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Other documents randomly have
different content
 XLI.

1.—“By her the progress of our future kind.”

“What may man be? Who can tell? But what may woman be
To have power over man from cradle to corruptible grave?”
—William Blake (“Jerusalem”).

Id.... “The application of the Pfeiffer bequest, ‘for charitable and educational
purposes in favour of women,’ has been delayed by legal difficulties, but the
Attorney General has now submitted to the Court of Chancery a first list of awards.
Details given in the Journal of Education show that Girton and Newnham Colleges
receive £5,000 each, whilst Bedford College, Somerville Hall, the New Hospital for
Women, the Maria Grey Training College, and a number of other institutions
benefit by slightly smaller sums. The bequests will doubtless be welcomed by the
recipients, for all the institutions included so far are doing useful work with very
inadequate means, and it is to be hoped that the generous example of the London
merchant and his literary wife will be often followed in the future. Women’s
education—and girls’, too, for that matter—in this country is almost unendowed,
and is yet expected to produce results equal to those gained in the richly endowed
foundations for boys and men. The interest of the Pfeiffer bequest, however, lies
rather in the spirit that prompted it and in the views of progress held by the donors
than in the generosity of the gift or the precise manner of its distribution. In a
letter explaining his wishes, Mr. Pfeiffer remarks:—
“I have always had and am adhering to the idea of leaving the bulk
of my property in England for charitable and educational purposes in
favour of women. Theirs is, to my mind, the great influence of the
future. Education and culture and responsibility in more than one
direction, including that of politics, will gradually fit them for the
exercise of every power that could possibly work towards the
regeneration of mankind. It is women who have hitherto had the
worst of life, but their interest, and with their interest that of
humanity, is secured, and I therefore am determined to help them to
the best of my ability and means.”—Manchester Guardian, June 7th,
1892.
“Men are what their mothers made them. You may as well ask a
loom which weaves huckaback, why it does not make cashmere, as
expect poetry from this engineer, or a chemical discovery from that
jobber. Ask the digger in the ditch to explain Newton’s laws; the fine
organs of his brain have been pinched by overwork and squalid
poverty from father to son, for a hundred years. When each comes
forth from his mother’s womb, the gate of gifts closes behind him.
Let him value his hands and feet, he has but one pair. So he has but
one future, and that is already predetermined in his lobes, and
described in that little fatty face, pig-eye, and squat form.”—Emerson
(Essay on Fate).
Id.... “The British race cannot afford to dispense with all the
advantage that may be in embryo in the future female intellect,
because men and some women are found who declare that women
are intellectually inferior.... No amount of prayers and wishes and
submitting to God’s will are of any avail. You must use the organs of
the intellect in order, not only to increase their efficiency, but to
prevent their going from bad to worse. It might here be noted, that
because the British people might choose to be satisfied with atrophy
of the intellect lobes in their mothers, it will not at all follow that
other nations will do so also. If such things as nations exist, there
will always be rivalry and competition, and depend upon it those will
be first whose mothers generally possess the most efficient intellect
lobes.... Fortunately we have learnt another great lesson, evolved by
Charles Darwin’s frontal lobes, and that is, that there is no such thing
as a fixed and unalterable tissue or organism anywhere. All
organisms and parts of organisms are changeable. Everything—
organ and organism—has changed in the past, is changing in the
present, and will change in the future in accordance with the
conditions that surround it. Women’s frontal lobes and grey matter
will certainly be no exception to the rule. Emancipation, keeping her
eyes open, and thinking for herself are the three main things she has
to keep hammering at, until the lords of creation see that they are the
right things to do, to save future generations from universal
imbecility.”—E. Bonavia, M.D. (“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”).

2.—“Their stalwart body and their spacious mind;”

“If she be small, slight-natured, miserable,
How shall men grow?”
—Tennyson (“The Princess,” Canto 7).
 XLIII.

8.—“Where lies her richest gift, ...”

“As I have already said more than once, I consider it presumption

in anyone to pretend to decide what women are or are not, can or
cannot be by natural constitution. They have always hitherto been
kept, as far as regards spontaneous development, in so unnatural a
state, that their nature cannot but have been greatly distorted and
disguised, and no one can safely pronounce that if women’s nature
were left to choose its direction as freely as men’s, and if no artificial
bent were attempted to be given to it except that required by the
conditions of human society, and given to both sexes alike, there
would be any material difference, or perhaps any difference at all, in
the character and capacities which would unfold themselves.”—J. S.
Mill (“The Subjection of Women,” p. 104).
 XLIV.

4.—“... the freeman, equable ...”

“The freeman assuredly scorns equally to insult and to be

insulted.”—Alexander Walker (“Woman as to Mind,” p. 205).
 XLV.

2.—“... equal freedom, equal fate ...”

“As long as boys and girls run about in the dirt, and trundle hoops
together, they are both precisely alike. If you catch up one half of
these creatures and train them to a particular set of actions and
opinions, and the other half to a perfectly opposite set, of course
their understandings will differ, as one or the other sort of
occupations has called this or that talent into action. There is surely
no occasion to go into any deeper or more abstruse reasoning in
order to explain so very simple a phenomenon.”—Sydney Smith
(“Female Education”).
Id.... “Was it Mary Somerville who had to hide her books, and
study her mathematics by stealth after all the family had gone to
sleep, for fear of being scolded and worried because she allowed her
intellect full scope? She has now a bust in the Royal Institution!...
Whatever view of the case theoretical considerations may suggest,
there is one fact beyond cavil, and it is this: that the female frontal
lobes are not only capable of equalling in power the male lobes, but
can surpass them when allowed free scope. This has been recently
proved in one of the universities, where a woman surpassed the
senior wrangler in mathematics—an essentially intellectual work.”—
Dr. Emanuel Bonavia (“Woman’s Frontal Lobes”).
The “girl graduate” last referred to is Miss Philippa Fawcett at the
University Examinations, Cambridge, in June, 1890.

3.—“Together reared ...”

“We find a good example in the United States, where, to the horror
of learned and unlearned pedants of both sexes, numerous colleges
exist in which large numbers of young men and women are educated
together. And with what results? President White, of the University
of Michigan, expresses himself thus: ‘For some years past a young
woman has been the best scholar of the Greek language among 1,300
students; the best student in mathematics in one of the classes of our
institution is a young woman, and many of the best scholars in
natural and general science are also young women.’ Dr. Fairchild,
President of Oberlin College in Ohio, in which over 1,000 students of
both sexes study in mixed classes, says: ‘During an experience of
eight years as Professor of the ancient languages, Latin, Greek, and
Hebrew, and in the branches of ethics and philosophy, and during an
experience of eleven years in theoretical and applied mathematics,
the only difference which I have observed between the sexes was in
the manner of their rhetoric.’ Edward H. Machill, President of
Swarthmore College, in Pennsylvania, tells us that an experience of
four years has forced him to the conclusion that the education of
both sexes in common leads to the best moral results. This may be
mentioned in passing as a reply to those who imagine such an
education must endanger morality.”—Bebel (“Women,” Walther’s
Translation, p. 131). (See also Notes to line 7, forward.)
It is of good omen that the precedent thus set in America is finding
a following in our own isle also. All honour to the University of St.
Andrews, concerning which sundry newspapers of 15th March, 1892,
relate that: “The Senatus Academicus of the University of St.
Andrews has agreed to open its classes in arts, science, and theology
to women, who will be taught along with men. The University will
receive next year a sum of over £30,000 to be spent on bursaries,
one half of the sum to be devoted to women exclusively. Steps are
being taken to secure a hall of residence in which the women
students may live while attending the University classes.”
Id.—“... in purity and truth,
Through plastic childhood and retentive youth.”

“Je voudrais que ce petit volume apportât au lecteur un peu de la

jouissance que j’ai goûtée en le composant. Il complète mes
Souvenirs, et mes souvenirs sont une partie essentielle de mon
œuvre. Qu’ils augmentent ou qu’ils diminuent mon autorité
philosophique, ils expliquent, ils montrent l’origine de mes
jugements, vrais ou faux. Ma mère, avec laquelle j’ai été si pauvre, à
côté de laquelle j’ai travaillé des heures, n’interrompant mon travail
que pour lui dire: ‘Maman, êtes-vous contente de moi?’ mes petites
amies d’enfance qui m’enchantaient par leur gentillesse discrète, ma
sœur Henriette, si haute, si pure, qui, à vingt ans, m’entraîna dans la
voie de la raison et me tendit la main pour franchir un passage
difficile, ont embaumé le commencement de ma vie d’un arôme qui
durera jusqu’à la mort.”—Ernest Renan (“Souvenirs d’Enfance.”).

5.—“Their mutual sports of sinew and of brain.”

“No boy nor girl should leave school without possessing a grasp of
the general character of science, and without having been disciplined
more or less in the methods of all sciences; so that when turned into
the world to make their own way, they shall be prepared to face
scientific problems, not by knowing at once the conditions of every
problem, or by being able at once to solve it, but by being familiar
with the general current of scientific thought, and by being able to
apply the methods of science in the proper way, when they have
acquainted themselves with the conditions of the special problem.”—
T. H. Huxley (“Essay on Scientific Education”).
And the same learned professor tells us, on another occasion:—“A
liberal education is an artificial education which has not only
prepared a man to escape the great evils of disobedience to natural
laws, but has trained him to appreciate and to seize upon the rewards
which Nature scatters with as free a hand as her penalties. That man,
I think,” (shall we not include “woman” also, on his own showing as
above?) “has had a liberal education who has been so trained in
youth that his body is the ready servant of his will, and does with
ease and pleasure all the work that, as a mechanism, it is capable of;
whose intellect is a clear, cold logic engine, with all its parts in equal
strength and in smooth working order, ready, like a steam engine, to
be turned to every kind of work, and spin the gossamers as well as
forge the anchors of the mind; whose mind is stored with a
knowledge of the great and fundamental truths of Nature, and of the
laws of her operations; one who, no stunted ascetic, is full of life and
fire, but whose passions are trained to come to heel by a vigorous
will, the servant of a tender conscience; who has learned to love all
beauty, whether of Nature or of art, to hate all vileness, and to
respect others as himself.
 “Such an one, and no other, I conceive, has had a liberal education,
for he is as completely as a man can be in harmony with Nature. He
will make the best of her, and she of him. They will get on together
rarely; she as his ever beneficent mother, he as her mouthpiece, her
conscious self, her minister, and interpreter.”—Id. (“Essay on a
Liberal Education.”)

6.—“In strength alike the sturdy comrades train; ...”

How largely strength is simply a matter of training may be

instanced by a case or two:—
“The results of practice and training from childhood on the bodily
development can be seen in female acrobats and circus riders, who
could compete with any man in courage, daring, dexterity, and
strength, and whose performances are frequently astonishing.”—
Bebel (“Woman,” p. 126).
“I am a medical man. I have spent several years in Africa, and have
seen human nature among tribes whose habits are utterly unlike
those of Europe. I had been accustomed to believe that the muscular
system of women is necessarily feebler than that of men, and
perhaps I might have dogmatised to that effect; but, to my
astonishment, I found the African women to be as strong as our
men.... Not only did I see the proof of it in their work and in the
weights which they lifted, but on examining their arms I found them
large and hard beyond all my previous experience. On the contrary, I
saw the men of these tribes to be weak, their muscles small and
flabby. Both facts are accounted for by the habits of the people. The
men are lazy in the extreme; all the hard work is done by the
women.”—(Westminster Review, Oct., 1865, p. 355.)
“Les femmes Sphakiotes ne le cèdent en rien aux hommes pour la
vigueur et l’énergie. J’ai vu un jour une femme ayant un enfant dans
les bras et un sac de farine sur la tête, gravir, malgré ce double
fardeau, la pente escarpée qui conduit à Selia.”—Jules Ballot
(“Histoire de l’Insurrection Crétoise,” Paris, 1868, p. 251).
Id.... In this context it is pleasant to find in the newspapers such a
note as the following:—
 “The frost continued throughout West Cheshire yesterday, and skating on rather
rough ice was largely enjoyed. At Eaton, where the Duke of Westminster is
entertaining a party, the guests had a hockey match on the frozen fish-pond in
front of the hall. The players, who kept the game up with spirit for over an hour,
included the Duchess of Westminster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Ormonde,
Lady Beatrice and Lady Constance Buller, Lord Arthur Grosvenor, Lord Gerald
Grosvenor, Lady Margaret and Lady Mary Grosvenor, Captain and Mrs. Cawley,
Hon. Mrs. Norman Grosvenor, Hon. Mrs. Thomas Grosvenor, General Julian Hall,
and party.”—(Manchester Courier, 12th Jan., 1892.)
Later on in the year we read in the journal Woman:—
“At the Marlow Regatta an extremely pretty girl in navy serge, built Eton fashion,
was a Miss ——, who wore as an under-bodice a full vest of shaded yellow Indian
silk. Her prowess with the oar is the cause of daily admiration to the Marlowites.”
Again, on August 15th, 1892, the Manchester Evening Mail has the
following:—
“An ailing ‘navvy,’ who has been engaged in some works near Versailles, was a
few days ago admitted to a hospital in that town. Before the sick person had long
been in the institution it was discovered that the apparent ‘navvy’ was a woman.
The superintendent of the hospital was not in the least surprised on hearing of the
transformation scene, for it appears that he is accustomed to deal with many
woman patients who enter the hospital in male attire. It is common in the district
(says a Paris correspondent) for robust women to don men’s garb in order to
obtain remunerative employment as navvies, porters, farm labourers, road
menders, or assistants to bricklayers, masons, and builders. It has long been
established that the average Frenchwoman of town or country has as great a
capacity for work either in counting-houses, shops, fields, or farms as her lord and
master has for laziness and lolling in the cafés, playing dominoes, and smoking
cigarettes.”
On the preceding day, August 14th, 1892, the St. Petersburg
journals reported that:—
“Ces jours-ci sera érigé à Sébastopol le monument élevé en l’honneur des
Femmes de cette ville qui, en 1854, ont construit seules une batterie contre les
troupes alliées. C’est une pyramide taillée en granit d’une hauteur de cinquante
pieds. Sur un côté est écrit en lettres d’or: ‘C’est ici que se trouvait la batterie des
Femmes’; sur l’autre face les mots suivants sont gravés: ‘A cet endroit, en 1854, les
Femmes de Sébastopol ont construit une batterie.’ Le jour de l’inauguration de ce
monument n’est pas encore fixé. L’impératrice se fera représenter à l’inauguration
par un grand-duc.”
And, in October, 1892, the “sporting” newspapers recorded that:—
“Women are gradually coming to the fore as bicycle riders. Miss Dudley, a well-
known rider, has just accomplished a feat which would have seemed wonderful for
any rider not long ago. She has ridden from a spot near Hitchin to Lincoln, a
distance of 100 miles, in little more than seven hours, or at the average speed of
about fourteen miles an hour. Mr. and Mrs. Smith are well-known as tandem
riders, and they have won many races together; but this is, perhaps, the first
recorded instance of a woman cyclist holding her own so well, unaided, in a long
road ride.”
See also “The Lancashire pit-brow women,” Note XVIII., 8.

7.—“Of differing sex no thought inept intrudes,”

“I have conversed, as man with man, with medical men on

anatomical subjects, and compared the proportions of the human
body with artists—yet such modesty did I meet with that I was never
reminded by word or look of my sex, and the absurd rules which
make modesty a pharisaical cloak of weakness.”—Mary
Wollstonecraft (“The Rights of Woman,” p. 278).
“As a careful observer remarks, true modesty lies in the entire
absence of thought upon the subject. Among medical students and
artists the nude causes no extraordinary emotion; indeed, Flaxman
asserted that the students in entering the Academy seemed to hang
up their passions along with their hats.”—Westermarck (“History of
Human Marriage,” p. 194).
Id.... “This is strikingly exemplified in the curious conversation
recorded in Lylie’s ‘Euphues’ and his ‘England,’ edit. 1605, 4to,
signature X—Z 2, where young unmarried people of both sexes meet
together and discuss without reserve the ticklish metaphysics of love.
But though treading on such slippery ground, it is remarkable that
they never, even by allusion, fall into grossness. Their delicate
propriety is not improbably the effect of their liberty.”—Buckle
(“Common-place Book,” No. 856).

8.—“Their purpose calmly sure all errant aim excludes.”

“We point to a present remedy for undergraduate excesses, which,

resting on the soundest theory, has also the demonstration of
unquestioned fact. It is co-education. Cease to separate human
beings because of sex. They are conjoined in the family, in the
primary and grammar schools, in society, and, after the degree
rewards four years of monastic student existence, in the whole career
of life.
“Throw open the doors of Harvard to women on equal terms,
absorb the annexe into the college proper, and as the night follows
the day, scholarship will rise, and dissipation fall by the law of
gravitation. The moral atmosphere will find immediate purification,
and the daily association of brothers and sisters in intellectual
pursuits impart a breadth of view which is an education in itself. The
professors may then be left safely to their themes, John Harvard’s
statue may cease to dread defilement, the regent will find his
censorial duties fully as perfunctory as he seems to have made them
in the past, and character will crowd out profligacy.”—William Lloyd
Garrison (in Woman’s Journal, Boston, U.S., 6th February, 1892).
“Whatsoever is ultimately decided by the wisdom of ages to be the
best possible form of culture for one human nature, must be so for
another, for one common humanity lies deeper in all and is more
essential in each than any difference.”—Sophia Jex-Blake, M.D.
 XLVI.

3.—“... impartial range ...”

Preparation in this direction is going steadily forward, not only in

the Western hemisphere, but in the Eastern. It is announced (in
August, 1892) that
“Lady students at the five Universities in Switzerland number 224. Berne is the
most popular, with 78 female undergraduates; Zurich has 70; Geneva 70; the new
University of Lausanne has five; and Basle one. The medical faculty is in most
favour with the female students, and counts 157 of the whole number; the
philosophical faculty follows with 62; five prefer the faculty of jurisprudence; the
theological faculty has not yet been invaded by the sex. More than half of the
female students, 116, are Russians, 21 Germans, 21 Swiss, 11 Americans, nine
Austrians, seven Bulgarians, four English, three Roumanians, and three from the
Turkish Empire, all of whom are young Armenian ladies.”

4.—“... wider wisdom ...”

Such wider wisdom—without the preliminary suffering—as the

poet had attained to, when he wrote:—
“I have climbed to the snows of Age, and I gaze at a field in the Past,
Where I sank with the body at times in the sloughs of a low desire;
But I hear no yelps of the beast, and the man is quiet at last,
As he stands on the heights of his life with a glimpse of a height that is higher.”
—Tennyson (“By an Evolutionist”).

Id.—“... juster ethics, teach; ...”

“For we see that it is possible to interpret the ideals of ethical
progress, through love and sociality, co-operation and sacrifice, not
as mere utopias contradicted by experience, but as the highest
expressions of the central evolutionary process of the natural
world.... The older biologists have been primarily anatomists,
analysing and comparing the form of the organism, separate and
dead; however incompletely, we have sought rather to be
physiologists, studying and interpreting the highest and intensest
activity of things living.... It is much for our pure natural history to
recognise that ‘creation’s final law’ is not struggle, but love.”—Geddes
and Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” pp. 312, 313).
5; 6.—“Conformed to claims of intellect and need,
The tempered numbers of their high-born breed;”

“There is a problem creeping gradually forward upon us, a

problem that will have to be solved in time, and that is the steady
increase of population.... I believe that with the emancipation of
women we shall solve this problem now. Fewer children will be born,
and those that are born will be of a higher and better physique than
the present order of men. The ghastly abortions, which in many parts
pass muster nowadays, owing to the unnatural physical conditions of
society, as men, women, and children, will make room for a nobler
and higher order of beings, who will come to look upon the
production of mankind in a diseased or degraded state as a
wickedness and unpardonable crime, against which all men and
women should fight and strive.”—Lady Florence Dixie (“Gloriana,” p.
137).
Id.... And Mrs. Mona Caird says:—“If the new movement had no
other effect than to rouse women to rebellion against the madness of
large families, it would confer a priceless benefit on humanity.”—
(Nineteenth Century, May, 1892.)
Id.... “To bring a child into existence without a fair prospect of
being able, not only to provide food for its body, but instruction and
training for its mind, is a moral crime, both against the unfortunate
offspring and against society.... The fact itself of causing the
existence of a human being, is one of the most responsible actions in
the range of human life. To undertake this responsibility—to bestow
a life which may be either a curse or a blessing—unless the being on
whom it is bestowed will have at least the ordinary chances of a
desirable existence, is a crime against that being. And in a country
either over-peopled, or threatened with being so, to produce
children, beyond a very small number, with the effect of reducing the
reward of labour by their competition, is a serious offence against all
who live by the remuneration of their labour.”—J. S. Mill (“Liberty,”
Chap. V.).
 Id.... A. Dumas fils draws a true and piteous picture in which this
element of the unintelligent overproduction of human beings has the
largest share:—
“Il y a, et c’est la masse, les femmes du peuple et de la campagne
suant du matin au soir pour gagner le pain quotidien, faisant ainsi ce
que faisaient leurs mères, et mettant au monde, sans savoir pourquoi
ni comment, des filles qui, à leur tour, feront comme elles, à moins
que, plus jolies, et par conséquent plus insoumises, elles ne sortent
du groupe par le chemin tentant et facile de la prostitution, mais où
le labeur est encore plus rude. Le dos courbé sous le travail du jour,
regardant la terre quand elles marchent, domptées par la misère,
vaincues par l’habitude, asservies aux besoins des autres, ces
créatures à forme de femme ne supposent que leur condition puisse
être modifiée jamais. Elles n’ont pas le temps, elles n’ont jamais eu la
faculté de penser et de réfléchir; à peine un souhait vague et bientôt
refoulé de quelque chose de mieux! Quand la charge est trop lourde
elles tombent, elles geignent comme des animaux terrassés, elles
versent de grosses larmes à l’idée de laisser leurs petits sans
ressources, ou elles remercient instinctivement la mort, c’est-à-dire
le repos dont elles ont tant besoin.” (“Les Femmes qui Tuent,” etc., p.
101.)
Id.... And again, the advanced biological writers say:—
“The statistician will doubtless long continue his fashion of
confidently estimating the importance and predicting the survival of
populations from their quantity and rate of reproduction alone; but
at all this, as naturalists, we can only scoff. Even the most
conventional exponent of the struggle for existence among us knows,
with the barbarian conquerors of old, that ‘the thicker the grass, the
easier it is mown,’ that ‘the wolf cares not how many the sheep may
be.’ It is the most individuated type that prevails in spite, nay, in
another sense, positively because of its slower increase; in a word,
the survival of a species or family depends not primarily upon
quantity, but upon quality. The future is not to the most numerous
population, but to the most individuated....
“Apart from the pressure of population, it is time to be learning (1)
That the annual child-bearing still so common, is cruelly exhaustive
to the maternal life, and this often in actual duration as well as
quality; (2) That it is similarly injurious to the standard of offspring;
and hence, (3) That an interval of two clear years between births
(some gynæcologists even go as far as three) is due alike to mother
and offspring.” (It is to be noted that this period of three years is
postulated as a necessity for the well-being of the offspring; it is by
no means a recommendation to even a triennial maternity on the
part of the mother, who is indeed to be, in all fulness, “free mistress
of her person’s sacred plan,” with a duty to herself, as well as to her
child). “It is time, therefore, as we heard a brave parson tell his flock
lately, ‘to have done with that blasphemous whining which
constantly tries to look at a motherless’ (ay, or sometimes even
fatherless) ‘crowd of puny infants as a dispensation of mysterious
providence.’ Let us frankly face the biological facts, and admit that
such cases usually illustrate only the extreme organic nemesis of
intemperance and improvidence, and these of a kind far more
reprehensible than those actions to which common custom applies
the names, since they are species-regarding vices, and not merely
self-regarding ones, as the others at least primarily are....
“It seems to us, however, essential to recognise that the ideal to be
sought after is not merely a controlled rate of increase, but regulated
married lives.... We would urge, in fact, the necessity of an ethical
rather than of a mechanical ‘prudence after marriage,’ of a
temperance recognised to be as binding on husband and wife as
chastity on the unmarried.... Just as we would protest against the
dictum of false physicians who preach indulgence rather than
restraint, so we must protest against regarding artificial means of
preventing fertilisation as adequate solutions of sexual
responsibility. After all, the solution is primarily one of temperance.
It is no new nor unattainable ideal to retain, throughout married life,
a large measure of that self-control which must always form the
organic basis of the enthusiasm and idealism of lovers.”—Geddes and
Thomson (“The Evolution of Sex,” Chap. XX.).
As a fitting exemplification of the words of the “parson” above narrated,
compare the following verbatim extract from a conversation in this year of grace
1892. The —— referred to is a man about 35, middle-class, and of “good
‘education’” (!) The same description would also apply to the speaker, who said,
“Poor —— is a brave fellow, and keeps up his head in the worst of luck. He has a lot
of home troubles; he has lost three children, and his wife always has a bad time at
the birth of each baby.”
 No word of sympathy for the wife and mother, or even of recognition that it was
really she who bore the pain at each “bad time.” As the children left alive still
numbered two at the time of the speech, the whole incident can but imply—on the
part of both actor and speaker—the hideous, even if unconscious, inhumanity so
widely prevalent. Never will “high-born breed” be attained till such action of low-
bred intellect is reprobated and amended; in accordance with the enunciated truth,
that:—
“Especially in higher organisms, a distinction must obviously be
drawn between the period at which it is possible for males and
females to unite in fertile sexual union, and the period at which such
union will naturally occur or will result in the fittest offspring.”—
Geddes and Thomson (op. cit., p. 243).

7, 8.—“Not overworn with childward pain and care,

The mother—and the race—robuster health shall share.”

“It is not the true purpose of any intellectual organism to live

solely to give birth to succeeding organisms; its duty is also to live for
its own happiness and well-being. Indeed, in so doing, it will be
acting in one of the most certain ways to ensure that faculty and
possession of happiness that it aims to secure for its progeny.”—Ben
Elmy (“Studies in Materialism,” Chap. III.).
Id.... Even the placid and precisian American poet bears strong, if
involuntary, testimony to the evil and wrong of the non-cultured and
untempered begetting of children:—
“She wedded a man unlearned and poor,
And many children played round her door;
But care and sorrow, and child-birth pain
Left their traces on heart and brain.”
—Whittier (“Maud Müller”).

Id.... Mr. Andrew Lang also promises us “a world that is glad and
clean, and not overthronged and not overdriven.”—(Introduction to
“Elizabethan Songs.”)
Id.... “Justice never loses sight of self.... The language of Justice is
‘to Me and to You; or to You and to Me.’ ... We have to learn, for the
action and spirit worthy of the coming time, that woman is never to
sacrifice herself to a man, but, when needful, to the Manhood she
hopes or desires to develop in him. In this she will also attain her
own development. But after the hour when her faith in the hope of
worthy results fails her (reason instructing her nobler affections by
holding candidly in view all the premises, past, present, and future),
she is bound by all her higher obligations to bring that career,
whether it be of the daughter, sister, mother, wife, or friend, to a
close. For the inferior cannot possibly be worth the sacrifice of the
superior. True self-sacrifice, which necessarily involves the
temporary descent of the nobler to the less noble—the higher to the
lower—is made only when the lower is elevated, improved, carried
forward in its career, thereby.”—Eliza W. Farnham (“Woman and
Her Era,” Vol. II., p. 149).
Id.... “I have urged on woman independence of man, not that I do
not think the sexes mutually needed by one another; but because in
woman this fact has led to an excessive devotion which has cooled
love, degraded marriage, and prevented either sex from being what it
should be to itself or the other.... Woman, self-controlled, would
never be absorbed by any relations; it would be only an experience to
her as to man. It is a vulgar error that love, a love to woman, is her
whole existence; she is also born for truth and love in their universal
energy.”—Margaret Fuller Ossoli (“The Woman of the Nineteenth
Century”).
Id.... Professor Alfred Russell Wallace has written an article,
concerning part of which Mr. W. T. Stead rightly says: “It is a
scientific reinforcement of the cause of the emancipation of women,
and shows that progress of the cause of female enfranchisement is
identified with the progress of humanity.”—(Review of Reviews, Vol.
V., p. 177.)
Professor Wallace says:—
“When such social changes have been effected that no woman will
be compelled, either by hunger, isolation, or social compulsion, to
sell herself, whether in or out of wedlock, and when all women alike
shall feel the refining influence of a true humanising education, of
beautiful and elevating surroundings, and of a public opinion which
shall be founded on the highest aspirations of their age and country,
the result will be a form of human selection which will bring about a
continuous advance in the average status of the race. Under such
conditions, all who are deformed either in body or mind, though they
may be able to lead happy and contented lives, will, as a rule, leave
no children to inherit their deformity. Even now we find many
women who never marry because they have never found the man of
their ideal. When no woman will be compelled to marry for a bare
living or for a comfortable home, those who remain unmarried from
their own free choice will certainly increase, while many others,
having no inducement to an early marriage, will wait till they meet
with a partner who is really congenial to them.
“In such a reformed society the vicious man, the man of degraded
taste or feeble intellect, will have little chance of finding a wife, and
his bad qualities will die out with himself. The most perfect and
beautiful in body and mind will, on the other hand, be most sought,
and, therefore, be most likely to marry early, the less highly endowed
later, and the least gifted in any way the latest of all, and this will be
the case with both sexes.
“From this varying age of marriage, as Mr. Galton has shown,
there will result a more rapid increase of the former than of the
latter, and this cause continuing at work for successive generations
will, at length, bring the average man to be the equal of those who
are now among the more advanced of the race.”—“Human Progress,
Past and Present” (Arena, Jan., 1892).
XLVII.
1.—“Nor blankly epicene ...”

“Bring up a boy and girl side by side, and educate them both for
the same profession under the same masters, and a novelist who
depicts character could yet weave a story out of the mental and
emotional differences between them, which will cause them to look
at life from totally opposite points of view.”—Mabel Collins (“On
Woman’s Relation to the State”).

2.-“... sequence of that day.”

“We have seen that a deep difference in constitution expresses

itself in the distinctions between male and female, whether these be
physical or mental. The differences may be exaggerated or lessened,
but to obliterate them it would be necessary to have all the evolution
over again on a new basis. What was decided among the Prehistoric
Protozoa cannot be annulled by Act of Parliament.”—Geddes and
Thomson (“Evolution of Sex,” p. 267).

3, 4.—“... not ... by aping falser sex shall truer grow.”

“While man and woman still are incomplete
I prize that soul where man and woman meet,
Which types all Nature’s male and female plan,
But, friend, man-woman is not woman-man.”
—Tennyson (“On One who Affected an Effeminate Manner”).