Written as per the latest HSC syllabus prescribed by the Maharashtra State Board

of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

t
en
nt Chapterwise compilation of relevant
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board questions from 1996 to 2024

Salient Features
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 Subjects covered:
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• Physics • Chemistry • Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II) • Biology

 Repository of Board questions:
• Includes questions from 1996 to 2024.
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• Includes relevant questions from previous curriculum.

 Chapter wise and Subtopic wise segregation of theory questions and numericals.
 Board Questions include: MCQ’s, theory questions and numericals.
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 Latest July 2024 Question paper and Solutions provided via QR code.

Printed at: Print to Print, Mumbai

© Target Publications Pvt. Ltd.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

Balbharati Registration No.: 2018MH0022 P.O. No. 14593

TEID: 4194
 PREFACE

The journey to academic excellence in the Higher Secondary Certificate (HSC) examinations is both
challenging and rewarding. Target’s ‘Board Questions: Std. XII Sci.’ is a compilation of all the relevant
questions (MCQs + Theory Questions + Numericals) that have been asked in the previous years’ HSC
Maharashtra Board Papers of science stream for Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II)
and Biology. The objective of this book is to provide students with quick access to relevant questions from
previous years to aid their preparation for the HSC board examinations.

The chapter wise and subtopic wise (for Theory Questions & Numericals) segregation of questions enable
students gauge the weightage given and type of questions preferred for a chapter. Flow of questions is set year
wise with questions from the most recent examination placed last in a subtopic. Special care has been taken to

t
include only those questions from previous years which fall under the latest syllabus prescribed by

en
Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Additionally, to aid students in
understanding the different ways questions can be framed, each one is listed with its alternate versions,
marked with an ‘OR’.

nt
Publisher

Edition: Third
Co
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think we’ve
nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: [email protected]
e

A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.
pl
m

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Sa

Disclaimer
This reference book is transformative work based on latest textbooks of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II) and Biology
published by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research, Pune. We the publishers are making this reference book
which constitutes as fair use of textual contents which are transformed by adding and elaborating, with a view to simplify the same to enable the students
to understand, memorize and reproduce the same in examinations.
This work is purely inspired upon the course work as prescribed by the Maharashtra State Bureau of Textbook Production and Curriculum Research,
Pune. Every care has been taken in the publication of this reference book by the Authors while creating the contents. The Authors and the Publishers
shall not be responsible for any loss or damages caused to any person on account of errors or omissions which might have crept in or disagreement of
CONTENT
any third party on the point of view expressed in the reference book.
© reserved with the Publisher for all the contents created by our Authors.
No copyright is claimed in the textual contents which are presented as part of fair dealing with a view to provide best supplementary study material for
the benefit of students.
 CONTENT

Chapter No. Units Page No.

Physics
1 Rotational Dynamics 1
2 Mechanical Properties of Fluids 6
3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation 9
4 Thermodynamics 12
5 Oscillations 14

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6 Superposition of Waves 18

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7 Wave Optics 23
8 Electrostatics 28
9 Current Electricity 31

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10 Magnetic Fields due to Electric Current 35
11 Magnetic Materials 37
12 Electromagnetic Induction 39
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13 AC Circuits 42
14 Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 44
15 Structure of Atoms and Nuclei 47
16 Semiconductor Devices 50
Chemistry
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1 Solid State 52
Solutions
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2 54
3 Ionic Equilibria 57
4 Chemical Thermodynamics 59
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5 Electrochemistry 63
6 Chemical Kinetics 66
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7 Elements of Groups 16, 17 and 18 69

8 Transition and Inner Transition Elements 71
9 Coordination Compounds 74
10 Halogen Derivatives 76
11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers 79
12 Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids 82
13 Amines 85
14 Biomolecules 88
15 Introduction to Polymer Chemistry 90
16 Green Chemistry and Nanochemistry 92
Chapter No. Units Page No.
Mathematics & Statistics Part - I
1 Mathematical Logic 93
2 Matrices 96
3 Trigonometric Functions 98
4 Pair of Straight Lines 101
5 Vectors 103
6 Line and Plane 107
7 Linear Programming 111
Mathematics & Statistics Part - II

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1 Differentiation 113

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2 Applications of Derivatives 116
3 Indefinite Integration 118
4 Definite Integration 120
5 Application of Definite Integration 122

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6 Differential Equations 123
7 Probability Distributions 126
8 Binomial Distribution 129
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Biology
1 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants 131
2 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Animals 135
3 Inheritance and Variation 139
4 Molecular Basis of Inheritance 142
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5 Origin and Evolution of Life 144

6 Plant Water Relations 146
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7 Plant Growth and Mineral Nutrition 148

8 Respiration and Circulation 150
9 Control and Co-ordination 153
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10 Human Health and Diseases 156

11 Enhancement in Food Production 158
12 Biotechnology 162
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13 Organisms and Populations 164

14 Ecosystems and Energy Flow 166
15 Biodiversity, Conservation and Environmental Issues 168
Physics

Chemistry Scan the adjacent

Board
QR code to view the
Question
Board Question
Papers – July Mathematics & Statistics (Part I & II)
Papers of July 2024
2024
with solutions.
Biology
 
Physics
Chapter 01: Rotational Dynamics

01 Rotational Dynamics

(A) rotational P.E. (B) total energy

Multiple Choice Questions (C) rotational K.E. (D) translational K.E.
1. A car is moving along a horizontal curve of 8. A thin wire of length L and uniform linear mass
radius 20 m and coefficient of friction between density  is bent into a circular coil. Moment of
the road and wheels of the car is 0.25. If inertia of the coil about tangential axis in its
acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s2, then its plane is _______. [Oct 14]
maximum speed is [Mar 08] 3L 2
3L 3

t
8 2

(A) 3 m/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 7 m/s (D) 9 m/s (A) (B) (C) (D) 8  2
8 2
3L 3
82 3 L

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2. A body is acted upon by a constant torque. In 4
seconds its angular momentum changes from L 9. The period of a conical pendulum in terms of its
to 4L. The magnitude of the torque is _______. length (l), semivertical angle (θ) and
[Oct 08] acceleration due to gravity (g) is: [Mar 15]
L 3L 1 l cos  1 l sin 
(A) (B) (C) 3L (D) 12L (A) (B)

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4 4 2 g 2 g
3. Radius of gyration of a ring about a transverse axis l cos  l tan 
passing through its centre is _______. [Mar 09] (C) 4 (D) 4
4g g
(A) 0.5  diameter of ring
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(B) diameter of ring 10. The kinetic energy of a rotating body depends
(C) 2  diameter of ring upon [Mar 15]
(D) (diameter of ring)2 (A) distribution of mass only.
4. A stone is tied to a string and rotated in a (B) angular speed only.
horizontal circle with constant angular velocity. (C) distribution of mass and angular speed.
If the string is released, the stone flies (D) angular acceleration only.
_________. [Oct 09, Mar 10]
e

(A) radially inward 11. A particle rotates in U.C.M. with tangential

(B) radially outward velocity ‘v’ along a horizontal circle of diameter
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(C) tangentially forward ‘D’. Total angular displacement of the particle

(D) tangentially backward in time ‘t’ is _______. [Mar 16]
vt 2vt
(B)    t (C)
v
5. The radius of gyration of a solid sphere of mass (A) vt (D)
M and radius R rotating about an axis with its D 2D D
m

diameter N is [Mar 10]

12. A body of moment of inertia 5 kgm2 rotating
1 2 with an angular velocity 6 rad/s has the same
(A) R (B) R
5 5 kinetic energy as a mass of 20 kg moving with a
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3 7 velocity of _______. [Mar 16]

(C) R (D) R
5 5 (A) 5 m/s (B) 4 m/s
(C) 3 m/s (D) 2 m/s
6. The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of
mass M and length L, about an axis passing 13. The difference in tensions in the string at
through a point, midway between the centre and lowest and highest points in the path of the
one end, perpendicular to its length is [Mar 13] particle of mass ‘m’ performing vertical
48 7 circular motion is [July 16]
(A) ML2 (B) ML2
7 48 (A) 2 mg (B) 4 mg
1 1 (C) 6 mg (D) 8 mg
(C) ML2 (D) ML2
48 16
14. The body is rotating with uniform angular
7. If ‘L’ is the angular momentum and ‘I’ is the velocity (ω) having rotational kinetic energy (E).
L2 Its angular momentum (L) is: [July 16]
moment of inertia of a rotating body, then 2
2I 2E E E E
(A) (B) (C) (D)
represents its [Oct 13] ω ω ω 2
2ω
1
 

Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions (Physics)

15. When the angular acceleration of a rotating 23. A body performing uniform circular motion has
body is zero, which physical quantity will be constant _______. [July 23]
equal to zero? [Mar 17] (A) velocity (B) kinetic energy
(A) Angular momentum (C) displacement (D) acceleration
(B) Moment of inertia
(C) Torque 24. The moment of inertia (MI) of a disc of radius
(D) Radius of gyration R and mass M about its central axis is _______.
[Feb 24]
16. A body of mass ‘m’ performs uniform circular
MR 2 MR 2
motion along a circular path of radius ‘r’ with (A) (B)
velocity ‘v’. If its angular momentum is L, then the 4 2
centripetal force acting on it is _______. [July 17] 3MR 2
(C) MR2 (D)
mL2 L2 L2 L2 2
(A) 3 (B) (C) 2 (D)
r mr mr mr3 Theory Questions

t
17. If a rigid body of radius ‘R’ starts from rest and
rolls down an inclined plane of inclination ‘θ’ 1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion

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then linear acceleration of body rolling down
the plane is _______. [July 17] 1. Explain the concept of centripetal force.
g sin   K [Mar 17]
(A) (B) g sin   1  
K  R 2. Distinguish between centripetal force and
1
R centrifugal force. [Mar 10, 18]

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g sin   K2 
(C) (D) g sin   1  2  3. What is the value of tangential acceleration in
K2  R 
1 2 U.C.M.? [Mar 19]
R
18. A particle of mass m performs vertical motion 4. Define U.C.M.
Co
in a circle of radius r. Its potential energy at the Name the forces acting on a body executing
highest point is _______. nonuniform circular motion. [July 19]
(g is acceleration due to gravity) [Mar 18] 5. Define uniform circular motion. [Feb 20]
(A) 2 mgr (B) mgr
(C) 0 (D) 3 mgr 6. Define centripetal force. [Feb 24]
19. A thin ring has mass 0.25 kg and radius 0.5 m. 1.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
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Its moment of inertia about an axis passing

through its centre and perpendicular to its plane 1. Derive an expression for period of a conical
is _______. [Mar 18] pendulum. [Mar 08]
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(A) 0.0625 kg m2 (B) 0.625 kg m2 2. For a conical pendulum prove that

(C) 6.25 kg m2 (D) 62.5 kg m2 2
v
20. The dimensions of angular momentum are tan  = [Oct 09]
_______. [Mar 08, July 18] rg
m

(A) [L–2 M1 T–1] (B) [L2 M1 T–1] 3. Obtain an expression for maximum speed
(C) [L1 M2 T1] (D) [L2 M2 T–2] with which a vehicle can be driven safely on a
21. In rotational motion of a rigid body, all particles banked road. Show that the safety speed limit
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move with _______. [Feb 20] is independent of the mass of the vehicle.
(A) same linear velocity and same angular [Mar 10, Oct 10]
velocity
(B) same linear velocity and different angular 4. Draw a diagram showing all components of forces
velocity acting on a vehicle moving on a curved banked
(C) different linear velocities and same road. Write the necessary equation for maximum
angular velocities safety speed and state the significance of each term
(D) different linear velocities and different involved in it. [Oct 14]
angular velocities 5. Draw a neat labelled diagram of conical
22. When the bob performs a vertical circular pendulum. State the expression for its periodic
motion and the string rotates in a vertical plane, time in terms of length. [Oct 15]
the difference in the tension in the string at 6. Draw a neat labelled diagram showing the
horizontal position and uppermost position is various forces and their components acting on a
_______. [Mar 22] vehicle moving along curved banked road.
(A) mg (B) 2mg (C) 3mg (D) 6mg [July 16]
22
 

Chapter 01: Rotational Dynamics

7. Draw neat, labelled diagram showing different 4. State an expression for the moment of inertia of
forces acting on a vehicle moving along a a solid uniform disc, rotating about an axis
banked road. [July 17] passing through its centre, perpendicular to its
plane. [Oct 15]
8. If friction is made zero for a road, can a vehicle
move safely on this road? [Feb 23] 5. State and prove theorem of parallel axes about
moment of inertia. [Mar 16]
9. Derive an expression for maximum speed of a OR
vehicle moving along a horizontal circular track. State and prove principle of parallel axes in
[Feb 24] roational motion [Feb 20]
1.4 Vertical Circular Motion OR
State and prove the principle of parallel axes.
1. A particle of mass m, just completes the vertical
[July 23]
circular motion. Derive the expression for the
difference in tensions at the highest and the 1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear

t
lowest points. [Mar 13] Momentum

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2. Derive expressions for linear velocity at lowest 1. Show that the kinetic energy of a rotating body
position, mid-way position and the top-most 1
position for a particle revolving in a vertical about a given axis is equal to L, where L is
2
circle, if it has to just complete circular motion
without string slackening at top. [Feb 23] angular momentum and  is angular velocity.
[Mar 08]

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1.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous
Quantity for Mass 1.9 Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment
of Inertia
1. Define moment of inertia. State its SI unit and
dimensions. [Oct 08, Mar 18]
Co
1. Obtain an expression for torque acting on a
OR body rotating with uniform angular acceleration.
[July 16]
Define moment of inertia of a rotating rigid body. 2. Obtain an expression for torque acting on a
State its SI unit and dimensions. [Mar 22] rotating body with constant angular
2. Derive an expression for kinetic energy of a acceleration. Hence state the dimensions and SI
rotating body. [July 22] unit of torque. [Mar 17]
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OR 1.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum

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Derive an expression for the kinetic energy of a 1. State the law of conservation of angular
body rotating with a uniform angular speed. momentum and explain with a suitable example.
[Mar 22] [Oct 14]
1.6 Radius of Gyration 2. State and prove: law of conservation of angular
m

momentum. [Oct 15]

1. Explain the physical significance of radius of 3. State and prove principle of conservation of
gyration. [July 17] angular momentum. [Mar 18, Feb 23]
2. Define radius of gyration and give its physical 4. Explain the principle of conservation of angular
Sa

significance. [Mar 08, Oct 13, July 18] momentum with the help of two appropriate
examples. [July 19]
3. Define radius of gyration. Write its physical 5. State the law of conservation of angular
significance. [Mar 19] momentum. [July 22]
1.7 Theorem of Parallel Axes and Theorem
1.11 Rolling Motion
of Perpendicular Axes
1. Derive an expression for kinetic energy, when a
1. State and prove the principle of perpendicular
rigid body is rolling on a horizontal surface
axes. [Mar 10] without slipping. Hence find kinetic energy for a
2. State and prove theorem of parallel axes. solid sphere. [Mar 13]
[Mar 14] 2. Obtain an expression for total kinetic energy of
1  K2 
3. State theorem of parallel axes and theorem of a rolling body in the form MV2 1+ 2  .
perpendicular axes about moment of inertia. 2  R 
[Mar 15] [Mar 16]
3
 

Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions (Physics)

3. A vehicle is moving on a circular track whose
Numericals
surface is inclined towards the horizon at an angle
of 10°. The maximum velocity with which it can
1.2 Characteristics of Circular Motion
move safely is 36 km / hr. Calculate the length of
1. An object of mass 2 kg attached to wire of the circular track. [π = 3.142] [Mar 17]
length 5 m is revolved in a horizontal circle. If
it makes 60 r.p.m. Find its 4. A small body of mass 0.3 kg oscillates in
i. angular speed vertical plane with the help of a string 0.5 m
ii. linear speed long with a constant speed of 2 m/s. It makes an
iii. centripetal acceleration angle of 60° with the vertical. Calculate tension
iv. centripetal force [Mar 09] in the string (g = 9.8 m/s2). [July 17]

2. A car of mass 1500 kg rounds a curve of radius 5. A flat curve on a highway has a radius of
250 m at 90 km/hour. Calculate the centripetal curvature 400 m. A car goes around a curve at a

t
force acting on it. [Mar 13] speed of 32 m/s. What is the minimum value of
coefficient of friction that will prevent the car from
3. A racing car completes 5 rounds of a circular

en
sliding? (g = 9.8 m/s2) [Mar 18]
track in 2 minutes. Find the radius of the track if
the car has uniform centripetal acceleration of 6. A metre-gauge train is moving at 72 km/ hr along
π2 m/s2. [Oct 13] a curved rail-way of radius of curvature 500 m at a
certain place. Find the elevation of the outer rail
4. A stone of mass 1 kg is whirled in horizontal above the inner rail so that there is no side pressure

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circle attached at the end of a 1 m long string. If on the rail. (g = 9.8 m/s2) [July 18]
the string makes an angle of 30° with vertical,
calculate the centripetal force acting on the 7. A car rounds a curve of radius 625 m with a
stone. (g = 9.8 m/s2). [Mar 14] speed of 45 m/s. What is the minimum value of
Co
coefficient of friction which prevents the car
5. The spin dryer of a washing machine rotating at from sliding? [July 19]
15 r.p.s. slows down to 5 r.p.s. after making
50 revolutions. Find its angular acceleration. 8. A motorcyclist performs stunt along the
[Mar 15] cylindrical wall of a ‘Well of Death’ of inner
radius 4 m. Coefficient of static friction between
6. A coin kept at a distance of 5 cm from the centre the tyres and the wall is 0.4. Calculate the
of a turntable of radius 1.5 m just begins to slip maximum period of revolution.
e

when the turntable rotates at a speed of 90 r.p.m.

Calculate the coefficient of static friction between [Use g = 10 m/s2] [July 23]
the coin and the turntable. [g = 9.8 m/s2].
pl

9. The radius of a circular track is 200 m. Find the

[Mar 16] angle of banking of the track, if the maximum
7. The frequency of revolution of a particle speed at which a car can be driven safely along
performing circular motion changes from it is 25 m/sec. [Feb 24]
m

60 r.p.m. to 180 r.p.m. in 20 seconds. Calculate

1.4 Vertical Circular Motion
the angular acceleration of the particle.
(π = 3.142) [July 18] 1. An object of mass 1 kg is tied to one end of a
8. Find the frequency of revolution of a round string of length 9 m and whirled in a vertical
Sa

disco stage revolving with an angular speed of circle. What is the minimum speed required at
300 degree/second. [July 19] the lowest position to complete a circle?
[Oct 08]
1.3 Applications of Uniform Circular Motion
2. A stone of mass 5 kg, tied to one end of a rope
1. In a conical pendulum, a string of length of length 0.8 m, is whirled in a vertical circle.
120 cm is fixed at rigid support and carries a Find the minimum velocity at the highest point
mass of 150 g at its free end. If the mass is and at the midway point. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
revolved in a horizontal circle of radius [Oct 14]
0.2 m around a vertical axis, calculate tension in
the string. (g = 9.8 m/s2) [Oct 13] 3. A stone of mass 100 g attached to a string of
length 50 cm is whirled in a vertical circle by
2. A stone of mass 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal giving velocity at lowest point as 7 m/s. Find the
circle attached at the end of 1.5 m long string. If velocity at the highest point.
the string makes an angle of 30° with vertical, [Acceleration due to gravity = 98 m/s2]
compute its period. (g = 9.8 m/s2) [July 16] [Oct 15]
44
 

Chapter 01: Rotational Dynamics

4. In a Circus, a motor-cyclist having mass of 1.8 Angular Momentum or Moment of Linear
50 kg moves in a spherical cage of radius 3 m. Momentum
Calculate the least velocity with which he must
pass the highest point without losing contact. 1. A wheel of moment of inertia 1 kg m2 is rotating
Also calculate his angular speed at the highest at a speed of 40 rad/s. Due to friction on the
point. [Feb 20] axis, the wheel comes to rest in
10 minutes. Calculate the angular momentum of
1.5 Moment of Inertia as an Analogous Quantity the wheel, two minutes before it comes to rest.
for Mass [Mar 13]

1. Energy of 1000 J is spent to increase the angular 1.9 Expression for Torque in Terms of Moment
speed of a wheel from 20 rad/s to of Inertia
30 rad/s. Calculate the moment of inertia of the
wheel. [Feb 20] 1. A torque of 1500 Nm acting on a body produces

t
an angular acceleration of 3.2 rad/s2. Find
M.I. of the body. [Mar 09]

en
1.7 Theorem of Parallel Axes and Theorem
of Perpendicular Axes 2. A torque of magnitude 1000 N m acting on a
body produces an angular acceleration of
1. A solid cylinder of uniform density of radius 2 rad/s2. Calculate the moment of inertia of the
body. [Oct 09, Mar 10]
2 cm has mass of 50 g. If its length is 12 cm,

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calculate its moment of inertia about an axis 3. A body starts rotating from rest. Due to a couple
passing through its centre and perpendicular to of 20 Nm it completes 60 revolutions in one
its length. [Mar 14] minute. Find the moment of inertia of the body.
[Oct 14]
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2. A uniform solid sphere has a radius 0.1 m and
density 6 × 103 kg/m3. Find its moment of inertia 4. A solid sphere of diameter 50 cm and mass
about a tangent to its surface. [July 16] 25 kg rotates about an axis through its centre.
Calculate its moment of inertia. If its angular
3. A uniform solid sphere has radius 0.2 m and velocity changes from 2 rad/s to 12 rad/s in
density 8 × 103 kg/m3. Find the moment of 5 seconds, calculate the torque applied. [July 18]
inertia about the tangent to its surface.
A wheel of moment of inertia 1 kg m2 is rotating
e

(π = 3.142) [July 17] 5.

at a speed of 30 rad/s. Due to friction on the
4. The radius of gyration of a body about an axis, axis, it comes to rest in 10 minutes. Calculate
pl

the average torque of the friction.

at a distance of 0.4 m from its centre of mass is
0.5 m. Find its radius of gyration about a [Mar 19]
parallel axis passing through its centre of mass. 6. An automobile engine develops 62.84 kW while
m

[Mar 19] rotating at a speed of 1200 rpm. What torque

does it deliver? [July 22]
5. Find the radius of gyration of a rod of length
3 m about its transverse axis passing through its 1.10 Conservation of Angular Momentum
Sa

one end. [July 19]

1. A horizontal disc is freely rotating about a
6. The M.I. of solid sphere about an axis passing transverse axis passing through its centre at
through its centre is 2 kg-m2. Calculate its M.I. the rate of 100 revolutions per minute. A
about a tangent passing through any point on its 20 gram blob of wax falls on the disc and
surface. [July 19] sticks to the disc at a distance of 5 cm from its
axis. Moment of inertia of the disc about its
7. Calculate the moment of inertia of a uniform axis passing through its centre of mass is
disc of mass 10 kg and radius 60 cm about an 2 × 10–4 kg m2. Calculate the new frequency
axis perpendicular to its length and passing of rotation of the disc. [Mar 15]
through its centre. [Mar 22]
1.11 Rolling Motion
8. The surface density of a uniform disc of radius
10 cm is 2 kg/m2. Find its MI about an axis 1. A solid sphere of mass 1 kg rolls on a table with
passing through its centre and perpendicular to linear speed 2 m/s, find its total kinetic energy.
its plane. [July 22] [Mar 17]
5
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Page no. 6 to 51 are purposely left blank.
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To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
e
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m
Sa
 
Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions with Solutions
Chemistry
(Chemistry)

01 Solid State

11. The number of particles present in face centred

Multiple Choice Questions
cubic unit cell is/are ______. [Feb 24]
1. In body centred cubic structure, the space (A) 1 (B) 2
occupied is about _______. [Mar 13] (C) 3 (D) 4
(A) 68 % (B) 53 %
(C) 38 % (D) 32 %
Theory Questions
2. To prepare n-type semiconductor, the impurity

t
to be added to silicon should have the following 1.2 Types of solids

en
number of valence electrons: [Mar 14]
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 1. Distinguish between crystalline solids and
amorphous solids. [Mar 13, 14, 17, 19]
3. The major binding force in diamond is _______.
[Oct 14] 2. Define isomorphism. [July 2023]
(A) covalent bond 1.3 Classification of crystalline solids

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(B) ionic bond
(C) metallic bond 1. Classify the following molecular solids into
(D) coordinate covalent bond different types: [July 18]
i. HCl ii. CO2
4. p-type semi-conductors are made by mixing
iii. Solid ice iv. SO2
Co
silicon with impurities of _______. [Mar 15]
(A) germanium (B) boron 2. Classify the following solids into different
(C) arsenic (D) antimony types: [Mar 20]
5. An ionic compound crystallises in FCC type i. Silver ii. P4
structure with ‘A’ ions at the centre of each face iii. Diamond iv. NaCl
and ‘B’ ions occupying corners of the cube. The
1.5 Cubic system
formula of compound is _______. [Mar 17]
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(A) AB4 (B) A3B (C) AB (D) AB3 1. A face centred cube (fcc) consists of how many
6. Number of types of orthorhombic unit cell is atoms? Explain. [July 16]
pl

________. [July 18] OR

(A) 7 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2 Calculate the number of atoms in a unit cell of a
7. The number of atoms per unit cell of body metal crystallising in face centred cubic
centred cube is: [Mar 20] structure. [July 17]
m

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 6 2. Write the number of particles present in fcc per
8. The co-ordination number of atoms in body unit cell. [July 23]
centred cubic structure (bcc) is _______.
3. Derive the relationship between molar mass,
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[Mar 22]
density of the substance and unit cell edge
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 12
length. [Feb 24]
9. The CORRECT relation between edge length
and radius of an atom in simple cubic lattice is 1.6 Packing of particles in crystal lattice
_______. [July 22]
1. What is the ratio of octahedral holes to the
(A) 2a = r (B) 3a = 4r number of anions in hexagonal closed packed
(C) a = 2r (D) 2a = 4r structure? [Mar 19]
10. The relation between radius of sphere and edge 1.7 Packing efficiency
length in body centered cubic lattice is given by
formula: [Mar 23] 1. Calculate the percentage efficiency of packing
3 in case of simple cubic cell. [Mar 17]
(A) 3r = 4a (B) r= 4
a 2. Give the relation between radius of atom and
3 2 edge length in body centered cubic crystal.
(C) r= a (D) r= a
4 4 [July 19]
52
52
 

Chapter 01: Solid State

1.8 Crystal defects or imperfections 6. A metal crystallises into two cubic faces namely
face centred (fcc) and body centred (bcc), whose
1. What are Schottky defect and Frenkel defect? unit cell edge lengths are 3.5 Å and 3.0 Å
[Oct 13] respectively. Find the ratio of the densities of fcc
and bcc. [July 17]
2. Explain impurity defect in stainless steel with
diagram. [Mar 15] 7. The density of iron crystal is 8.54 g cm–3. If the
edge length of unit cell is 2.8 Å and atomic
3. What is Schottky defect? [July 19] mass is 56 g mol–1, find the number of atoms in
the unit cell.
4. Write the consequences of Schottky defect with
[Given: Avogadro’s number =6.022×1023 mol–1,
reasons. [Mar 22]
1 Å = 1 × 10–8 cm] [Mar 18]
5. Explain metal deficiency defect with example. 8. The density of silver having atomic mass 107.8
[Mar 22] g mol–1 is 10.8 g cm–3. If the edge length of

t
6. Distinguish between Schottky and Frenkel cubic unit cell is 4.05 × 10–8 cm, find the

en
defect. [July 22] number of silver atoms in the unit cell.
[NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1, 1 Å = 10–8 cm]
7. Explain the following terms: [Mar 23] [July 18]
i. Substitutional impurity defect 9. Unit cell of a metal has edge length of 288 pm
ii. Interstitial impurity defect and density of 7.86 g cm–3. Determine the type

nt
1.10 Magnetic properties of solids of crystal lattice. [Atomic mass of metal
= 56 g mol–1] [Mar 20]
1. What is ferromagnetism? [Mar 16] 10. Gold crystallises into face-centred cubic cells.
The edge length of unit cell is 4.08  108 cm.
Co
Numericals Calculate the density of gold. [Molar mass of
gold = 197 g mol–1] [Mar 22]
1.5 Cubic system 11. Silver crystallizes in fcc structure. If edge length
of unit cell is 400 pm, calculate density of silver
1. Face centred cubic crystal lattice of copper has
[Atomic mass of Ag = 108] [Mar 23]
density of 8.966 g cm–3. Calculate the volume of
the unit cell. 12. An element with molar mass 27 g mol–1 forms
e

[Given: Molar mass of copper is 63.5 g mol–1 cubic unit cell with edge length of 405 pm. If
and Avogadro number NA is 6.022×1023 mol–1] density of the element is 2.7 g cm–3, what is the
pl

[Mar 14] nature of cubic unit cell? [July 23]

2. A unit cell of iron crystal has edge length 288 13. Predict the type of cubic lattice of a solid
pm and density 7.86 g cm–3. Find the number of element having edge length of 400 pm and
density is 6.25 g mL1.
m

atoms per unit cell and type of the crystal lattice.

[Given: Molar mass of iron = 56 g mol–1, [Atomic mass of element = 60] [Feb 24]
Avogadro’s number NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol–1]
1.7 Packing efficiency
[Oct 14]
Sa

1. Gold occurs as face centred cube and has a

3. Silver crystallises in fcc (face-centred cubic density of 19.30 kg dm–3. Calculate atomic
crystal) structure. The edge length of the unit radius of gold. [Molar mass of Au = 197]
cell is found to be 408.7 pm. Calculate density
[Mar 13]
of the unit cell.
[Given: Molar mass of silver is 108 g mol–1] 2. Niobium crystallises as body centred cube (bcc)
[Oct 15] and has density of 8.55 kg dm–3. Calculate the
atomic radius of niobium. [Given: Atomic mass
4. Silver crystallises in fcc structure. If density of of niobium = 93] [Mar 15]
silver is 10.51 g cm–3, calculate the volume of
3. Calculate the number of atoms and unit cells
unit cell. [Mar 16]
present in 0.5 g of Niobium if it forms body
centred cubic structure. The density of Niobium
5. Determine the density of cesium chloride which
is 8.55 g cm–3 and edge length of unit cell is
crystallizes in bcc type structure with the edge
330.6 pm. [July 22]
length 412.1 pm. The atomic masses of Cs and
Cl are 133 and 35.5 respectively. [July 16]
53
 

Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions (Chemistry)

02 Solutions

10. In calculating osmotic pressure, the

Multiple Choice Questions concentration of solute is expressed in
_______. [Mar 22]
1. Among the following equimolar aqueous (A) molarity (B) molality
solutions, identify the one having highest (C) mole fraction (D) percentage mass
boiling point. [Mar 08]
(A) Urea (B) Sucrose 11. Which solution shows positive deviation from
Raoult’s law? [July 23]

t
(C) Sodium chloride (D) Sodium sulphate
(A) Phenol and Aniline
2. The addition of non-volatile solute into the pure

en
(B) Chloroform and Acetone
solvent _______. [Oct 08] (C) Ethanol and Acetone
(A) increases the vapour pressure of solvent (D) Chloroform and Ethanol
(B) decreases the boiling point of solvent
(C) decreases the freezing point of solvent
(D) increases the freezing point of solvent Theory Questions

nt
3. Which of the following solutions shows maximum 2.4 Solubility
depression in freezing point? [Mar 13]
(A) 0.5 M Li2SO4 (B) 1 M NaCl 1. What is the effect of temperature on solubility
(C) 0.5 M Al2(SO4)3 (D) 0.5 M BaCl2 of a gas in a liquid? [Oct 15]
Co
4. The temperature at which vapour pressure of a 2. State Henry’s law. How does solubility of a gas
liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric in water varies with the temperature?
pressure is _______. [Oct 13] [Oct 13; July 17]
(A) melting point (B) boiling point
(C) 273 K (D) 373 K 3. State Henry’s law. [July 16; Mar 18]

5. Which of the following is NOT a colligative 2.6 Colligative properties of nonelectrolyte

e

property? [Mar 14] solutions

(A) Vapour pressure
1. Define colligative properties. [Oct 08]
pl

(B) Depression in freezing point

(C) Elevation in boiling point 2.7 Vapour pressure lowering
(D) Osmotic pressure
1. Derive the relationship between relative
6. Colligative property depends only on _______
m

lowering of vapour pressure and molar mass of

in a solution. [Mar 15] non-volatile solute. [Mar 13, 17]
(A) number of solute particles
(B) number of solvent particles 2.8 Boiling point elevation
(C) nature of solute particles 1. What is ‘boiling point’? [Mar 14]
Sa

(D) nature of solvent particles

2. Define ebullioscopic constant.
7. The substance ‘X’, when dissolved in solvent Write its unit. [Oct 15]
water gave molar mass corresponding to the 3. Derive the relation between elevation of boiling
molecular formula ‘X3’. The van’t Hoff factor point and molar mass of solute. [Mar 18]
(i) is _______. [Oct 15] OR
(A) 3 (B) 0.33 (C) 1.3 (D) 1 Derive the mathematical expression between
8. The determination of molar mass from elevation molar mass of a non-volatile solute and
in boiling point is called as _______. [Mar 16] elevation of boiling point. [Mar 20]
(A) cryoscopy (B) colorimetry OR
(C) ebullioscopy (D) spectroscopy How will you determine molar mass of non
volatile solute by elevation of boiling point?
9. Which of the following 0.1 M aqueous solutions
[Mar 23]
will exert the highest osmotic pressure? [Mar 18]
(A) Al2(SO4)3 (B) Na2SO4 4. Define ebullioscopic constant.
(C) MgCl2 (D) KCl [Oct 09; July 22]
54
 t
en
nt
Page no. 55 to 92 are purposely left blank.
Co
To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
e
pl
m
Sa
 Mathematics & Statistics Part- I

01 Mathematical Logic

Multiple Choice Questions Questions

1. If A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, then which of the Based on Exercise 1.1

following is not true? [Oct 13]
(A) ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 3 = 8 1. Write down the following statements in
symbolic form:
(B) ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 2 < 5
i. A triangle is equilateral if and only if it is

t
(C) ∃ x ∈ A such that x + 2 < 9
equiangular.
(D) ∀ x ∈ A such that x + 6 ≥ 9 ii. Price increases and demand falls.

en
2. The negation of p ˄ (q → r) is [Mar 16] [Mar 13]
(A) p ˅ (~ q ˅ r) (B) ~ p ˄ (q → r) 2. If p : It is a day time, q : It is warm, write
(C) ~ p ˄ (~ q → ~ r) (D) ~ p ˅ (q ˄ ~ r) the compound statements in verbal form denoted
3. Inverse of the statement pattern by–

nt
(p ˅ q) → (p ˄ q) is [July 16] i. p ˄ ~q ii. ~p → q iii. q ↔ p
(A) (p ˄ q) → (p ˅ q) [Oct 14]
(B) ~(p ˅ q) → (p ˄ q) 3. Write truth value of the following statement:
(C) (~p ˅ ~q) → (~p ˄ ~q) 5 is an irrational number but 3 + 5 is a
Co
(D) (~p ˄ ~q) → (~p ˅ ~q) complex number. [Oct 14]
4. The negation of p  (q  r) is _______. 4. If p, q, r are the statements with truth values T,
[Mar 22] F, T, respectively then find the truth value of
(A) ~p  (~q  ~r) (B) p (~q  r) (r ˄ q) ↔ ~ p. [July 16]
(C) ~p  (~q  r) (D) p  (q  ~ r) 5. Write the truth values of the following
e

5. The negation of (p  ~ q)  r is _______. statements:

[July 22] i. 2 is a rational number and 2 is an irrational
(A) (~p  q)  r (B) (~p  q)  r number.
pl

(C) (~p  q)  ~r (D) (~p  q)  ~ r ii. 2 + 3 = 5 or 2 + 3 = 5

[Mar 19]
6. If p ˄ q = F, p → q = F, then the truth values of
p and q are : [Oct 15] 6. Write the truth values of the following
m

(A) T, T (B) T, F statements:

(C) F, T (D) F, F i. Two is the only even prime number.
ii. cos (2) = cos2  – sin2  , for all   R
OR
Sa

[July 19]
If p  q is F, p  q is F then the truth values of 7. If the statement p, q are true statements and r, s
p and q are _______ respectively. [Mar 23] are false then determine the truth value of
(A) T, T (B) T, F (p  q)  (r  s). [July 22]
(C) F, T (D) F, F
8. Write the following compound statements
7. The dual of statement p ˄ ~ q is equivalent to symbolically:
___________. [July 23] i. Nagpur is in Maharashtra and Chennai is in
(A) ~ p ˄ q (B) p ↔ q Tamilnadu.
(C) ~ p ˅ q (S) ~ p  ~q ii. If ∆ABC is right angled at B, then
mA + mC = 90
8. The dual of statement t  (p  q) is _______. [July 23]
[Mar 24] 9. Write the compound statement ‘Nagpur is in
(A) c  ( p  q) (B) c  (p  q) Maharashtra and Chennai is in Tamilnadu’
(C) t  (p  q) (D) t  (p  q) symbolically. [Mar 24]
93
 
Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions
(Mathematics & Statistics Part- I)
Based on Exercise 1.2 Based on Exercise 1.3

1. Using truth table, prove that: 1. Write the dual of the following statements:
p ↔ q ≡ (p → q) ˄ (q → p) i. (p ˅ q) ˄ T
[Mar 98, Oct 00, 01, 04] ii. Madhuri has curly hair and brown eyes.
[Mar 14]
2. Using truth table, prove that :
2. Write truth value of the following statement:
p ˄ q ≡ ~(p → ~q) [Mar 08]
 nN such that n + 5 > 10 [Oct 14]
3. Using truth table examine whether the following 3. Write the converse and contrapositive of the
statement pattern is tautology, contradiction or statement-
contingency. “If two triangles are congruent then their areas
(p ˄ ~ q) ↔ (p → q) [Mar 13] are equal.” [Mar 15]
4. Using truth table, prove that 4. Write the following statement in symbolic form

t
~p ˄ q ≡ (p ˅ q) ˄ ~ p [Oct 13, Mar 14] and find its truth value:

en
 n  N, n2 + n is an even number and
5. Using truth table, prove the following logical
n2 – n is an odd number. [Mar 17]
equivalence (p ˄ q) → r ≡ p → (q → r).
[Oct 14] 5. Write the negations of the following statements:
i.  n  N, n + 7 > 6
6. Discuss the statement pattern, using truth table: ii. The kitchen is neat and tidy.

nt
~(~p ˄ ~q) ˅ q [Mar 15] [July 17]
7. Examine whether the following logical 6. Write the converse, inverse and contrapositive of
statement pattern is tautology, contradiction or the following statement.
contingency. [(p → q) ˄ q] → p [Mar 16] “If it rains then the match will be cancelled.”
Co
8. Using truth tables, examine whether the [July 17]
statement pattern (p ˄ q) ˅ (p ˄ r) is a tautology, 7. Write converse, inverse and contrapositive of the
contradiction or contingency. [Mar 17] following conditional statement:
If an angle is a right angle then its measure is
9. Using truth table prove that 90°. [Mar 18]
p ↔ q ≡ (p ˄ q) (~p  ~q).
8. Write the negations of the following statements:
e

[Oct 15; Mar 18]

i. All students of this college live in the hostel.
10. Using truth table, examine whether the following ii. 6 is an even number or 36 is a perfect square.
pl

statement pattern is a tautology, a contradiction [Mar 18]

or a contingency:
9. Write the negations of the following statements:
(p ˅ q) ˅ r ↔ p ˅ (q ˅ r) [July 18]
i. If diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular,
then it is a rhombus.
m

11. Using truth table, prove that:

p  q ≡ (p  q)  (  p   q) ii. Mangoes are delicious, but expensive.
iii. A person is rich if and only if he is a software
[July 19]
engineer.
Sa

12. Using truth table, prove that: [July 18]

~(p  q) ≡ ~p  ~q [Mar 96; Feb 20] 10. Write the dual of each of the following
13. Using truth table verify that: statements:
i. ~ p ˄ (q ˅ c)
(p  q)  ~q  p  ~ q [Mar 22]
ii. “Shweta is a doctor or Seema is a teacher.”
14. Examine whether the statement pattern [July 18]
(p  q) ↔ (~p  q) is a tautology, 11. Write the dual of p  ~ p  F. [Feb 20]
contradiction or contingency. [July 22]
12. State the converse, inverse and contrapositive
15. Construct the truth table for the statement of the conditional statement:
pattern (p → q) ˄ [(q → r) → (p → r)] and ‘If a sequence is bounded, then it is convergent’.
interpret your result. [July 23] [Feb 20]
16. Construct the truth table for the statement 13. Write inverse and contrapositive of the
pattern: following statement:
[(p  q)  q]  p [Mar 24] If x < y then x2 < y2 [Mar 23]
94
94
 

Chapter 01: Mathematical Logic

Based on Exercise 1.4 5. Construct the switching circuit for the
statement (p ˄ q) ˅ (~ p) ˅ (p ˄ ~ q). [Mar 17]
1. Without using truth table show that
p ↔ q ≡ (p ˄ q) ˅ ( p ˄  q) [Mar 13] 6. Express the following switching circuit in
symbolic form of logic. Construct its switching
2. Without using truth table prove that table and write your conclusion from it:
(p ˄ q) ˅ (~ p ˄ q) ˅ (p ˄ ~ q) ≡ p ˅ q
[Mar 22]
S1
3. Without using truth table show that
~ (p ˅ q) ˅ (~p ˄ q) ≡ ~ p
S2′
[Mar 16; July 22]
L
Based on Exercise 1.5 S1′ S2
1. Construct the new switching circuit for the

t
following circuit with only one switch by + –
simplifying the given circuit:

en
[Mar 14; July 17]
7. Find the symbolic form of the given switching
S2 circuit. Construct its switching table and
S1 interpret your result.
S3

nt
S1
S1 S2
L S2
S3 S2 S1
Co
[Oct 13]
L
2. Construct the switching circuit for the following
statement: [Mar 19]
[p ˅ (~p ˄ q)] ˅ [(~q ˄ r) ˅ ~p] [Mar 15] 8. Express the following circuit in symbolic form:
e

3. Construct the simplified circuit for the following S1

circuit:
pl

SS'22 S2 S3
S1
S3
m

L [Feb 20]
9. Simplify the given circuit by writing its logical
expression. Also write your conclusion.
S3 S2 S1
Sa

[Oct 15] S1

4. Simplify the following circuit so that new
S1 S2
circuit has minimum number of switches. Also
draw simplified circuit. S2
[Mar 23]
10. Express the following switching circuit in the
S1 S2′
symbolic form of logic. Construct the switching
table:
S1′ S2
S1
S1 S2
S1′ S2′ S2
L
[July 16] L [Mar 24]
95
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en
nt
Page no. 96 to 112 are purposely left blank.
Co
To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
e
pl
m
Sa
 Mathematics & Statistics Part- II

01 Differentiation

dy
Multiple Choice Questions 8. If x = at4, y = 2at2, then  _______.
dx
dy [July 23]
1. If xy = ex–y, then = _____ [Oct 13]
dx 1 2
(A) (B) t
1 x log x t2
(A) (B)
1  log x 1  log x 
2
1

t
(C) 2t2 (D) –
1  log x 1 x t2
(C) (D)

en
1  log x 1  log x
Questions
dy
2. If y = 1 – cos θ, x = 1 – sin θ, then at
dx
π Based on Exercise 1.1
θ= is [Mar 14]

nt
4
(A) –1 (B) 1 dy
1. If y = sec x , then find . [July 16]
1 1 dx
(C) (D)
2 2
dy
2. If y = tan2 (log x3), find . [Mar 18]
Co
x+ y 2 d y2 dx
3. If sec   = a , then = _______.
 x  y  dx 2
[Oct 14] 3. If y = f(u) is a differentiable function of u and
(A) y (B) x u = g(x) is a differentiable function of x, then
y prove that y = f[g(x)] is a differentiable function
(C) (D) 0 dy dy du
x of x and =  
e

dx du dx
 x 1  x+ x  [Mar 96, 98, 04, 14; Oct 98, 99, 03, 15; July 18]
4. If y = sec–1  –1
 + sin   , then
 x+ x   x 1
pl

4. Differentiate sin(x2 + x) w.r.t. x. [Feb 20]

dy
= _______. [Oct 15]
dx 5. Differentiate log (sec x + tan x) w.r.t. x.
1 [Feb 20]
(A) x (B)
m

x
(C) 1 (D) 0 Based on Exercise 1.2
3 3
5. Derivative of tan θ with respect to sec θ at
 1  dy
If y = sin–1(3x) + sec–1 
Sa

π 1.  , find .
θ= is _______. [Mar 17] 3x
  dx
3
[Oct 14]
3 3 1 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) –  3cos x  2sin x 
2 2 2 2 2. Differentiate cos–1   w. r. t. x.
 13 
6. If f(x) = x5 + 2x – 3, then  f 1  (–3) = _______. [Oct 15]
[Mar 22]
(A) 0 (B) –3 3.  
If y = cos–1 2 x 1  x 2 , find
dy
dx
. [Mar 16]
1 1
(C) – (D)
3 2  5x +1 
dy
4. Find if y = tan–1  2 
. [Mar 18]
7. If y is a function of x and log (x + y) = 2xy, then dx  3  x  6x 
the value of y(0) = _______. [Mar 23]
(A) 2 (B) 0 dy
5. If y = cos–1(1 – 2 sin2 x), find . [July 18]
(C) –1 (D) 1 dx
113
 
Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions
(Mathematics & Statistics Part - II)
6. If y = f(x) is a differentiable function of x such
3. If y = sin x + sin x + sin x +.... , then show that
that inverse function x = f –1(y) exists, then
prove that x is a differentiable function of y and dy cosx
= . [Mar 15]
dx 1 dy dx 2y  1
= , where ≠ 0.
dy  dy  dx
  dy
 dx  4. If y = etan x + (log x)tan x , then find . [July 16]
dx
[Mar 99, 03, 05, 06, 09, 17;
July 16; Oct 96, 02, 04, 05, 06, 13] dy
5. Find if x sin y + y sin x = 0. [Mar 17]
d dx
Hence find (tan–1x) [Mar 15, 17]
dx
x+ y dy y
6. If sec–1  2
 = a , show that  .
π π  x  y  dx x
Hence if y = sin–1x, –1 ≤ x ≤ 1, ≤y≤
2 2 [July 18]

t
dy 1
then show that = , where | x | < 1. dy
dx 1  x2 7. If y = xx, find . [Mar 16, 19]

en
dx
[July 17]
dy
8. If ex + ey = ex + y, show that = – ey – x .
d dx
Hence find sin 1 x  . [July 19]
dx 
[Feb 20]

nt
If y = tan 1  
8x dy
7. 2 
then find . 9. If y = tan x + tan x + tan x +.....+  , then
 1  15x  dx
dy sec2 x dy
[July 22] show that = . Find at x = 0.
dx 2 y  1 dx
Co
8. If y = f(x) is a differentiable function of x on [Mar 23]
dy
interval I and y is one-one, onto and  0 on I.  x3  y 3 
dx 10. If log10  = 2, then show that
3 
Also if f–1(y) is differentiable function on f(I)
3
 x +y 
dx 1 dy dy 99x 2
then prove that: = where 0 =– . [Mar 15; July 23]
dy dy dx dx 101y 2
dx
e

Hence find the derivative of the inverse of dy

11. Find , if y = (log x)x. [Mar 24]
function y = 2x3 – 6x. dx
pl

[July 22]
Based on Exercise 1.4
9. If y = f(x) is a differentiable function of x on an
interval 1 and y is one-one, onto and  1  1
1. If x = a  t   , y = a  t +  , then show that
m

dy dx 1  t  t  
≠ 0 on 1, then prove that = . dy x
dx dy dx = . [Mar 13]
dy dx y
dy
Sa

where ≠ 0. dy
dx 2. If x = at2, y = 2at, then find . [Mar 13]
dx
d 1
Hence prove that (cot–1x) = 3. Differentiate 3x w.r.t. log3 x. [July 17]
dx 1 + x2
3 3
[July 23] 4. If x = a cos t, y = a sin t,
1

=    .
Based on Exercise 1.3 dy y 3
show that [Mar 18]
dx  x
1. If 1  x2 + 1  y2 = a(x – y), show that
5. If x = f(t), y = g(t) are differentiable functions of
dy 1  y2 parameter ‘t’ then prove that y is a differentiable
= . [Oct 13]
dx 1  x2 function of ‘x’ and
dy
p q p+q dy y dy dt dx
2. If x y = (x + y) , then prove that = . = , 0 [Mar 00, 05; Oct 97, 00, 14]
dx x dx dx dt
[Mar 14] dt

114
 

Chapter 01: Differentiation

dy
Hence find if x = a cos t, y = a sin t.
dx
[Oct 14]
dy
Hence find if x = a cos2 t and y = a sin2 t.
dx
[Mar 19]
6. Differentiate log (1 + x ) with respect to tan–1x.
2

[July 19]
7. If x = f(t) and y = g(t) are differentiable
functions of t so that y is differentiable function
dx
of x and  0, then prove that:

t
dt
dy

en
dy dt
=
dx dx
dt
dy
Hence find if x = sin t and y = cos t.
dx

nt
[Mar 22]

8. Find the derivative of cos–1x w.r.t. 1  x 2 .

[July 22]
Co
9. If x = f(t) and y = g(t) are differentiable
functions of t, so that y is function of x and
dy
dx dy dt
 0, then prove that = .
dt dx dx
dt
dy 2
e

Hence find , if x = at , y = 2at. [Mar 24]

dx
Based on Exercise 1.5
pl

d2 y
1. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0, show that = 0.
dx 2
[Mar 13]
m

–1 2
2. If y = (tan x) , show that
d2 y dy
(1 + x2)2 2
+ 2x (1 + x2) – 2 = 0.
dx dx
Sa

[Mar 15]
d2 y
3. If y = x log x, then find . [Feb 20]
dx 2
1 x
4. If y  em tan , then show that
2
d y dy
(1 + x 2 ) 2
+ (2 x  m) = 0 [Mar 22]
dx dx
5. If y = cos(m cos–1 x) then show that
d2 y dy
(1 – x2) –x + m2y = 0 [Mar 23]
dx 2 dx
6. If y = sin–1x, then show that:
d2 y dy
(1 – x2)  x× = 0. [Mar 24]
dx 2 dx

115
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en
nt
Page no. 116 to 130 are purposely left blank.
Co
To see complete chapter buy Target Notes or Target E‐Notes
e
pl
m
Sa
 Biology

01 Reproduction in Lower and Higher Plants

Multiple
MultipleChoice
ChoiceQuestions
Questions 11. Lever mechanism of pollination is observed in
_______. [Mar 15]
(A) Salvia (B) Jasmine
1. The types of pollination exhibited by Vallisneria
(C) Bougainvillea (D) Butea
and Zea mays respectively are______ [Oct 08]
(A) Anemophily and Hydrophily 12. Vegetative propagation takes place with the help
(B) Entomophily and Hydrophily of leaves in _______ plant. [Oct 15]

t
(C) Hydrophily and Anemophily (A) Kalanchoe (B) Oxalis
(C) Cynodon (D) Dahlia

en
(D) Hydrophily and Entomophily
13. How many meiotic divisions will be needed to
2. The endosperm cells in an angiospermic plant produce 44 female gametophytes in
has 18 chromosomes, the number of angiosperms? [Oct 15]
chromosomes in its roots cells will be _______ (A) 11 (B) 22 (C) 44 (D) 66
[Mar 09]

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14. Endosperm of angiosperm is _______. [July 16]
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 18 (D) 24
(A) haploid (B) diploid
3. In porogamy, the pollen tube enters into the (C) triploid (D) tetraploid
ovule through _______ [Mar 09] 15. A versatile anther is an adaptation for _______
Co
(A) micropyle (B) integument type of pollination. [July 18]
(C) chalaza (D) funicle (A) anemophilous (B) entomophilous
(C) hydrophilous (D) ornithophilous
4. Egg apparatus consists of _______ [Oct 09]
(A) egg and antipodals 16. During double fertilization second male gamete
(B) egg and polar nuclei fuses with _______. [Mar 19]
(C) egg and synergids (A) antipodal cell (B) egg cell
(C) secondary nucleus (D) synergids
e

(D) egg and secondary nucleus

17. How many meiotic and mitotic divisions are
5. Synergids are _______ [Mar 10]
required for the formation of male gametophyte
pl

(A) haploid (B) triploid from pollen mother cell? [Mar 20]
(C) diploid (D) tetraploid (A) 2 meiotic and 1 mitotic
6. How many meiotic divisions are required for the (B) 1 meiotic and 1 mitotic
(C) 1 meiotic and 2 mitotic
m

formation of 100 seeds? [Oct 13]

(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 100 (D) 125 (D) 2 meiotic and 2 mitotic
18. How many meiotic and mitotic divisions occur
7. During fertilization, male gametes are carried by during the development of male gametophyte
pollen tube. This is called [Oct 13]
Sa

from the microspore mother cell? [Mar 22]

(A) Syngamy (B) Mesogamy (A) One meiotic and two mitotic
(C) Polygamy (D) Siphonogamy (B) Two meiotic only
8. For formation of 50 seeds, how many minimum (C) Two mitotic only
meiotic divisions are necessary? [Mar 14] (D) One mitotic and one meiotic
(A) 25 (B) 50 (C) 75 (D) 63 19. How many mitotic divisions take place during
the formation of a female gametophyte from a
9. In bisexual flowers, maturation of gynoecium functional megaspore? [Mar 23]
before androecium is known as ______. [Mar 14] (A) One (B) Two
(A) protandry (B) protogyny (C) Three (D) Four
(C) gynandry (D) dicliny
20. Which of the following types require pollinator
10. If the number of chromosomes in an endosperm but result is genetically similar to autogamy?
cell is 27, what will be the chromosome number [Mar 24]
in the definitive nucleus? [Mar 15] (A) Geitonogamy (B) Xenogamy
(A) 9 (B) 18 (C) 27 (D) 36 (C) Apogamy (D) Cleistogamy

131
 

Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions (Biology)

ns 2. Sketch and label the diagram of ovule most
Theory Questions commonly seen in angiosperms. [July 22]
1.5 Megasporogenesis
1.1 Asexual Reproduction
1. Sketch and label stages in development of
1. What is vegetative reproduction? Describe any
angiospermic female gametophyte from
‘three’ natural methods of vegetative
functional megaspore. [July 16]
reproduction with examples. [Oct 14]
2. Describe the development of Female
2. Define vegetative propagation. [Mar 15]
gametophyte in Angiosperms. [Oct 09]
3. Label the parts (1) and (2) in budding of yeast OR
cell. [Oct 15] With the help of a neat and labelled diagram
(2) describe the development of female

t
gametophyte of angiosperms. [Mar 18]
Nucleus

en
3. Sketch and label female gametophyte of
Vacuole Angiosperms. [Oct 08]
(1) OR
Sketch and label angiospermic embryo sac.
4. What is ‘vegetative reproduction’? Explain ‘any
three’natural methods of vegetative reproduction. [Mar 20]

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[July 18] 1.6 Pollination
5. Define stock and scion. [July 18] 1. Give floral adaptations in anemophily and
6. What is artificial method of vegetative propagation? entomophily. [Mar 09]
OR
Co
Describe:
i. Cutting ii. Budding. Describe floral adaptations in Anemophily and
[Mar 20] Entomophily. [Oct 09]

7. Explain following term: 2. Define geitonogamy and xenogamy.

Grafting [Mar 24] Explain how dichogamy favours cross
pollination. [Mar 13]
1.2 Sexual Reproduction 3. Give the floral adaptations for chiropterophily.
e

1. Sketch and label T.S. of anther. [Mar 15] [Mar 16]

4. Give the floral adaptations for anemophily.
pl

2. Sketch and label the T.S. of undehisced anther.

[July 16]
[Oct 15]
5. Enlist any ‘two’ floral adaptations in Salvia.
1.3 Microsporogenesis [Mar 17]
m

1. Explain the structure of male gametophyte of 6. Differentiate between anemophily and

angiosperms with the help of a suitable diagram. entomophily. [Mar 17]
[Mar 13]
7. Give the floral adaptations of entomophily.
Sa

2. What is microsporogenesis? [Oct 13] [July 17]

3. Give a neat and labelled sketch of the germinating 8. Add a note on pollination mechanism in Salvia.
angiospermic pollen grain. [Oct 14] [July 17]
4. Sketch and label typical angiospermic pollen 9. Complete the following chart and rewrite:
grain. [Mar 08]
OR Agencies Type of Pollination
Sketch and label a pollen grain of angiosperms. i. Water _______
[Mar 18] ii. _______ Entomophily
5. Sketch and label structure of male gametophyte in iii. Bat _______
angiosperm. [Mar 10; Mar 19] iv. _______ Ornithophily
[Mar 19]
1.4 Structure of Anatropous Ovule
10. Define pollination. Explain different types of
1. Sketch and label V. S. of anatropous ovule. self and cross pollination with suitable
[Mar 09; Oct 13; Mar 17] examples. [July 19]
132
 
Chapter 01: Reproduction in Lower
and Higher Plants
11. i. Describe any three adaptations in ii. Give any four points of significance of
anemophilous flowers. double fertilization. [Mar 23]
Mention any one example of the
5. If the megaspore mother cell has 26
anemophilous flower.
chromosomes, what will be the total number
ii. Describe any three adaptations in
of chromosomes in endosperm of the same
hydrophilous flowers. plant? [July 23]
Mention any one example of the
hydrophilous flower. [Mar 23] 6. What are the significances of double
fertilization? [Mar 24]
12. i. What is pollination?
ii. Differentiate between Anemophily and 7. How many meiotic divisions are required for
Entomophily with reference to : the formation of 300 seeds in angiosperm?
a. pollinating agent [Mar 24]
b. stigma 1.10 Development of Endosperm

t
c. nectar
d. fragrance [July 23] 1. Describe the formation of helobial

en
endosperm. [July 16]
1.7 Outbreeding Devices (Contrivances)
1.11 Development of Embryo
1. With the help of a suitable example, explain
1. Explain the development of dicot embryo in
protandry. [Oct 15]
angiosperms. [Mar 10]

nt
2. Explain outbreeding devices in angiospermic
2. Name the parts W, X, Y and Z from the
plants. [Mar 19]
following figure: [Mar 17]
OR
Explain any four contrivances to prevent self -
Co
pollination in plants with an appropriate W
example of each type. [July 23]
Y
3. Describe outbreeding devices which encourages
cross pollination. [Mar 22]
1.8 Pollen-Pistil Interaction Z
e

1. Name the part of gynoecium that determines the X

compatibility of pollen grains. [Mar 22]
pl

1.9 Double Fertilization

1.12 Seed and Fruit Development
1. What is ‘double fertilization’? Describe it with
the help of a neat and well labelled diagram. 1. Sketch and label the V.S. of anatropous ovule
and answer the following questions:
m

Give its importance. [Mar 14]

i. How many mitotic divisions are required to
2. ‘Formation of primary endosperm nucleus is produce embryo sac?
called triple fusion’. Give reason. [Mar 15] ii. Which part of ovule is converted into seed coat?
iii. Which part provides the passage for entry of
Sa

3. What is double fertilization? Describe the

process in brief. [Mar 16] pollen tube during fertilization? [July 19]
2. Match the parts of ovule given in column I with
4. i. Following are the diagrams of entry of parts of seed given in column II:
pollen tube into ovule. Identify the type A
and B. Column I Column II
(a) egg (1) testa
Pollen (b) nucellus (2) tegmen
tube (c) outer integument (3) perisperm
(d) inner integument (4) embryo
Embryo
sac
[Mar 22]
3. i. Kabban Park in Bengaluru is having dull
Pollen flowers with strong fragrance, abundant
Funicle tube nectar and edible pollen grains. Identify
B
the type of pollination, the flowers are
A
adapted for.
133
 

Std. XII Sci.: Board Questions (Biology)

ii. The process of fruit formation without
fertilization is termed as _______.
iii. Differentiate between albuminous and
exalbuminous seeds. [July 22]
1.13 Apomixis
1. Explain following term:
Apomixis [Mar 24]
1.14 Parthenocarpy
1. Define parthenocarpy. [Oct 15]
OR
Explain following term: Parthenocarpy

t
[Mar 24]

en
1.15 Polyembryony
1. Define polyembryony. State its different types.
[July 22]
2. Explain following term:

nt
Polyembryony [Mar 24]
Co
e
pl
m
Sa

134