IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF TANZANIA

AT ARUSHA

(CORAM: LILA, J.A., GALEBA, J.A. And MGEYEKWA, J J U

CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 12 OF 2021

ALLY S/O SHABANI @ NZIGE............................................................APPELLANT

VERSUS
THE REPUBLIC.................................................................... ........ RESPONDENT
(Appeal from the decision of the High Court of Tanzania at Arusha)

(Gwae, J.l

Dated the 10thday of June, 2020

in

Criminal Appeal No. 18 of 2020

JUDGMENT OF THE COURT

9th & 23rd February, 2024

MGEYEKWA, J.A.

The appellant, Ally Shabanl @ Nzige stood trial at the Resident

Magistrate's Court of Arusha with incest by males contrary to section 158

(1) (a) of the Penal Code. The particulars of the offence is that on 12th May,

2017 at Themi Simba Village within Arumeru District in Arusha Region, he

did have prohibited sexual intercourse with his daughter, aged 11 years. To

conceal the victim's identity, we shall henceforth refer to her as 'PW l1 as

she so testified before the trial court.

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 The appellant pleaded not guilty to the charge, and the case went to

full trial, in which the prosecution called five (5) witnesses. On his defence,

the appellant defended himself and called two other witnesses.

From a total of five witnesses, the prosecution account was as

follows: the victim who testified as PW1 was living with her parents, two

siblings and other relatives in her parent's house. PW1 recalled that on 12th

May, 2017, she was with her two siblings in their bedroom while her

mother was not around. According to PW1, on the material day, while she

was asleep, her biological father called her into his bedroom and asked her

to remove a thorn from his feet. Shockingly, the appellant ordered her to

undress her clothes and lie on bed. Then, he inserted his penis into her

vagina. It was the testimony of PW1 that, the experience was painful.

Subsequently, during the same night, PW1 headed to Kazembe (PW3)

house, their neighbour to report the incident Consequently, PW1 and PW3

reported the incident to the Hamlet Chairman one Kaisi Salim Mbwana

(PW2).

The victim's evidence was flanked by Kaisi Salim Mbwana, the Village

Executive Officer (PW2), he recalled that on 12th May, 2017 at 10:00 pm,

he heard a knock on the door; when he opened the door he saw PW1 who
was accompanied by PW3 and his wife. PW1 was crying; she narrated what

had befallen her. After that, they headed to the appellant's house and

arrested him. Consequently, the appellant was taken to the Police Station

and on the same night, PW1 proceeded to the hospital.

More evidence of the encounter came from Kazembe Salim Mbwana

(PW3), who testified to the effect that on 12th May, 2017 at 10:00 pm, he

saw PW1 who entered into his house crying, PW1 made some explicit

narrations of the encounters, told PW3, what her father allegedly did to

her. PW3, recalled that PW1 said that, her father asked her to remove a

thorn from his leg, but astonishingly, her father ordered her to sleep with

him, he placed PW1 on his bed and raped her. PW1 felt bad and decided to

run way and go to PW3's house. Thereafter, PW3 and PW1 reported the

incident to PW2. Subsequently, they proceeded to the scene, but the

appellant was not around. After a while, he arrived and was taken to the

Village Chairman. PW2 reported the incident to the police and the appellant

was arrested and charged as shown above.

Mwanahamisi Issa (PW4) the victims' mother testified to the effect

that, on the material day, she was at the funeral of his eldest sister. PW1

and PW3 disclosed the ordeal. In cross-examination, she admitted that, she
did not examine PW l's private parts to confirm if she was raped and did

not accompany her to the hospital.

The evidence of PW1 was supported by Rehema Goduin Lema, a

Clinical Officer (PW5) who recalled that on 13th May 2017, she examined

the victim at Meru District Hospital and found that her vagina was reddish

and had bruises. PW5 supported her evidence with the victim's PF3, which

was admitted in evidence as exhibit PI.

On the other hand, the appellant, Ally Shabani who testified as DW1,

denied the charge levelled against him. He recalled that, on 16th January,

2018 around 12:00 pm, the Village Chairman apprehended him and

escorted him to USA -River Police Station. Later, he was arraigned in the

trial court facing rape charges. It was his testimony that, in 2017, he was

charged by the trial court (P. A. Kisinda - RM) on the same offence and

later he was released. DW1 had two wives. He testified to the effect that

PW3 had an affair with his first wife and there were grudges between him

and PW3.

Adija Maulid (DW2) and Halima Issa (DW3) testified as his witnesses.

DW2, the appellant's second wife recalled that, on the material day around

08:30 pm, she had dinner with the appellant at their house. Someone
awakened them late at night, and alleged that appellant has raped her

daughter. DW3, recalled that she heard what had befallen PW1 and on the

same day, she saw the appellant coming out from DW2's house.

As alluded to above, the trial court was convinced by the version of

the prosecution witnesses. Accordingly, the appellant's defence evidence

was rejected leading to his conviction and a sentence of 30 years

imprisonment. Dissatisfied, the appellant unsuccessfully lodged an appeal

to the High Court. Hence the instant appeal in which the appellant is

desirous of demonstrating his innocence.

The appeal is predicated on five grounds of complaint, which may be

paraphrased as follows; one, that the first appellate court erred in law by

holding that the prosecution had proved their case beyond reasonable

doubt; two that, the first appellate court erred in fact and law by failing to

draw adverse inference against the prosecution for failure to call a material

witness (PW3's wife). Three that, the first appellate court erred in law and

fact by failing to weigh that there were grudges between the appellant and

PW3 thus, the case against him was framed; four that, the first appellate

Court erred in law and fact by holding that PW1, a child of tender age, had

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promised to tell the truth; and five that, the trial court did not evaluate

and accord weight to the appellant's defence of alibi.

At the hearing of the appeal, the appellant appeared in person,

unrepresented. The respondent Republic had the services of Ms. Riziki

Mahanyu, learned Senior State Attorney who co-appeared with Mses.

Neema Mbwana, Eunice Makala and Tusaje Samwel, all learned State

Attorneys.

When allowed to amplify on his grounds of appeal, the appellant,

besides adopting the grounds of appeal contended that, the evidence

against him by PW1, PW2 and PW3 was riddled with glaring contradictions

and inconsistencies, thus rendering their respective testimonies unworthy

of belief. He clarified that, PW1 in her testimony testified to the effect that,

the appellant ordered her to remove her clothes, contrary to what PW1 told

PW2 that, the appellant is the one who undressed her. Yet another

contradiction is when PW1 told PW3 that, it was the appellant who put her

on his bed. He continued to argue that in 2017, he was arraigned and

acquitted before the same court for the same offence and same victim.

Submitting on ground four, the appellant contended that, PWl's

evidence was recorded contrary to section 127 of the Evidence Act (the
EA). He clarified that the victim did not state if she woul tell the truth and

not lies before the trial court. To bolster his submission, he cited the case

of John Mkorongo James v. The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 498 of

2020 (unreported).

It was his further submission that the trial court misdirected itself

because the contents of the PF3 was not read out in court. He criticized the

first appellate court for upholding the conviction while the prosecution

failed to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt. He urged us to allow the

appeal, quash the conviction and set aside the sentence.

On the adversary side, Ms. Makala expressed her stance at the very

outset that she did not support the appeal. She opted to submit first on

ground two of the appeal. She argued that PW3's wife was not a material

witness because in carnally known cases, the best evidence comes from

the victim, and PW1 narrated what had befallen her and proved that it was

the appellant who carnally known her. Relying on section 143 of the EA and

the case of Daktari Jumanne v. The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 601

of 2023. [2023] TZCA 221 (4 May 2023) TanzLII, she was sure that PW3's

wife was not a material witness. She contended that, PW l's evidence was

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corroborated by that of PW2, PW3 and the Medical Doctor (PW5) who

examined the victim and proved that she was carnally known.

With regard to the third ground of appeal, Ms. Makala disagreed with

the appellant's complaints. She contended that the quarrel between the

appellant and PW3 was not a cooked story because the appellant never

cross-examined PW3 on that aspect. She clarified that, failure to cross

examine a witness on an important matter is deemed to have accepted

that matter and will be estopped from asking the trial court to disbelieve

what the witness said. To reinforce her submission, she referred the Court

to the case of Daktari Jumanne (supra).

As to the fourth ground, Ms. Makala argued that the victim promised

to tell the truth, and she took an oath. She clarified that before the hearing

of the prosecution case, the victim promised to tell the truth in accordance

with section 127 of the EA, and the trial court proceeded to guide her to

take oath. Relying again on the case of Daktari Jumanne (supra), she

was optimistic that PW1 understood the meaning of oath, thus, taking oath

and failure to promise to tell the truth is not fatal because she testified

under oath.

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 On ground five, the learned State Attorney was brief. She simply

stated that the trial court in its judgment elaborated, evaluated and

accorded necessary weight to the defence of alibi, therefore, the appellant

cannot fault the trial court. To support her contention, she referred us to

page 65 of the record of appeal.

On the first ground, the learned State Attorney admitted that the PF3

was tendered and admitted at the trial court, however, the same was

worthless because, as shown on page 17 of the record of appeal, its

contents were not read out after it was admitted in the evidence, and the

same was expunged by the first appellate court. In her view, after its

expungement, there are other pieces of evidence to support the

prosecution case. Expounding, she said that, PWl's evidence proved the

offence of incest by male against the appellant to the hilt and her evidence

was corroborated by PW5, who proved that PW1 was carnally known. She

cemented that, there was no dispute that the appellant was arrested on

12th May 2017.

When the Court prompted Ms. Makala to submit on the unexplained

delay to arraign the appellant in court, she elucidated that there was an

unexplainable delay to arraign the appellant to the court. She exemplified

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that, the incident occurred on 12th May, 2017, however, the appellant was

arraigned to court on 18th January, 2018 after a lapse of six months.

However, in her view, the delay was due to the ongoing investigation. On

being probed by the Court, she conceded that the unexplained delay in

taking steps against a suspect raised doubts.

On the strength of her submission, the learned State Attorney

beckoned upon the Court to dismiss the appeal.

In his brief rejoinder, the appellant stressed that the whole case was

a frame-up against him and prayed that the appeal be allowed.

Having heard and considered the submissions from either side, we

have chosen to disregard all other grounds of appeal and confine our

decision to grounds one that the prosecution failed to prove the case

beyond reasonable doubt. We have noted that two interconnected issues

arise on this ground; one, whether PW1 was a credible witness and two,

whether the unexplainable delay to arraign the appellant in court was

justified. In this matter, ground one suffice to dispose of this appeal for

reasons that will unfold during this judgment.

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 We understand that this is a second appeal, where, the Court will not

readily interfere with concurrent findings of the two courts below on

matters of fact unless certain irregulates or violations were committed by

the first appellate court in its decision. The principle was reiteratedin the

caseof Wankuru Mwita v. Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 219of 2012

(unreported). The Court stated as follows:

" The law is w ell settled that on second appeal\ the

Court w ill not readily disturb concurrent findings o f
facts by the tria l court and first appellate court unless
it can be shown that they are perverse, demonstrably
wrong or clearly unreasonable or are a result o f a
complete misapprehension o f the substance, nature
or non-direction on the evidence; a violation o f some
principle o f law or procedure or have occasioned a
m iscarriage o fju stice."

See Mussa Mwaikunda v. Republic [2006] 387 and Maganga

Lushinge v. The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 150 of 2020

(unreported).

From the record, it is evident that the conviction of the appellant

was based on the credibility of prosecution witnesses. In its decision, the

first appellate court's found that the evidence of PW1 was reliable, hence

ii
confirmed, the trial court findings and conviction upon the appellant. As

alluded to above, this being a second appeal, we are alive to the principle

that, the Court should rarely disturb concurrent findings of facts by the

lower courts based on credibility because we did not have the advantage of

seeing, hearing and assessing the demeanour of the witnesses. However,

there is an exception to the rule, that the Court will interfere with any such

findings, if the findings have been reached in misapprehension of facts and

quality of the evidence resulting in unfair conviction or violation of some

principles of law, occasioning a failure of justice. See Wankuru Mwita

(supra) and Jafari Mohamed v. The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 112

of 2006 (unreported).

The second principle is that, it is deficient for the trial court to simply

state that it trusted the credibility of a witness, or is satisfied with the

demeanour of a witness. The reason for its decision must be recorded as

that would assist the appellate court to determine whether indeed the trial

court considered the credibility of a witness. See the case of Abraham

Wilson Kaaya v. The Republic (Criminal Appeal No. 54 of 2020) 2023]

TZCA 17655 (26 September 2023) TanZLII.

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 More so, the credibility of a witness can also be determined by a

second appellate court when examining the findings of the first appellate

court by assessing the consistency of such witness. In the first place we

agree with the learned State Attorney that, the question of the demeanor

of PW1 was already dealt with by the learned trial magistrate, who had the

advantage of observing the witness while giving her evidence in court.

However, as intimated earlier, PW l's demeanor not being the only factor to

assess credibility, cannot be considered in isolation to the exclusion of

credibility and assessing the coherence and consistency of such witness

evidence. See: Shabani Daudi v. The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 28

of 200 (unreported) and Abraham Wilson Kaaya (supra).

Reverting to the case at hand, a lingering question is whether the

victim gave a credible account on the charge of incest by male. It is

evident on the record as per the evidence of PW1 that, her biological father

carnally known her. PWl's evidence was corroborated by the evidence of

PW2, PW3, and PW5. However, the only evidence that directly implicates

the appellant is that of PW1 who was the victim in this case. From the

record, the trial magistrate's assessment of PWl's credibility was influenced

by only her demeanor. In his judgment, the trial magistrate summarized

13
the evidence on record and reached such a conclusion based on the

demeanor of the victim and the evidence of the medical doctor (PW5)

without testing the victim's credibility. The first appellate court on page 64

of the record of appeal found the evidence of PW1 highly credible and

sufficient without testing the credibility of PW1. This Court in Yasin

Ramadhani Chang'a v. Republic [1999] T.L.R. 489 made a general

observation regarding the demeanor of a witness. It held:

"Demeanour is exclusively for the tria l court.

H ow ever, dem eanour is im p o rta n t in situ a tio n
w here from the to ta lity o f th e evidence
adduced, an inference or inferences, can be made
which would appear to contradict the spoken w ords"
[Emphasis added]

The bolded expression justifies that the assessment of the demeanor

of a witness is the exclusive monopoly of the trial court. However, besides

observing the witness's appearance, in resolving whether the witness is

trustworthy, as alluded to above, the trial court was enjoined to associate

the witness's demeanor and her evidence in order to find out if PW1 was

credible. This position of the law was reiterated in the case of Salum Ally
v. Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 106 of 2013 (unreported), we observed

that:

"...on whether or not any particular evidence is

reliable, depends on its credibility and the weight to
be attached to such evidence. We are aware that at
its m ost basic, c re d ib ility in v o lv e s th e issu e
w hether th e w itn ess appears to be te llin g the
tru th a s he b e lie ve s it to be. In essence, this
entails the ability to assess whether the witness's
testim ony is plausible or is in harmony with the
preponderance o f probabilities which a practical and
inform ed person would readily recognize as
reasonable in the circumstances particularly in a
particular case. The test for any credible evidence is
supposed to pass, were best summarized in the case
o f A b d a llh a Teje @ M alim a M abula v. R epub lic,
Crim inal Appeal No. 195 o f2005 (unreported), to be:

(i) Whether it was legally obtained;

(ii) Whether it was credible and accurate;

(Hi) Whether it was relevant, m aterial and

competent;

(iv) Whether it meets the standard o f proof

requisite in a given case, otherwise referred to
as the weight o f evidence or strength or
believability." [Emphasis added]
15
 Guided by the above authorities, we now turn to consider the

circumstances pertaining to the appeal before us as to whether, from the

available evidence on the record, PW1 was a credible witness. In her

testimony, PW1 claimed that the incident occurred on 12th May 2017 at

10:00 hours. Her father called her in his room and asked her to remove him

a thorn from his leg. Surprisingly, he ordered her to undress her cloths and

carnally known her. After the alleged offence, PW1 did not reveal the

ordeal to her siblings; instead, at night hours, an 11-year-old girl walked

out of the house alone, to report the incident to their neighbour (PW3).

Worse still, PW2, PW3 and PW4 were all informed by PW1 on what

had befallen her. But surprisingly, none of them, including her biological

mother (PW4) accompanied the victim of tender age who was allegedly

carnally known to the hospital. PW1 in her testimony simply testified that

on the same night, she proceeded to the hospital, alone, and admittedly,

PW4 said that, she did not accompany her daughter to the hospital. For

what had befallen PW1, it is alarming, a girl of 11 years, who was sexually

molested to walk alone tardy at night, while she was in bad shape and

helpless. Even more unfortunate, PW1 proceeded to go the hospital

unaccompanied as if nobody was aware on what had befallen her. Stil, PW1

16
stayed at the hospital premises, alone, at mid- night hours until the

following day when the Medical Doctor (PW5). As alluded to above, those

circumstances escaped the attention of both the trial and first appellate

courts.

We are aware that every witness is entitled to credence and must be

believed. See Iddi Shaban @ Amasi v. The Republic, Criminal Appeal

No. 2006 (unreported) and Goodluck Kyando v. The Republic, (2006)

TLR 363. However, there are exceptions, where there are good and cogent

reasons not believing a witness. In other words, the witness evidence

should not be taken as gospel truth, but her testimony should pass the test

of truthfulness. In our previous case Mohamed Said v. the Republic,

Criminal Appeal No. 145 of 2017 (unreported), we observed that:

"We th in k it w as n ever in ten d e d th a t th e w ord

o f th e victim o f th e se x u a i offence sh o u ld be
taken a s g o sp e l tru th b u t th a t h e r o r h is
testim o n y sh o u ld p a ss the te s t o f tru th fu ln ess.
We have no doubt that justice in cases o f sexuai
offences requires strict compliance with rules o f
evidence in general, and S. 127(7) o f Cap. 6 in
particular, and that such compliance w ill lead to
punishing the offenders only in deserving cases"
[Emphasis added]
17
 Deducing from the above excerpt, it is plain that there is no dispute

that the evidence of PW1 in the case at hand was taken as gospel truth

without passing the test of truthfulness. We are doubtful on whether PW1

was telling the truth. As intimated earlier, the victim's story is wanting. The

lower courts below misapprehended the substance and quality of PWl's

evidence which was relied upon to ground conviction against the appellant.

Another shortfall that has drawn our attention is the unexplained

delay in arraigning the appellant in the court for the said offence. Our

starting point will be whether the prosecution justified the delay. From the

record, the charge sheet shows that the offence of incest by male occurred

on 12th May, 2017. However, the appellant was arraigned at the trial court

on 18th January, 2018. The charge was read over and explained to him six

months after the incident, as is evident at page 1 of the record of appeal.

The Court has already dealt with the state of the law related to the delay of

arraigning a suspect to the court of law. See Ramson Peter Ondile v.

The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 84 of 2021 and Shabani Salimu v

The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 519 of 2021 (both unreported).

According to the appellant, he was arrested by the police officer in

2017 and discharged by the trial court (P. A. Kisinda- RM) on the same

18
offence and same victim. Astonishing, on 16th July 2018, he was again

arrested and charged for the same offence. Going by the appellant's

evidence, we think there is a need to scrutinize the charge sheet. For easy

reference, we undertake to reproduce the charge sheet hereunder. It reads:

"STATEMENT OF OFFENCE
INCEST BY MALE Contrary to sections 158 (l)(a) of
the Penal Code Cap. 16 [R.E 2002].
PARTICULARS OF OFFENCE
A lly S/O Shabani @ Nzige on 12th M ay, 2 0 1 7 at
Themi Simba Village within Arumeru D istrict within
the City and Region o f Arusha did have prohibited
carnal knowledge with his daughter one 5, a g irl o f
eleven (11) years o f age.
S ig n e d a t A ru sh a th is 15s1 day o f Jan u ary, 2 0 1 8 "

STATE ATTORNEY

Deducing from the above excerpt, it is an undisputable fact that there

was no actual explanation for such a delay. In response to our inquiry

about the delay, Ms. Makala made a statement from the bar that the delay

was due to the ongoing investigation. However, on probing by the Court,

she conceded that there was no any cogent evidence to prove her

assertion.

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 As mentioned earlier, the charge sheet shows that the appellant was

charged after a lapse of approximately six (6) months from the date when

the alleged offence was committed. The unexplainable delay, which is

featured in the charge sheet is linked with the appellant’s defense story

that he was once charged and acquitted on the same offense. It is

therefore, our considered view that the delay in arraigning the appellant in

court was inexcusable and unjustified. The same created a reasonable

doubt in the prosecution case which the appellant claimed was framed

against him. See David Zabron @ Lusumo v The Republic, Criminal

Appeal No. 241 of 2020. In the same vein, the Court in the case of

Ramson Peter Ondile v. The Republic, Criminal Appeal No. 84 of 2021

[2022] TZCA 608 (6th October 2022) TanzLII held that:

"It is th e re fo re o u r co n sid e re d vie w th a t th e

u n e x p la in e d d e ia y to a rra ig n th e a p p e lla n t in
c o u rt cre a te s d o u b t in th e p ro se cu tio n case
as to w h e th e r th e in c id e n t o ccu rre d a s
a lle g e d
[Emphasis added]

For the aforesaid reasons, it suffices to say that, the prosecution did

not prove the case beyond reasonable doubt. In the circumstances, we

think is unnecessary to deal with the remaining grounds of appeal.

20
 Consequently, we allow the appeal, quash the conviction and set

aside the sentence imposed on the appellant. We, accordingly, order that

the appellant be set at liberty forthwith unless he is held for some other

lawful cause.

Order accordingly.

DATED at ARUSHA this 22ndday of February, 2024.

S. A. LILA
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

Z. N. GALEBA
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

A. Z. MGEYEKWA
JUSTICE OF APPEAL

The Judgment delivered this 23rd day of February, 2024 in the presence of

Mr. Ally Shabani @ Nzige, the Appellant unrepresented, present in person

and Ms. Neema Mbwana, learned State Attorney for the

Respondent/Republic, is hereby certified as a true copy of the original.

D. R. LYIMO
DEPUTY REGISTRAR
COURT OF APPEAL