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Physics Investigatory Project

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Shamirdhaa SenthilKumar
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21 views

Physics Investigatory Project

Uploaded by

Shamirdhaa SenthilKumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

SUBMITTED FOR
SENIOR SCHOOL CERTIFICATE
EXAMINATION
2024-25
FACTORS INFLUENCING INTERNAL
RESISTANCE

DONE BY: SHAMIRDHAA S


XII-F
ACKNOWLEGMENT
I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligations
towards all those who have helped me in making this project.
Without their active guidance, help, cooperation and
encouragement, I wouldn’t have been able to submit the
project on time.
I am extremely thankful and pay my gratitude to my teacher
Mr.Antony Lawrence for his valuable guidance and support
for completion of this project.
I extend my gratitude to the Correspondent Dr. R. Kishore
Kumar and Principal Mrs. Shanthi Samuel for the moral
support extended during the tenure of the project.
I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my
gratitude towards my parents, other faculty members of the
school and friends for their valuable suggestions given to me
in completing this project.
INTRODUCTION
There is a great need of batteries in our daily use
electronic appliances and the use is increasing every day.
Thus, the batteries need to be made more powerful so
that their potential can be increased greatly .
Thus, this project report is based on practical analysis
for the factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
When the internal resistance of the cell is decreased we
can increase the potential difference across it , and hence
make it more reliable.
WHAT IS INTERNAL RESISTANCE ?
The second reason for measuring internal resistance is for
battery maintenance. The internal resistance of a battery
gradually increases as it is used. The power from a battery
comes from the chemical reaction between the
electrolytes and the electrodes. However, over a long
period of time, the chemical reaction will slow down due
to rust and corrosion inside the electrodes. As the
chemical reaction slows down, the internal resistance of
the battery increases.
When it comes to storage batteries, such as UPS, it is
critical that the batteries provide sufficient power when
needed.
By measuring the internal resistance of the battery on a
regular basis, a degraded battery can be eliminated.
EXPERIMENT
OBJECTIVE :-
To study the various factors on which the internal
resistance of a cell depends.

APPARATUS :-

A Potentiometer , a battery (battery eliminator) , two way


keys ,a rheostat of low resistance , a galvanometer , a high
resistance , an ammeter , a cell, a Jockey , a set square ,
connecting wires , water bath , thermometer(0-100°C) ,
burner , tripod stand , wire gauge .

THEORY:-

The internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by


its electrolyte to the flow of ions . The internal resistance
of a cell:
 is directly proportional to the distance between the
electrodes

 is inversely proportional to facing surface area of the


electrodes

 Is electrolyte decreases with increase in temperature


of electrolyte
 is inversely proportional to concentration of
electrolyte.

The internal resistance of a cell is given by

Where l1,l2 are the balancing lengths without resistance


and with resistance (shunt) , respectively and R is the
shunt resistance in parallel with the given cell.
PROCEDURE:
Step 1

1. Draw the circuit diagram showing the scheme of


connections.

2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with sand paper


and make tight connections according to the circuit
diagrams.

3. Tight the plugs of the resistance box.

4. Check the e.m.f. of the battery and cell and see that
e.m.f. and see that e.m.f. of the battery is more than that
of given cell ,otherwise null or balance point will not be
obtained (E' >E).

5. Take maximum current from the battery , making


rheostat resistance small.

6. To test the corrections of the connections (insert the


plug in the key K1 and note the ammeter reading .Take out
2000 ohm resistance plug from resistance box. Place the
jokey first at the end P of the wire and then at the end Q. If
the galvanometer shows deflection in opposite direction in
the two cases the connections are correct).

7. Without inserting the plug in the key K2 adjust the


rheostat so that a null point is obtained on the 4th wire of
potentiometer.

8. Insert the 2000 ohm plug back in the position in


resistance box and by slightly adjusting the jockey near the
previous obtained position of null point, obtain null point
position accurately, using a set square.

9. Measure the balancing length L1 between the point and


the end P of the wire.

10. Take out the 2000 ohm plug again from the resistance
box R.B. introduce plugs in the key K1 ,as well as in key K2.
Take out small resistance (1-5 Ω) from the resistance box R
connected in parallel with the cell.
11. Slide the jockey along the potentiometer wire and
obtain null point.

12. Insert 2000 ohms plug back in its position in R.B. and if
necessary make further adjustment for sharp null point.

13. Measure the balancing length L2 from end P.

14. Remove the plug keys at K1 and K2.Wait for some time
and for thesame value of current (as shown by ammeter)
repeat the steps 7 to 13.

15. Repeat the observations for diffrent values of R


repeating each observation twice.

16. Calculate the internal resistance of cell by using the


above relation for r.

Step 2

To see the effect of distance between the electrodes on


internal resistances keeping the other factors constant
vary separation between electrodes and measure internal
resistance in each case.

Step 3

To see the effect of the temperature of electrolyte on


interna resistance by keeping other factors constant.
Keep primary cells in water bath to heat the electrolyte.

Determine the internal resistance at various temperatures.

Step 4

To see the effect of concentration (nature) of electrolyte


on internal resistance by :-

Keeping the other factors constant , decrease


concentration of electrolyte by adding the distilled water
and determine internal resistance of cell in each case .

OBSERVATION:
TABLE FOR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE BETWEEN
ELECTRODES:

TABLE FOR EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE:


Conclusions :-

1. The Electromotive Force of the cell is constant and is


equal to E = 0.98 Volt

2. The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional


to the separation between the electrodes.

3. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional


to the area of the electrodes dipped in electrolyte.

4. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional


to the temperature of electrolytes.

5. The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional


to the concentration of the electrolyte.

Precautions :-

1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when


the observations are

to be taken.
3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2
should , all be

connected to the terminal at the zero of the wires.

4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It


should touch the

wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a


particular set of

observation. If necessary , adjust the rheostat for this


purpose.

6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the


e.m.f.'s of the either

of the two cells.

7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out


from resistance box

before the jockey is moved along the wire.

8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of


the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should
remain constant.

10. Current should be passed for short time only , while


finding the null

point.

11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point


lies on last wire of

the potentiometer.

12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.

13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer


wire.

SOURCES OF ERROR:

1. The auxiliary battery may not be fully charged.

2. The potentiometer wire may not be of uniform cross-


section and material density throughout its length.

3. End resistances may not be zero.


PRECAUTION:

1. The connections should be neat , clean and tight.

2. The plugs should be introduced in the keys only when


the observations are to be taken.

3. The positive polls of the battery E and cells E1 and E2


should , all be connected to the terminal at the zero of the
wires.

4. The jockey key should not be rubbed along the wire. It


should touch the wire gently.

5. The ammeter reading should remain constant for a


particular set of observation. If necessary , adjust the
rheostat for this purpose.

6. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than the


e.m.f.'s of the either of the two cells.

7. Some high resistance plug should always be taken out


from resistance box before the jockey is moved along the
wire.

8. The e.m.f. of the battery should be greater than that of


the cell.
9. For one set of observation the ammeter reading should
remain constant.

10. Current should be passed for short time only , while


finding the null point.

11. Rheostat should be adjusted so that initial null point


lies on last wire of the potentiometer.

12. Cell should not be disturbed during experiment.

13. Jockey should not be rubbed against the potentiometer


wire.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CLASS 12 PHYSICS LAB MANUAL
 CLASS 12 PHYSICS NCERT BOOK
 https://en.wikipedia.com
 www.vaibhavkandwal.com
CONTENTS
S.no Topics Pg.no

1 Introduction 3

2 What is Internal Resistance? 4

3 Experiment 5

4 Bibliography 17

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