.

, . • • I

ronmenta
ultidiscipli ;. .
•~ -- - ,. ~ - .., l '- *.i. .Qi..... ...... -~.,. _

l 1.1 ~ WHAT IS ENVIRONM~E....._____,_,,,N,>T*

~?~F-"~--- ••

... ---. . . . . . . . . . · J , ~ • • - . . . . . . , ... ,.,._.tf'l,if .. , , , . ......... , ·-~-- .,J _.,..,,~,.- ••

. • , ... . , . ~ · • • \ . • . -, •• ,
'
.............,44. •
.
...,. ·-4' ,,.

,~
·1
Evecything that surrounds and affects living organis1J1S is environ-
ment. 'En~onment' is derived from the French word Environner, which
means to encircle or surround. All the biological and non-biological
j entities surrounding us are included in environment. • . . '
I ' <

1
1 As per the definitio~ gi;en in Environment (Pr~te.ction) Act, 1986,
'II
environment includes all the physical' and biological surroundings of
~ an organism along with their interactions: Enviro~ent is thus defined
as "the sum total of water, air and land and the inter-relationships
!1 that exist among them and with the human beings, other living
organisms and materials." The concept of environment can be clearly
J
f
'" understood from Fig. 1. 1. .. . . , , ;·
ri'
•
• • J,

I
i
r

Fig. 1.1 Concepi of t.ti't1it·:r ,n-:enc: air, water, land, living organisms
and mai~:irilt; f-:U!·rcunding us and their interactions
ioneu;s( constitute our environment.
 Figure 1.1 depicts the environment of human beings. Air, water
and land surrounding us constitute our environment, and influence us
directly. At the same time we too have an influence on our environment
by overuse or over-exploitation of resources or by dischaige of pollutants
in the air, water and land. The flora, fauna and micro-organisms as
well as the man-made structures in our surroundings have a
bi-directional interaction with us directly or indirectly. The totality of
all these components and their interactions constitute the environment.
Does urban environment differ from rural environment? Urban
environment differs from rural environment as there is profound
influence of human beings in the former. Most of the natural landscapes
in cities have been changed and modified by man-made artificial
structures like multi-storeyed buildings, commercial complexes,
factories, transportation networks and so on. Urban air, water and soil
are loaded with various types of chemicals and wastes. Diversity of
plants and animals is much less as compared to rural environment.
Urban population is more dense and has greater energy demands.
Consumerism is very high in urban environment.
. '
1.2 HOW IS ENVIRONMENTAt STUDIES
. .. ... .MULTI-DISCIPLINARY
.. .
IN NATURE?
Environment is complex and has multifarious aspects.
Environmental studies deal with working of earth, its life-support
systems, its interactions, influences, its problems and solutions. Keeping
in view the complex nature of environment, knowledge and information
from various disciplines of science, social science, law and engineering
have to be included in Environmental Studies to understand it
completely. Figure 1.2 depicts the multi-disciplinary nature of environ-
mental studies.
• Life Sciences including botany, zoology, microbiology, genetics
and biochemistry help in understanding the biotic components
and their interactions. Genetics and biotechnology arc emerging
as useful tools for finding solutions to environmental problems.
• For understanding tl,r physical and chemical structure of
abiotic components of environment along with mass and
energy transfers we have to make use of the basic concept of
physics, chemistry, geology, atmospheric science, oce:rno-
graphy and geography.
• Mathematics, statistics and computer science likcwist' ~e, .t: ,.. •
1 f
cffrctht tools in environmental modeling.
 LlelollnoN y,Eal1h8cllrl
llology, Bioct,..1111111-
Mlcnlblology, NmllltlellO !iil_,.ICe~, Ocia.UC, .-•
llollchrl

CMI EnglnNrtng.
Malhematlct, Chemical Engineering.
Statistics,
,._Technology---1 ~ .
Computer
Science lie.
etc. Management .
&Awareness
EconomiCS, Politics, Sociology, Law,
Education, Management, Mass
Communication, Philosophy and Etta
Fig. 1.2 Multidisciplinary nature of environmental studies.

• Subjects like economics, management and sociology provide

the inputs for dealing with the socio-eco nomic aspects
associated with various development activities.
• A synthesis of civil engineer ing, hydraulic s, chemica l
engineering and nanotedmology provide the technical solutions
to environmental pollution control and waste treatment that
are extremely important for protection of the environment.
• Environmental laws provide the guidelines and legal measures
for effective management and protection of the environment.
• Environmental education and mass communication are two
importan t subjects that are instrume ntal in disseminating
environmental awareness.
• Environmental ethics provide the guidelines for a sustainable
life style.
Environmental sciences, therefore, is a multi-disciplinary subject
where we deal with different aspects using a holistic approach.

1.3 WHAT IS THE SCOPE OF

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES?
Due to its complex and multi-disciplinary nature environmental
studies as a subject has a wide scope. It encompasses a large number
of areas and aspects, which may be summari zed as follows:
• Natural Resourc es-their conservation and managem ent.
• Ecology and biodiversity.
• Environmental pollution and control.
 So cia l iss ue s in rel ati on to de veJopment and environment.
•
onment.
• Human population and envir onmental s~dies which ha ~ a
These are the basic aspects of envirsociety. EnVU'Onme!1tal studies
of the
direct relevance to every sectioconncentrating '?n m?re te ~c al aspects
can also be highJy specialized onmental ~ ee nn g orenVU'On.mental
like environmental science, envir
• • •
management.
rec en t ye ars , the sc op e of environmentaJ s~ di es has
In the veraJ career options have
dramatically the world over. Se . d .
expmded this field that are broadly categon_ze as:
. emerged in (R & DJ m ennronment: Skilled
rch & De ve lop me nt
· (,J Resea ve an important roJe to play in
en vir on me nta l sc ien tis ts ha
ex am ini ng va rio us en vir on m ental probJems in a scientific
. .. activities for deveJoping cleaner
, :manner m d carry out R & D
inable development.
technologies m d promoting susta
is a ne ed fo r tra ine d m an po wer at every level to deal
There m ental management and
vir on me nta l iss ue s. En vir on
with en erging as new career
m en tal en gi ne er in g ar e em
environ ction and management.
nit ies fo r en vir on m en tal pr ote
opportu co ming more stringent,
po llu tio n co ntr ol law s be
With the to dis pose of f the wastes
are fin din g it di ffi cu lt
industries nies
, .pro du ce d. In or de r to av oid expensive litigation, compa
., hnologies, which would reduce
are now trying to adopt green tec
pollution.
esting in po llu tio n co ntr ol tec hnologies will reduce pollution
Inv
as cu t on co sts fo r ef flu en t treatment. Market for
as wen
increasing the world over.
pollution control technology is
up of the wa ste s pr od uc ed is another potential market.
Qeaning
is estim ate d to be m or e tha n $ 100 billion per year for all
It ha ving more stringent
bu sin ess . Ge rm an y an d Ja pa n
American
s for ma ny ye ar s ha ve ga ine d more experience in reducing
Jaw
the re is a $ 20 0 bil lio n m arket for deaning up
effluents. St ill
me r Ea st Ge rm an y alo ne . In India also the Pollution
the for
enting pollution control
Co ntr ol Bo ard
ist
s are
ing on
se rio
up
us
gr
ly
ad
im
ati
pl
on
em
of eff lu ents to meet the f
I
Jaws and ins
d sta nd ard s be fo re the y are dis ch arged on land or int 0
prescribe
ter bo dy . M an y co mp an ies no t complying with the ordr ;·;
a wa .
have been closed or ordered to shift
tn ad vo ca cy : W ith inc re as ing emphasis on impJcn 1"'! • .. •
1,. : : ,.~

(h) G~
vano us Acts and Laws related to environment, need :o:
 eavimmnelMllawye11bMaDlflld,wbosboaldbe~l?Plead
the cues related to water and air poDution. f'olat, wildlife etc.
(II/) Oner. llliilbtlni: While eDS11finatbe quality ofproductS w_ith
ISO mark, now there is an incrasing emphasis on marketing
goods that are environment friendly. Such products have
ecomark or ISO 14000 certification. Environmental auditors
and environmental managers would be in great demand in the
coming years.
(iv) Green media: Environmental awareness can be spread am~
masses through mass media like television, radio, ncwspa~,
magazines, boardings, advertisements etc. for which
environmentally educated persons arc required.
(v) Environment consultancy: Many non-government
organisations (NGOs), industries and government bodies arc
engaging environmental consultants for systematically studying
and tackling environment related problems.

-----~-·
1.4 WHAT IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
ENVIRONMENT?
Environment belonp to all, influences all and is important to all.
·Whatever be the occupation or age of a person, he/ she will be affected
.by environment ·and also he/ she will affect the environmentby his/bet
deeds: That is why it becomes very necessary to make everyone aware
and conscious about the importance of environment. There is an
internationally observed environment calendar to mark some important
aspect or issue of environment, so that people think, discuss, carry out
campaigns and act for the cause of those environmental issues.
Global vs. Local Importance of Environment
Environment is one subject that is actually global as well as local •
j
nature. • •
Issues like global warming, depletion. of ozone layer, dwindlm
forests and energy resources, loss of global biodivetSity etc. which a1
going to affect the mankind as a whole are global in nature and for tn
we have to think and plan globally. • • •
However, there are some environmental problems which arc
localized importance. For dealing with local environmental issues, ,
impact of mining or hydro-electric project in an area, problem
disposal and management of solid waste, river or lake pollution,
 Day ·-. . Aprft .;n\R,l il6liill
t,•~~:;bl1,:4:;t,allonallCCOonme
-.r Biodiversity Day
Day
May22 .
• May3 1
• Envir nt Day June 5 : '· ;__,,,...._,r,;n,,,
WOft dOce anDa y Junes .
. World Population Day July 11 ••
Ozon e Week Sept. 16-23 • '
' Worfd Car-free Day Sept. 22 ·
; •• Green Consumer Day . ·Sep l28,
, , • . Worfd Farm Animal's Day Oct.2
" • • World Habitat Day Oct.3
: -World Animal Welfare Day Oct.4:
••. Wildlife Week · Oct. 1-7
'~ World Conservation Day Oct.24
• l~ti ona l Day for Natural
. • Disaster Reduction • Oct. 13 '
•• lntematlonal Day for Dec. 29
8lological Diversity

erosion, water logging and salinization of soil, fluorosis problem in

local population, arsenic pollution of groundwater etc., we have to think
and act locally.
In order to make people aware about those aspects of environment
with which they are so intimately associated, it is very important to
make r,very one environmentally educated.
Individualistic Importance of Environment
Environ.mental studies are very important since it deals with the most
mundane problems of life where each individual matters, like dealing
with safe and clean drinking water, hygienic living conditions, clean
and fresh air, fertile land, healthy food and sustainable development. If
we want to live in a clean, healthy, aesthetically beautiful, safe and secure
environment for a Jong time and wish to hand over a dean and safe
earth to our children, grandchildren and great grandchildren, it is mo~.~
es.1ential to understand the basics of environment.
 nere is a cbinese proverb "If yo,, plan Jo, ,_,,.,plant rla, l/ '°"
planfor 1oyears plant trt_a, and if you planJo, 100,-,,, "'"°'" JltOIW'.
If we want to protect and ~ustain our earth, we have no other
option but to make everyo~e enmonmenta11y educated.
It is absolutely essential to aeate ~wareness about environment
because:
'
~ ~pidly changing technologies lead to abandoned wastes.
(I.n.modernJ~ra_~f dev~lopment there is greater inclination for
ado tin the latest product of technolo •cat advancement and
d.uis~ca~-r~d~in~g~th~e~o~~on~e~a~s~o~bs~o~l
c... ~~rgie..aumat:..meiI-9cars,
mo e p ones, computers, i-pads· an electronic goods within
_-~ few years, th~ ~tiding to the vast e-waste strea~
~ Our fast and energy demanding life style pollutes the
envir~t. ;~o keep pace with the f~ and busy life, people
have oecq_me mcreasmgly dependent on machines to get the
work dGne fast and make life more comfortable for us; But all
these machines are energy demanding. Over-dependence on
machines not only increases resource-depletion and energy
c~nsumption, but also directly or indirectly affect our hei\tl\:)
The electromagnetic radiations from mobile towers and cell.:
phones, the toxic gases released from industries, noise produced
by various activities-and-polluted water can seriously affect
human health along with that of other animals and plants.
People should know the impacts of all such anthropogenic
activities.
• Crazy consumerism leads to environmental dagradation.
(there is a: sharp increase in consumerism. With increasing
buying capacity people have started over-consumption. No,
doubt, it is good to have a· good standa!d of living, which is
I achieved through technological development. ~ut, the wasteful
life style of people leads to ehvironmental degrada~ion\
.1 It is important to make people ;ware about the hatm~effed
I
1 of environmental pollution on human health. At the same tim
l
\
people should know how their activities influence tl
environmen}.
( • The earth has a definite capacity to tolerate po\\uta~ts ~
sustain populations. Be)'ond that the earth cannot assimi
' ,, •
"'.! em
wastes and 811.pport life. How t 1e earth's life support systth
• ·' works wh t 15 e structure of its system and what are e
.. · · ,..
t :? ::. prin .' a th orks are very jmpOlllUlt subjec
ts that
crples on which it w
t~? .:
ft~-~{.· : ·
everyone should kn0 ow what should be do~e k? protect
bl
,~_!;; ·ij ; It is equally important : u s envifomll~~ studies JS a veIY
~:~~ ?1e earth ananddou
r envuonment. n bject that JS direCdY concerned
the 111ost f.iscinatillg su
,4t,1'!1!Dl unportant
with everyone.\ VA-
G E o f' E N V IR O N MENTAL CONSER E?
1.5.1 WHAT MESSA ITAG
W E G ET FR O M O UR CULTURAL HER
.TION DO enta 1 conservation.
prin cipl es of en viro n1 11
~ - is based on ery aspect o f Nature including sun, watef,
Our\:i:das have glorified ev s an d pl an ts as go ds an d goddesses, so that
rivers, inountaiiis: animal nc e fo r na tu re . O ur social custoJDS and
reve ra
peoj,le bare a feeJin8 of ra an d fa un a. O ur an cient teachings preach
rituals make us care for flo helpfulness, which lead to sustainable life-
d
tolerance, contentment an ~-
style.. .
an d Ja in ism ca 1l fo r non-violence and
_Religions like Buddhism nu m er able examples and quot
es
ce s. Th er e ar e in
l use ofininimal resour rth. •
ards ca re fo r 11 1o ther ea
, that point row
. .T!!~J~~~~g~_lisPf ..~-~ J~tl!. ce~~ryar~. •
mbheshw
saint environmenta t Guru Ja s1gii"ificance.. for....
Ji have renia:rkabie.
environmental conserva
tiop. He preached
sity and a
iver
about conservation of biod ho followed
creed of Bishnois was crea
ted w
those time he Fig. 1.3 Guru Jambheshwar- l
his 29 commandmenests.arIn e protected wild
1
could forsee that if tre pe op le ;o ul d a saint environmen
talist.
d
life would be sustained an crifice by 363 b. hn01•
sun1ve. There is an unpa
ra
do
lle
w
le
n
d ex
th
am
ei r
pl e o f sa
•~
lives protecting th e ,KheJn tree
en w ho laid
. _wom~ and m. The popular "Ch.1 ko Movement" o f 1973 d •
m Ra Jasthan P ~rived
' · •
ea t sa cr ifi ce s of 17 30 led b A • ho
gr
~ ~ n fr o ~ thosef atree is saved r. •' Y mnta Devi wad .
"I atthe cost o f one's lte
laid her life sayi11g fro .m (tlltng ,
It slwuld l,e co, nsidtrtd as a cneap uarga1n,ng".
,L - L

1.5.2 INDIAN AR ENVIRONM !~ T :~ :~ rs IN CONTEMPORARY

TIMES E ALSO R THE CAUSE C
·
G FO
ENVIRONMENT
s« so me of th • port • t contributions by such personi:1. t1.t :·
an
Let us . e im .

I
A
 • In ~odem lnd:j ?u~ latodeP~e Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi
was inSttUmen m mtr ucmg the concq,t of cnviro
protection in the Constitution of India as a funda nmcntal
• KuIdc;ep s· gh kn
• Jus~1cc m , own popularly as th mental . duty.
Sti. ~.C. Mehta, the~adv ocatt, have inun ta,rm1ud~t and
to Ute cause of environment. In 199l the Scnsctya CODtributed
• • • d •· ·
. oa~oun tri •~~ae d dThir~ct~Yes to• makepreme Court of
all curricula
enyuu~ en -onente . is directive was .inf; .
M.
to a Public Interest Litigation (PII..) filed by Ca_:,;: respo~
of India(l988)thatpromptedthean-court·t . " a1,1S. Unum
f1 - • -• r- 0 give a mandate
ord~eaBtmg ednvironhme~tal awareness among all citizens of
I n 1a. ase on t e Judgement by Sb K ld .
Environmental Studies are now being taught u eep ~m~,
• co~ise to all ~~den~. as a compulsory
• ~h_. Sund~lal Bahuguna is known for his 'Chi ko ,
and 'Tehri Bachao· Ando1an. •, • · · P movement
• Smt:.Medlia Patekar and Ms. Arundhati Roy . kn
therr• 'Narm.ada Bachao Andolan'. are own. for
• The Ma_gsay~ay_ aw~dee Sh. Rajender Singh is known for his
water ~onservation efforts and popularly known as 'Water Man
of India'. :
• Mrs••Maneka Gandhi, former environment minister, has
worked a lot.for the cause of wildlife protection~ •
• Late Sh. Ani1 Aggarwal, the founder Chairman of Centre for
. Science & Environment published the first Citizens Report on
Environment.
• Sh. G.D. Aggarwal, a reknowned 8¢.entist and a civil engineer
has been deeply involved in 'Ganga Bachao Andolan'. The
•veteran octagenarian technocrat is fighting to prevent building
of hydroelectric dams on upstreams of Ganga. Fighting for
this cause he got transformed as a saint, now named as Swami
Gyan Swaroop Sanand. •
1.5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AND RECOGNITION Al
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Environmental issues received international attention about 35 years
back in Stockholm Conference, held on 5th-June, 1972. Since then a\\
over the world we celebrate World Environment Day on 5th lune. At
the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
held at Rio de Jeneiro, in 1992, known popularly as Earth Summit,
and ten years later, the World Summit on Sus~ainab\e Development,
 al environmental
held at Johannesberg in 2002, key issues of glob
concern were highlighted. Attention of general pub
towards the deteriorating environmental conditions all
n
lic was draw
over the world.
2007 to
I
1
I
Award of the Nob el Peace Prize in 2004 and
cern towards
environmentalists shows increasing global con
g made for
environmental issues and recognition to efforts bein 1
environmental conservation and protection. i

NOBEL PEACE PRIZE, 2004 AND 2007 FOR fl

ENVIRONMENTALISTS f

The 2004 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to

Kenyan Environmentalist Wangari Maathai
for her contribution to sustainable
i
I development, democracy and peace. This is
e of
f the greatest recognition given to the caus
/ environment at international level. The
Norwegian Nob el Committee, while
awarding the prize, expressed the views I
I "Peace on Earth depends on ourahility to secure
1• •
1 our 11nn
g Envtr• onment"• Wangari Maathai
1
11)
(1940-20 j
I Maathai, Kenya's Deputy Environment Minister is the
of Kenya based Green Belt Movement. This movement
founder
comprising
across Africa.
I mainly of women has planted about 30 million trees
1

st habitats
This has helped in slowing desertification, preserving fore
I
I
for wildlife and food for future generations and has help
poverty.
ed combat

trees,
Maathai has given a beautiful slogan "When weplant new
we plant the smJs ofpeace".

I
r,
Former US vice-president Al Gore R.K. Pachauri
 Nobel peace prise. 2001 ,.. . . , . . to
I n t ~ Panel oe Ob,w.re c,..._. ....,,..,... _..,.,
Indian Environmentalist Dr. R.K. ~.. alld .,,_.. tJS 'flee.
president Al Oore. lPCC, the UN b o d y ~ ~ 3.000a perta
from various fields is an authority on a1obaJ warminaand ill ilf4lKIS.
'lbe award to IPCC is in appreciation of i1I dl'orts ro build up ud
disseminate greater knowledge about man-made c:limatr c:banF .md
to lay the foundation for the measures that are needed to cou:ntaact I
such change. Al Gore is "probably the single individual who bas \
done most to create greater world-wide understanding to the
measures that need to be adopted," observed the Norwegian Nobel 1i
Committee while naming the joint winner of the award. 1

1.5.4 ENVIR ONME NTAL PROTE CTION EFFOR TS AT

NATIONAL LEVEL
A full fledged ministry named Ministry of Environment and Forests,
(MoEF) since 1986, is looking after all environment related issues and
framing guidelines, policies and legislations for enviro nmenta l
protection.
Concept of Ecomark: In order
to increase consumer awareness about
environment, the Govern ment of
India has introduced a scheme ofeco-
labelling of consumer produc ts as
'Ecomark' in 1991. It is an 'earthe n
pitcher'-a symbol of eco- friendliness
and our traditional heritage. A product Fig. 1.4 Ecomark of India
-~-
that is made, used or disposed off in a
harmle ss manne r is called
eco-friendly and is awarded this eco-
mark.
Eco-clubs: The MoEF has set up
Eco-clubs in schools for involving
school childre n in enviro nmenta l
protec tion activit ies like tree
plantation and for awareness drives.
Children are encouraged to participate
in enviro nment al • awaren ess
campa igns on Earth Day, World
Environment Day and World Day for Fig. 1.5 An Environmentally aware
Water. child wi\l grow up as an Earth citizen.
 forc e: A rm y m en ar e invo lved in various environment
Eco-ta sk
Eco-task force.
prot~ction activites under the t be tak en as a 'fashion'. It is real-life
Environmental ism shou ld no
ch on e of us is aw are ab ou t earth, its working
situation. Only when ea r im pact on it, we would be able to
influ en ce on us an d ou
principles, its •
think in eco-friendly way. vi ro nm enta1 protection, the efforts
For achievin g th e go als of e~
no t en ou gh . Th e m in d- se t of people, their
by government alone. ~e po rta nt and for this environmenta
l
ap pr oa ch ar e·v er y im
life-style and le.
arene ss and ed uc ation wo ul d play the most important ro
aw

1.6 Schoof ch ildren on an Environmental Campaign on

Fig.
'World Environment Day'.

d sm all ch ildre n in va rious environmental

Participation of youth an
d ov er th e ye ars, wh ich is a w elcome sign. It is
compaigns has incrrase at is gr ow ing in a technologically
unger gene ra tio n th
because the yo nc es of degr ad ing environment
e co ns eq ue
advanced era has to face th
has to be tackled we ll in tim er with a 'green mind'.
that
QUESTIONS

J. Define environment.
ental studies?
2. What is the scope of environm
different disc iplines co nt rib ute to environmental
3. How do
studies?
t ar e the step s ta ke n by ou r government for environ-
4. Wha
mental prorrction? s?
W hy is it nectS Sary to cre ate environmental awarenes
5.
 ~

£nohw.u..,,,,
,....

--
.-. • I f

..
--

~ -
• • •

-
• .-

A. FILL IN THE BLANKS

t. Environment is derived from the French word .......... which
means to encircle or surround.
I. World Environmen t Day is celebrated on ......... .
3. The UN conference on Environmen t and Developmen t was
held at ......... .
4. ......... was the saint environmen talist of 15th century who
founded Bishnoi creed.
5. Environment friendly products are given ISO ......... certification.
B. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ANSWER
1. UN conference on Environment in 1972 was held at:
(a) Rio de Janeiro (b) Stockholm
(c) Geneva (d) Johannesberg
2. Nobel Peace Prize of 2004 was· awarded to:
(a) Al Gore (b) Wangari Mathaai
(c) R.K. Pachauri (d) C.V. Raman
3. R.K. Pachauri headed which body, for whose work on climate
change Nobel Prize was awarded?
(a) TERI (b) UNEP
(c) IPCC (d) IUCN
4. World population day is celebrated on
(a) March 21 (b) April 22
(c) July 11 (d) September 28
5. June 5 is celebrated as:
(a) World Environment Day (b) World Water Day
(c) World Forest Day (d) World Ocean Day
6. Ecomark of our country is:
(a) Earthen mug (b) Earthen pitcher
(c) Earthen saucer (d) Earthen lamp
7. The Magsaysay Awardee known popularly as "Water Man of
India" is:
(a) Sunder Lal Bahuguna (b) Anil Aggarwal
(c) Medha Patkar (d) Rajender Singh
(
hting for protection
en fig
scientist turned saint, who has be
8. Tbe .
of river Ganga 1s:
(a) G.D. Aggarwal (b) Ani1 Agg~rwal
(c) sunita Narain (a) Arundhat1 Ray
for:
. Sunder Lal Bahuguna is famous
9
(a) Narmada Bacbao Andolan
(b) Tehri Bachao Andolan
(c) Ganga Bachao Andolan
(d) None of these
16-23 is observed as:
10. Sept. (b) Wild life week
(a) Ozone week
(a) Disaster Reduction week
(c) Briodiversity week
c. WRITE TRUE OR FALSE
ical organisms, air, water and
1. Environment includes ail biolog
l surrounding us, but not the material structures like buildings.
soi lse)
(True/Fa
high energy demands and dense
2. Environment in urban areas has (True/False)
population.
3. Market for Pollution Control Te
chnology has remained stable
(True/False)
for the last few decades.
ntal legislation, need for
4. With enforcement of environme (True/False)
.
environmental advocates has increased
s. Wangari Mathaai was award ed Nobel Prize for Peace due to her
(True/False)
work on Green Belt Movement.
PIL tiled by Sh. Kuldeep Singh ultimately led to introduction of
6.
ory subject at all levels.
environ.mental studies as a compuls
(True/False)
on climate change
7. !fCC has prepared very important report
(True/False)
ISsues.
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE TYPE

A. Fill in the Blanks

1. environner 2. 5th June
3. Rio de Janeiro 4. Guru Jambheshwar Ji l\/, 1>: rdi
' J

5, IS0-14000
 ,.c.o
-~> -
c..••""'·-----
1 ., .. .. ~
s. Trae .. .. ..