x 2  y2  xy1  m 2 y
Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

1  x 2  y n  2  n(2 x ) yn 1 
n( n  1)
2! 
(2) yn   xyn 1  nyn   m 2 yn

58
1  x 2  yn  2  (2 n  1) xyn 1  ( n 2  m 2 ) yn 0

Example: If y  aCos(log x)  bSin(log x) show that x 2 yn2  (2n  1) xyn1  (n 2  1) yn  0

Solution: y  aCos(log x)  bSin(log x) (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. x

1 1
y1  a Sin(log x)  b Cos(log x)
x x

Multiply by x

xy1  a Sin(log x)  b Cos(log x)

Differentiate again w.r.t. x

1  x 2  2 y1 y 2   2 x  y12  m 2 2 yy1
1 1
xy2  (1) y1  a Cos(log x)  b Sin(log x)
x x

Multiply by x

x 2 y2  xy1   a Cos(log x)  b Sin(log x)

x 2 y2  xy1   y

Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

x 2 yn  2  n (2 x ) yn 1 
n( n  1)
2! 
(2) yn   xyn 1  nyn    yn

x 2 yn 2  (2n  1) xyn1  (n 2  1) yn  0

Example: If y1 m  y 1 m  2 x show that  x 2  1 yn  2  (2 n  1) xyn 1  ( n 2  m 2 ) yn  0

Solution: Consider y1 m  y 1 m  2 x

Put y1 m  z

1
z  2x
z

59
z 2  1  2 xz

z 2  2 xz  1  0

2 x  4 x2  4
z
2

2 x  2 x2 1
z  x  x2 1
2

y1/ m  x  x 2  1

 
m
y  x  x2  1 (1)

Differentiate w.r.t. x

 
m 1
 2x 
y1  m x  x 2  1 1  
2
 2 x 1 

m 1  
 
2
y1  m x  x 2  1  x 1  x 
 
 x2 1 

    x 
m 1
x 2  1 y1  m x  x 2  1 x2  1 
 
m
x 2  1 y1   m x  x 2  1

x 2  1 y1   my | Using (1)

Square both sides

 x 2  1 y12  m 2 y 2
Differentiate again w.r.t. x

 x 2  1 2 y1 y2   2 x  y12  m 2 2 yy1
Dividing by 2 y1

 x 2  1 y2  xy1  m 2 y
Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem
60
 x 2  1 yn  2  n (2 x ) y n 1 
n ( n  1)
2! 
(2) yn   xyn 1  nyn   m 2 yn

 x 2  1 yn  2  (2n  1) xyn 1  (n 2  m 2 ) yn  0
n
1  y x 2 2
Example: If Cos    log   show that x yn 2  (2n  1) xyn1  2n yn  0
b n

n
 y  x
Solution: Consider Cos 1    log  
b n

 y
Cos 1    n log x  n log n
b

y
 Cos  n log x  n log n 
b

y  b Cos  n log x  n log n  (1)

Differentiate (1) w.r.t x

n
y1  b Sin  n log x  n log n  
x

xy1   nb Sin  n log x  n log n 

Differentiate again w.r.t x

n
xy2  1. y1   nb Cos  n log x  n log n  
x

x 2 y2  xy1  n 2b Cos  n log x  n log n 

x 2 y2  xy1   n 2 y | Using (1)

Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

x 2 yn  2  n (2 x ) yn 1 
n( n  1)
2! 
(2) yn   xyn 1  nyn    n 2 yn

x 2 yn 2  (2n  1) xyn 1  2n 2 yn  0

Example: If y   x 2  1 show that 1  x 2  y n  2  2 xyn 1  n ( n  1) yn  0

n

61
Solution: Consider y   x 2  1
n
(1)

Differentiate (1) w.r.t x

n1
y1  n  x2  1 2x

Multiply by  x 2  1

 x2  1 y1  2nx  x2  1n

 x 2  1 y1  2nxy | Using (1)

Differentiate again w.r.t x

 x 2  1 y2  y1(2 x)  2n  xy1  1y 

 x 2  1 y2  y1 (2 x)  2n  xy1  1y 

 x 2  1 y2  2(1  n) xy1  2ny  0

Multiply by – 1

1  x 2  y2  2(n  1) xy1  2ny  0

Differentiate term by term n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

1  x 2  yn  2  n ( 2 x ) yn 1 
n( n  1)
2! 
( 2) yn  2( n  1)  xyn 1  nyn   2nyn  0

1  x 2  yn 2  2nxyn1  n(n  1) yn  2(n  1) xyn1  2(n  1)nyn  2nyn  0

1  x 2  yn  2   2nx  2 x  2 nx  yn 1  ( n 2  n  2n 2  2 n  2 n) yn  0
1  x 2  yn  2  2 xyn 1  n( n  1) yn 0

n
 log x  ( 1) n !  1 1 1
Example: Show that D n     log x  1    ......  
 x  x n 1  2 3 n

Solution:

1
Let u  v  log x
x

62
 ( 1) n n ! ( 1) n 1 ( n  1)!
un  vn 
x n 1 xn

yn  nC0un v  nC1un1v1  nC2un2v2  nC3un3v3       nCn1u1vn1  nCnuvn

( 1) n n ! (  1) n 1 ( n  1)!  1  n ( n  1) (  1) n  2 ( n  2)!  1 

yn  log x  n    2 
x n 1 xn x 2! x n 1  x 
n ( n  1)( n  2) ( 1) n 3 ( n  3)!  2 
  3  
3! x n2 x 
n2
 1  (  1) ( n  2)!  1  ( 1) n 1 ( n  1)!
 n 2   
 x  x n 1 x xn

( 1) n n ! ( 1) n 1 n ! 1 ( 1) n 2 n ! 1 ( 1) n 3 n ! 1 (1) n 2 n ! 1 ( 1) n 1 n !

yn  log x              
x n 1 x n 1 2 x n1 3 x n 1 n  1 x n 1 n x n1

( 1) n n !  1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
yn  log x      
n 1  ( 1) 2 ( 1) 2 3 ( 1) 3 n  1 ( 1) 2 n ( 1) 
x 

n
 log x  ( 1) n !  1 1 1
Dn    log x  1    ......  
 x  n 1  2 3 n
x

dn
Example: Prove that  x n log x   n ! log x  1  1  1  ......  1 
dx n  2 3 n

dn
Solution: Let yn 
n
 x n log x 
dx

yn 
d n 1
dx n 1  d n
dx
 x log x  
yn 
d n 1
dx n 1  xn
1
x
 nx n 1 log x 
d n 1
yn 
dx n 1
x n1  nx n1 log x

d n 1 d n 1
yn 
dx n 1  x
n 1  n
dx n 1  x n1 log x
yn  (n  1)! nyn1 (1)

63
Put n = 1 in (1)

y1  (0)! 1. y0

dn d0
y1  1  log x (1) yn  n
 xn log x   y0  0
 x0 log x   log x
dx dx

y1  1! log x  1

Put n = 2 in (1)

y2  (2  1)! 2 y21

y2  1  2 y1  1  2  log x  1  2  log x  1  1  2  log x  1  

1
 2

 1
y2  2! log x  1   (2)
 2

Put n = 3 in (1)

y3  (3  1)! 3 y31  2  3 y2

 1 
y3  2  3  2  log x  1     6  log x  1    2
1
  2   2

 1 1
y3  6  log x  1   
 2 3

 1 1
y3  3! log x  1    (3)
 2 3

Generalizing (1), (2) and (3) we get

 1 1 1
yn  n ! log x  1    ......  
 2 3 n

dn
 x n log x   n ! log x  1  1  1  ......  1 
dx n  2 3 n

64
Example: Prove the following

2
y   Sinh 1 x 
show that 1  x  n  2
2 y  (2n  1) xyn 1  n 2 yn  0
1. If
1
2. If y  e mCos x show that 1  x 2  yn  2  (2 n  1) xy n 1  ( n 2  m 2 ) yn  0

3. If y  Sin  mSin 1 x  show that 1  x 2  yn  2  (2 n  1) xy n 1  ( n 2  m 2 ) y n  0

  
2
4. If y  log x  a 2  x 2 show that  a 2  x 2  yn  2  (2 n  1) xyn 1  n 2 yn  0

 
5. If y  log x  1  x 2 show that 1  x 2  yn  2  (2 n  1) xyn 1  n 2 yn  0

6. If x  tan(log y ) show that (1  x 2 ) yn1  (2nx  1) xyn  n(n  1) yn1  0

7. If y  1  x 2 Sin 1 x show that 1  x 2  yn 1  (2 n  1) xy n  n ( n  2) y n 1  0

Example: If Sin 1 y  2 log( x  1) show that

 x  12 yn  2  (2 n  1)( x  1) yn 1  ( n 2  4) yn  0

Solution: Sin 1 y  2 log( x  1)

y  Sin 2 log( x  1)

Differentiate w.r.t x

1
y  2 Cos 2 log( x  1)
x 1

 x  1 y  2 Cos 2 log( x  1)

1
 x  1 y   y  4Sin 2 log( x  1)
x 1

 x  12 y    x  1 y   4 y

n(n  1)
 x  12 yn2  n2( x  1) yn1  2 yn  ( x  1) yn1  nyn  4 yn
2

 x  12 yn 2  ( x  1)(2n  1) yn1  (n 2  1) yn  0

65
Taylor’s Series expansion of f(x):

The Taylor’s series of f(x) about the point a is

( x  a) ( x  a) 2 ( x  a )3
f ( x)  f ( a)  f (a)  f ( a)  f (a)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3!

Maclaurin’s Series expansion of f(x):

The Maclaurin’s series of f(x) about the origin i.e. a = 0 is

x x2 x3

f ( x)  f (0)  f (0)  
f (0)  f (0)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3!

 
Example: Expand Cosx in powers of  x   up to 4 terms
 4


Solution: Here a 
4

  1
Let y ( x)  Cosx y    Cos   
4 4 2

y( x)  Sinx     1
y     Sin    
4 4 2

  1
y( x)  Cosx y    Cos    
4 4 2

y ( x)  Sinx     1
y    Sin   
4 4 2

  1
y (4) ( x)  Cosx y (4)    Cos   
4 4 2


The Taylor’s series of y(x) about the point is
4

2 3 4
       
x  x  x  x 
  4  f      4  f       4  f       4  f (4)    .......to 
y ( x)  y            
4 1! 4 2! 4 3! 4 4! 4

66
 2 3 4
1    1  1     1  1     1  1     1 
Cosx    x       x        x       x     ........to 
2  4  2  2 4  2  6 4   2  24  4  2

1     1   2 1  
3
1  
4 
Cosx  1   x     x     x     x   ............to  
2  4  2 4  6 4  24  4 

Example: Expand log e x in powers of  x  1 by Taylor’s theorem and hence find the value
of log e (1.1) .

Solution: Here a  1

Let y ( x)  log e x y (1)  log e 1  0

1 1
y( x)  y(1)   1
x 1

1 1
y( x)   y(1)    1
x2 1

2 2
y( x)  y(1)  2
x3 1

6 6
y (4) ( x)   y (4) (1)    6
x4 1

(or)

Let y ( x)  log e x y (1)  log e 1  0

( 1) n 1 ( n  1)!
y ( n) ( x) 
xn

y ( n ) (1)  ( 1) n1 (n  1)! (1)

From (1) for n = 1 y(1)  ( 1)11 (1  1)!  1

for n = 2 y(1)  ( 1)2 1 (2  1)!  1

for n = 3 y(1)  (1)31 (3  1)!  2

for n = 4 y (4) (1)  ( 1)4 1 (4  1)!  6

The Taylor’s series of y(x) about the point ‘1’ is

67
  x  1  x  12  x  13  x  14 (4)
y ( x)  y 1  f  1  f  1  f  1  f 1  .......to 
1! 2! 3! 4!

1  x  13  4
loge x  0   x  1 1   x  12  1   2   x  1  6   .......to 
2 6 24

1 1 1
loge x   x  1   x  12   x  13   x  14  .......to  (1)
2 3 4

Put x = 1.1 in (1)

1 1 1
loge 1.1   0.1   0.12   0.13   0.14  .......to 
2 3 4

log e 1.1  0.9530

 
Example: Expand loge (Cosx) in powers of  x   by Taylor’s theorem.
 3


Solution: Here a 
3

    1
Let y ( x)  log e Cos x y    log e Cos    log e     log e 2
3 3 2

1    
y( x)    Sin x    tan x y     tan     3
Cos x 3 3

     
y ( x )   Sec 2 x   1  tan 2 x  y     1  tan 2      1  3  4
3   3 

y( x )   1  y2 

 
y( x)  2 yy  
y    2  3  4   8 3
3

y (4) ( x )  2  yy  y2 

 
  
y (4)    2  3 8 3   4   80
3
2


The Taylor’s series of y(x) about the point ‘ a  ’ is
3

68
 2 3 4
       
x  x  x  x 
   3 f     3  f      3  f      3  f (4)     .......to 
y ( x)  y           
3 1! 3 2! 3 3! 3 4! 3

2 3 4
   

1
 1 1 
 
loge Cos x   loge 2   x    3   x    4    x   8 3   x    80  .......to 
 3 2 3 6 3 24  3

2 3 4
      4 3    10   
loge Cos x   loge 2  3  x    2  x     x     x    .......to 
 3  3 3  3 3 3

Examples:

1. Expand log x about x  e , by Taylor’s theorem.

2.Expand e x in powers of  x  1

 
3. Expand tan x in powers of  x  
 4

4. Expand tan 1 x in powers of  x  1

1
5. Expand Sin 1 x about x 
2


6. Expand Sinx about x 
4

69
Taylor’s Series Examples:

Example: Expand tan x in ascending powers of x up to the term containing x5

Solution:

Let y ( x)  tanx y (0)  tan 0  0

y( x)  Sec 2 x y(0)  Sec 2 0  12  1

y( x)  1  tan 2 x  1  y 2

y( x)  0  2 y ( x) y( x)

 2 y( x) y( x) y(0)  2 y (0) y(0)  2  0 1  0

y( x)  2  y ( x) y( x)  y( x) y( x)

 2  y ( x) y ( x )  y 2 ( x) y(0)  2  y (0) y(0)  y2 (0)  2 0  12   2

y (4) ( x)  2  y( x) y( x)  y( x) y( x)  2 y( x) y( x)

 2  y ( x) y( x)  3 y( x ) y( x )

y (4) (0)  2 y(0) y(0)  3 y(0) y(0)  20  3(1)(0)  0

y (5) ( x)  2  y ( x) y (4) ( x)  y( x) y( x)  3 y( x) y( x)  y( x) y( x)

 2  y ( x ) y (4) ( x )  4 y ( x ) y ( x )  3 y 2 ( x ) 

y (4) (0)  2  y(0) y (4) (0)  4 y(0) y(0)  3 y2 (0) 

 2 0  (4  1 2)  3  0  16

The Maclaurin’s series of f(x) about the origin i.e. a = 0 is

x x2 x3 x 4 (4) x5 (5)
f ( x )  y(0)  y(0)  y(0)  y(0)  y (0)  y (0)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

x x2 x3 x4 x5
tanx  0  (1)  (0)  (2)  (0)  (16)  ................to 
1 2 6 24 120

1 2
tanx  x  x3  x5  ................to 
3 15

70
Example: Expand log(1  x) in ascending powers of x up to the term containing x 4

Solution:

Let y ( x)  log(1  x) y (0)  log1  0

1 1
y( x)  y(0)  1
1 x 1 0

1 1
y( x)     y 2 ( x ) y(0)    1
(1  x) 2
(1  0) 2

y( x)  2 y( x) y( x) y( x)  2 y(0) y(0)  2(1)(1)  2

y (4) ( x)  2 y( x) y( x)  y( x) y( x)

 2  y ( x) y ( x)  y 2 ( x)

y (4) (0)  2  y (0) y (0)  y 2 (0)  2 (1)(2)  (1) 2   6

(OR)

Let y ( x)  log(1  x) y (0)  log1  0

(1) n 1  n  1!
y ( n ) ( x) 
(1  x ) n

y ( n ) (0)  ( 1) n1  n  1 !

From (1) for n = 1 y(0)  (1)11 (1  1)!  1

for n = 2 y(0)  (1) 21 (2  1)!  1

for n = 3 y(0)  ( 1)31 (3  1)!  2

for n = 4 y (4) (0)  (1) 41 (4  1)!  6

The Maclaurin’s series of f(x) about the origin i.e. a = 0 is

x x2 x3 x 4 (4)
f ( x)  y (0)  y(0)  y(0)  y(0)  y (0)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3! 4!

x x2 x3 x4
log(1  x)  0  (1)  (1)  (2)  (6)  ................to 
1 2 6 24

71
 x 2 x3 x 4
log(1  x)  x     ................to 
2 3 4

Example: Using Maclaurin’s series prove that

x 2 x3 x 4
1  Sin 2 x  1  x    
2 6 24

Solution:

y  1  Sin2 x

y  Sin 2 x  Cos 2 x  2Sin x Cos x  Sin x  Cos x 2

y  Sin x  Cos x y (0)  0  1  1

y  Cos x  Sin x y(0)  1  0  1

y   Sin x  Cos x   y y(0)  1

y   y y(0)  1

y (4)   y y (4) (0)  (1)  1

x 2 x3 x 4
1  Sin 2 x  1  x           ...............to 
2 6 24

Examples: Expand tan 1 x in ascending powers of x up to the term containing x5

Solution:

Let y ( x)  tan 1 x y (0)  tan 1 0  0

1
y1 ( x)  y1 (0)  1
1  x2

2x
y2 ( x)   y2 (0)  0
1  x 
2 2

y2 ( x)  2 xy12

y3 ( x)  2  x 2 y1 y2  y12 .1

 2 2xy1 y2  y12  y3 (0)  2 0  12   2

72
 y4 ( x)  22  y1 y2  xy2 y2  xy1 y   2 y1 y2 

 2 3 y1 y2  2 xy22  2 xy1 y3  y4 (0)  2 0  0  0  0

(OR)

Consider y ( x)  tan 1 x y (0)  tan 1 0  0

1
y1  y1 (0)  1
1  x2

1  x  y
2
1 1

Differentiate n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

n(n  1)
1  x  y
2
n 1  n(2 x) yn 
2!
(2) yn 1  0

1  x  y
2
n 1  2nxyn  n(n  1) yn1  0

At x = 0

yn 1 (0)  0  n(n  1) yn 1 (0)  0

yn 1 (0)  n(n  1) yn 1 (0)

For n = 1; y2 (0)  0

For n = 2; y3 (0)  2(2  1) y1 (0)  2

For n = 3; y4 (0)  3(3  1) y2 (0)  0

For n = 4; y5 (0)  4(4  1) y3 (0)  12( 2)  24

The Maclaurin’s series of f(x) about the origin i.e. a = 0 is

x x2 x3 x4 x5
f ( x)  y(0)  y1 (0)  y2 (0)  y3 (0)  y4 (0)  y5 (0)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

x x2 x3 x4 x5
tan 1x  0  (1)  (0)  (2)  (0)  (24)  ................to 
1 2 6 24 120

x 3 x5
tan 1x  x    ................to 
3 5

73
 1
Example: Expand e tan x using Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing x5
1
Let y ( x)  e tan x
y(0)  1

1 1
y1  e tan x
y1 (0)  1
1  x2

1  x  y 2
1 y

Differentiate n times using Leibnitz’s theorem

n(n  1)
1  x  y 2
n 1  n(2 x) yn 
2!
(2) yn1  yn

1  x  y 2
n 1   2nx  1 yn  n(n  1) yn 1  0

At x = 0

yn 1 (0)  yn (0)  n(n  1) yn 1 (0)  0

yn 1 (0)  yn (0)  n( n  1) yn 1 (0)

For n = 1; y2 (0)  y1 (0)  0  1

For n = 2; y3 (0)  y2 (0)  2(2  1) y1 (0)  1  2  1

For n = 3; y4 (0)  y3 (0)  3(3  1) y2 (0)  1  6(1)  7

For n = 4; y5 (0)  y4 (0)  4(4  1) y3 (0)  7  12( 1)  5

The Maclaurin’s series of f(x) about the origin i.e. a = 0 is

x x2 x3 x4 x5
f ( x)  y(0)  y1(0)  y2 (0)  y3 (0)  y4 (0)  y5 (0)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

1 x x2 x3 x4 x5
e tan x
 1  (1)  (1)  (1)  (7)  (5)  ................to 
1 2 6 24 120

1 x 2 x3 7 x 4 x5
e tan x
 1 x      ................to 
2 6 24 24

74
Example: Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of log(1  Cosx) up to the term containing x 4
Solution:

Let y ( x)  log(1  Cosx) y (0)  log(1  1)  log 2

 Sin x
y1 ( x)  y1 (0)  0
1  Cos x

 1  Cos x  Cos x  Sin x( Sin x) 

y2 ( x)    
1  Cos x 
2
 

 Cos x  Cos 2 x  Sin 2 x 

  
1  Cos x 
2
 

 1  Cos x  1 1
  2 
 y2 (0)  
 1  Cos x   1  Cos x  2

  Sin x  Sin x
y3 ( x)    2
 y3 (0)  0
 1  Cos x   1  Cos x 
2

 Sin x   1 
   
 1  Cos x   1  Cos x 

y3   y1 y2

 1 1
y4 ( x)    y1 y3  y2 y2     y1 y3  y22  y4 (0)    0    
 4 4

x x2 x3 x4
f ( x)  y (0)  y1 (0)  y2 (0)  y3 (0)  y4 (0)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3! 4!

x x 2  1  x3 x4  1 
log(1  Cosx)  log 2  (0)      (0)      ...............to 
1 2  2 6 24  4 

x2 x4
log(1  Cosx)  log 2    ...............to 
4 96

75
Example: Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of e x Sinx up to the term containing x 4

Solution:

Let y  e x Sinx y (0)  0

y1  e x Cos x  e x Sinx y1 (0)  1

y1  e x Cos x  y

y2   e x Sin x  e x Cos x  y1

y2   y   y1  y   y1  2  y1  y  y2 (0)  2(1  0)  2

y3  2  y2  y1  y3 (0)  2(2  1)  2

y4  2  y3  y2  y4 (0)  2(2  2)  0

y5  2  y4  y3  y5 (0)  2(0  2)  4

x x2 x3 x4 x5
f ( x)  y(0)  y1(0)  y2 (0)  y3 (0)  y4 (0)  y5 (0)  ...............to 
1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

x x2 x3 x4 x5
e x Sin x  (0)  (1)  (2)  (2)  (0)  (4)  ...............to 
1 2 6 24 120

x3 x 5
e x Sin x  x  x 2    ...............to 
3 30

Examples:

1. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of Cosx

2. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of Sinx

3. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of e x

4. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of a x

5. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of log(1  Sinx) up to the term containing x 4

76
6. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of e x Cosx up to the term containing x 4

7. Obtain the Maclaurin’s expansion of Sin 1 x up to the term containing x 4

8. Expand log Secx up to the term containing x 6 using Maclaurin’s series.

9. Expand e Sinx using Maclaurin’s series up to the term containing x 4

10. Expand log(1  e x ) up to the term containing x 4 using Maclaurin’s series.

x
11. Expand f ( x)  up to first four nonzero terms using Maclaurin’s series.
x
e 1

x 2 x3 2 x3 11x 4
12. Prove that e xCosx  1  x         using Maclaurin’s series.
2! 3! 3! 4!

77