PERCENTAGES PROFIT, LOSS & DISCOUNTS

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
Percentage = × 100
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 % %
% CP MP SP
Value = × 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒
100 Mark-up Discount
Base identification
• After the word ‘of’
% or %
• After “more than” or “less than”
• Initial Value for a % change
Profit or Loss
Using Multipliers for % changes
• For A% increase, multiplier = (100 + A)% Profit, Loss, Mark-up & Discounts are %
• For A% decrease, multiplier = (100 – A)% change in prices
• Final value = Initial Value x Multiplier • Use multipliers (Final = Initial x multiplier)
• Eg: for 20% decrease • MP = CP x mmark-up
• Final value = 80% of Initial Value • SP = MP x mdiscount
Cumulating successive % changes • SP = CP x mprofit / loss
• Net multiplier = Product of all multipliers
• mmark-up x mdiscount = mprofit or loss
• Overall % change = Distance from 100%
• Eg: If net multiplier = 0.826 = 82.6% 𝑚𝑑
• p = m − d − 100
• Overall % change = 17.4%
• For 2 successive changes of A% & B%:
• Overall % change = A + B + AB/100
 SI-CI AVERAGES
𝑃×𝑅×𝑇 CI – Annual compounding Simple Average = Sum / N
SI =
100
𝑅 𝑇 For terms in AP,
(Equal every year) CI = 𝑃 1 + 100 −𝑃
Average = Median = Avg of 1st & last terms
Non Annual Compounding n
Half yearly 2
𝐴1 𝑊1 + 𝐴2 𝑊2 + ⋯
Weighted Average =
𝑅/𝑛 𝑇×𝑛 Quarterly 4 𝑊1 + 𝑊2 + ⋯
CI = 𝑃 1 + −𝑃
100 Monthly 12
Rule of Alligation (for weighted avg)
2 year comparison of CI & SI
CI – SI = R% of 1st year Interest = R% of R% of P When initial values & Weighted avg is
known or given in question.
RATIO & PROPORTION
A1 A2
If ratio of A, B and C is 2 : 4 : 5
• Let A = 2x, B = 4x and C = 5x
i.e. Quantities are multiples of respective terms AW

Parts of a whole
(AW – A2) : (A1 – AW) = W1 : W2
• If A, B and C are in ratio 2 : 3 : 5
• Then, A = 2/10th of Total
Partnerships
• Ratio of Profits = Ratio of (Capital x Time)
MIXTURES
Typical Mixture problem: Removal & Replacement Problem

Mixture-1 + Mixture-2 → Mixture-3 From solution of A and B, q litres is removed &

replaced with equal volume of substance B.
1. Determine constituents in M-1, M-2 and M-3
(some will be constants & others variables) The, Final Volume of substance A
= Initial Volume of A x (fraction remaining)n
2. For each substance (constituent):
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑
M-1 + M-2 = M-3 Fraction remaining = 1 −
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙

3. Use ratio / Concentration to make equations Note:

& solve. 1. By doing R&R, substance A must reduce in
volume
𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙
Concentration of Milk = 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙 × 100 2. Volume removed = Volume replaced

Alternate approach
• Apply Rule of Alligation on Concentration of
any substance in M-1, M-2 and M-3
TIME, SPEED & DISTANCE Trains & Crossing
Distance = Speed x Time • Crossing Distance DC = L1 + L2 = SR x T
Km = km/hr x hours • L1 = Length of train

m = m/s x sec • L2 = Length of object being crossed

• For people or pole, Length = 0
1 km/hr = 5/18 m/s
Boats & Streams
Before – After • Effective Speed depends on direction of motion
• 2 variables unchanged, 3rd changes • Sdownstr = B + S • Supstr = B – S
• Find 3rd variable in terms of other two in
• Apply D = S x T separately in both directions!
both “initial” and “final” situations
• Eg: D = S1T1 = S2T2 or T = D1/S1 = D2/S2
Circular Motion
Relative Speed Two Runners running laps around circular track
• Apply when 2 objects are in motion • For Time of first meeting on track
• Relative speed SR =
• (A – B) if both move in same direction • Distance = Circumference
• (A + B) if both move in opp directions • Apply D = SR x T to find T
• Change in Separation D = SR x T
• If there are 3 runners, calculate Time for two
Race Problems pairs and then find their LCM
• For Margin of victory in a race
• All people run for the ‘same’ time!
• So T = D1/S1 = D2/S2 or D1 : D2 = S1 : S2
NUMBER PROPERTIES N is divisible by
• 2K (2, 4 and 8) if
Number or Integers → +ve, -ve, 0 Last K digits of N are div by 2K
Positive integers → does not include 0 • 3 or 9 if
• Sum of digits (SOD) div by 3 or 9
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑−𝑎𝑏
P/Q form of a.bcd = • 5 or 25 if
990
• Last digit div by 5 / Last 2 digits
div by 25
Odd (2n ± 1 form) & Even (2n form)
• 10 if
• Includes negative, positive and 0
• Last digit is 0
• Sum/Difference of 2 numbers
• Odd if unlike (O ± E or E ± O) • 11 if
• Even if like (O ± O or E ± E) • |SOD in even places – SOD in
• Product odd places| = 0 or div by 11
• Odd only if all odd • 6 if
• N is div by both 2 and 3
Primes
• Exactly 2 factors If N is div by both A & N
• 2 is only prime that is even => N is div by LCM (A, B)
• 15 primes (0-50), 10 more (51-100)
• Except 2, 3 each prime in 6k±1 form
NUMBER PROPERTIES Count of Consecutive integers:
From A to B → B – A + 1
Division Problems: Between A and B → B – A – 1
Dividend = divisor x quotient + Remainder Count of multiples of N from A to B
quotient → whole number
𝐵 𝐴−1
Remainder → 0 to (divisor – 1) = −
𝑁 𝑁

Digits in a number (use place values): 𝑋

𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒: 𝑖𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑋 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣 𝑏𝑦 𝐴
“AB” = 10A + B 𝑁

“ABC” = 100A + 10B + C

A, B, C etc → 0 to 9

LCM & HCF

For 2 numbers, LCM x HCF = A x B
LCM of fractions = LCM of Num / HCF of Den
HCF of fractions = HCF of Num / LCM of Den
NUMBER PROPERTIES (ADVANCED)
Factors & Multiples Highest power of A in factorial of N:
N = aP x bQ x cR
𝑁 𝑁 𝑁
• # of factors = (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) = + 2 + 3 +⋯
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
• SOF = (1 + a + .. ap)(1 + b + … bQ)(1 + c + .. cR) * Only if A is prime
• Odd # of factors → N is a perfect square! • If A is a composite number, count
For a perfect square N2 , if P is # if factors: highest power of its prime factors!
• # of factors less than N = (P – 1)/2
• # of factors more than N = (P – 1)/2
Remainders
Remainder Tricks
• R(A + B) = R(A) + R(B)
N is div by A, B, C etc. & gives same rem’r of R
• R(A – B) = R(A) – R(B)
• N = k x LCM (A, B, C) + R
• R(AB) = R(A) × R(B)
N is div by A, B, C etc & gives rem’r of A – d,
• R(An) = [R(A)]n
B – d, C – d etc
• If R(A) ≥ Div → divide again
• N = k x LCM (A, B, C) - d
• If R(A) < 0 → add divisors to make +ve
IDENTITIES & MORE

(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca

(a – b)2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)

a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)

a2 + b2 = ½ [(a + b)2 + (a – b)2] a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 + b2 – ab)

4ab = ½ [(a + b)2 – (a – b)2] a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + b2 + ab)

a3 + b3 + c3 – abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)

𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏 + 𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝒏 = ෍𝒏 =
𝟐

𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + ⋯+ 𝒏𝟐 = ෍ 𝒏𝟐 =
𝟔

𝟐
𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟏𝟑 + 𝟐𝟑 + ⋯ + 𝒏𝟑 = ෍ 𝒏𝟑 =
𝟐
ALGEBRA

Linear Equations Combining Linear Expressions

Solvable if # of eqns = # of variables Eg: x + 2y + 3z = 10 & 2x + 3y – z = 11
Number of solutions => (x + y + z) = A(x + 2y + 3x) + B(2x + 3y – z)
𝑨𝟏𝒙 + 𝑩𝟏 𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 Compare coefficients of x, y and z.
𝑨𝟐𝒙 + 𝑩𝟐 𝒚 = 𝑪𝟐

𝐴1 𝐵1
Unique sol if ≠ Integer Solutions for ax + by = c
𝐴2 𝐵2
1. Obtain 1 solution by hit & trial
𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1
Infinite sol if = = 2. If a & b have same sign, then x ↑ & y↓
𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2

𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 Or then x ↓ & y ↑
No sol (inconsistent) if = ≠ 3. x changes by b, y changes by a
𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2
ALGEBRA

Quadratic Equation Constructing a Quadratic

ax2 + bx + c = 0 → Maximum of 2 roots! If roots are 𝜶 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜷 then (𝒙−𝜶)(𝒙−𝜷)=𝟎
D = b2 – 4ac If S = “Sum of the roots” and P = “Product of
roots” 𝒙𝟐 − 𝑺𝒙 + 𝑷 = 𝟎
–𝑏 ± 𝐷
Roots are
2𝑎
• If D < 0 → No real roots
• If D = 0 → Real & Equal roots
• If D > 0 → Real & Unequal roots
• If D = N2 → Rational roots

Sum of roots = α + β = – b/a

Product of roots = αβ = c/a
Curves for Quadratic

D > 0, a > 0 D = 0, a > 0 D < 0, a > 0

Maxima at x = (α+β)/2 f(x) is non-negative f(x) is always positive

D > 0, a < 0 D = 0, a < 0 D < 0, a < 0

Minima at x = (α+β)/2 f(x) is non-positive f(x) is always negative
ALGEBRA Solve: (x + 1)(x – 2)(x – 3) ≥ 0

Step-1: Plot zeroes on number line

Inequalitites
Adding or subtracting → no sign change -1 2 3
Multiplying or dividing both sides by +ve
number → No sign change Step-2: Put x = k to get sign of some f(k) &
Multiplying or dividing both sides by –ve alternate signs in other regions
number → Inequality sign will reverse Here f(0) = 1 x -2 x -3 = 6 i.e. +ve

Rule of Alternating signs +ve +ve

Polynomial y = f(x) will change sign (+ to – -1 2 3

-ve -ve
or – to +) when it cross its zero
Ex: Consider y = (x + 2)(x – 3) Step-3: Report regions that match inequality
Here inequality is f(x) ≥ 0 i.e. +ve or 0
f(x) is +ve f(x) is +ve
Hence, -1 ≤ x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 3
–2 3
f(x) is -ve
 ALGEBRA
Exponents Arithmetic Progression
● f(x) = ax where base a > 0, a ≠ 1 Tn = a + (n – 1)d
Sn = n/2 x [2a + {n – 1)d]
○ 𝑎0 = 1
or Sn = n x (T1 + Tn)/2
○ 𝑎−𝑚 = 1Τ𝑎𝑚
Note that for terms in AP:
○ 𝑎1/𝑚 = 𝑚
𝑎
Mean = Median = Avg of First & Last terms
○ 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
𝑎𝑚
○ = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 Geometric Progression
𝑎𝑛
Tn = 𝑎𝑟 𝑛−1
○ 𝑎𝑚 𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚×𝑛
𝑟 𝑛 −1 1−𝑟 𝑛
○ 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏𝑚 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑚 Sn = 𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝑎
𝑟−1 1−𝑟

Modulus 𝑎
Sum to infinity 𝑆∞ = 1−𝑟 if 𝑟 < 1
𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 0
𝑦= 𝑥 =ቊ
−𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0

1. Replace each mod with + and – sign

2. Solve resultant equations and check
in the original equation
ALGEBRA
Logarithm
● f(x) = log 𝑎 𝑥 where base a > 0, a ≠ 1
○ Identities → log 𝑎 1 = 0, log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 log 𝑎 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛
○ Anti-log → 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 becomes 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑦
○ Addition → log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛) = log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑚
○ Subtraction → log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑛

1
○ Power → log 𝑎 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 × log 𝑎 𝑚 and log 𝑎𝑛 𝑚 = 𝑛 × log 𝑎 𝑚

log𝑏 𝑚
○ Base change → log 𝑎 𝑚 = log𝑏 𝑎

○ Exponent with Log → 𝑚log𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑛log𝑎 𝑚

Greatest Integer function & Fractional Value Function:

● If x = N + F, where N is an integer and 0 ≤ F < 1
○ Then [x] = N and {x} = F ○ [0.3] = 0 and {0.3} = 0.3
○ [1.2] = 1 and {1.2} = 0.2 ○ [-4.8] = -5 and {-4.8} = 0.2
ALGEBRA
Binomial Expansion
● (x+y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn-1y1 + nC2xn-2y2 + nC3xn-3y3 + … + nCnyn
○ (r+1)th Term is → nCrxn-ryr
○ Expansion has (n+1) terms of degree-n
𝑛!
○ Binomial Coefficients → nCr= where 𝑛! = 1 × 2 × 3 × ⋯ × 𝑛
𝑟!× 𝑛−𝑟 !

○ Sum of Coefficients (Put x = y = 1) → nC0 + nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + … + nCn = 2n

○ Sum of Odd = Sum of Even Coefficients (x = 1, y = -1)
nC + nC2 + nC4 + nC6 + … = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + nC7 + … = 2n-1
0

Pythagorean Means (Maxima / Minima) → AM ≥ GM

● If x1 + x2 + … xn = M, where all xi are positive
○ Then max value of x1x2x3…xn occurs when x1 = x2 = … = xn = M/n
● If x1x2x3 … xn = M, where all xi are positive
○ Then min value of x1 + x2 + x3 +… xn occurs when x1 = x2 = … = xn = M1/n
Coordinate Geometry Form of eq of Straight Lines
Points
1. y = mx + c (m = slope, c = y-intercept)
Distance from origin = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 2. y – y1 = m(x – x1) → m = = (y2 – y1)/(x2 – x1)
Distance formula = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 2 + 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 2 𝑥 𝑦
3. + = 1 → a and b are intercepts
𝑎 𝑏
𝑚𝑥2 ±𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 ±𝑛𝑦1
Section formula ,
𝑚±𝑛 𝑚±𝑛
• For straight line ax + by + c = 0, slope = -a/b
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
Mid Point X ≡ , • Parallel lines → m1 = m2
2 2
• Perpendicular lines → m1 x m2 = -1
Area ∆ = ½|x1(y2 – y3) + x2(y3 – y1) + x3(y1 – y2)|
• Distance of P(x1, y1) from the line, ax + by + c = 0
𝑥1 +𝑥2 +𝑥3 𝑦1 +𝑦2 +𝑦3
Centroid = , (𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐)
3 3 𝐷= ൘
𝑎2 + 𝑏2
Circle • Distance between parallel lines ax + by + c1 = 0 and ax
1. x2 + y2 = r2 + by + c2 = 0
• Centre (0, 0) and radius = r (𝑐2 − 𝑐1 )
𝐷= ൘
2. (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
• Centre (h, k) and radius = r
3. x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

• Centre (-g, -h) and radius = 𝑔2 + 𝑓 2 − 𝑐

GEOMETRY Parallel Lines F

Lines & Angles 2 1

B
C C 3 4 D
E
6 5
A 7 8 B

D
A E

Vertically Opposite Angles are equal Corresponding Angles are equal

• ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 = ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = ∠𝐵𝐸𝐶 • ∠1 = ∠5, ∠2 = ∠6, ∠3 = ∠7, ∠4 = ∠8

Adjacent Angles are supplementary Alternate Angles are equal

• ∠𝐴𝐸𝐶 + ∠𝐴𝐸𝐷 = 180° • Interior ∠3 = ∠5 & ∠4 = ∠6

• ∠𝐵𝐸𝐶 + ∠𝐵𝐸𝐷 = 180° • Exterior ∠1 = ∠7 & ∠2 = ∠8

Adjacent Angles are supplementary

• ∠3 + ∠6 = 180°
• ∠4 + ∠5 = 180°
TRIANGLES Area of ∆
A • ½ x Base x Height

• 𝑠 𝑠 − 𝑎 (𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)/2

• ½ x AB x AC x sin A

B C D A
Triangles with same altitude

Interior Angles are supplementary 𝐴𝑟 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐵 𝐵𝐷

⇒ =
∠𝐴+∠𝐵+∠𝐶=180° 𝐴𝑟 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 𝐷𝐶
⇒ Median bisects the area too!
Exterior ∠ = Sum of opp interior ∠s
∠𝐴𝐶𝐷 = ∠𝐴+∠𝐵 B H D C

Sum of 2 sides > 3rd side Triangles with common angle

A
AB + AC > BC All three 𝐴𝑟 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐸 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐸
⇒ =
BC + AC > AB must be E 𝐴𝑟 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐴𝐶

AB + BC > AC true! D
Hint: Use Area formula-3 shown
above
Equal sides → Equal Angles opp them
B C
 Congruent Triangles Similar Triangles

∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑖𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ~ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑖𝑓

• All sides are equal (SSS rule) • All angles are equal (AA rule)
• Two sides & included angle are equal (SAS rule) • ‘Sides are proportional’
• Two Angles & any side are equal (AAS rule)
• Rt. Angle, Hypotenuse & Side are equal (RHS rule)

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 ≅ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶~ ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅

• All sides are equal 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶
• = =
• All angles are equal 𝑃𝑄 𝑃𝑅 𝑄𝑅

• All the altitudes are equal

𝐴𝑟 (∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) 𝐴𝐵 2
• The two triangles have equal areas • =
𝐴𝑟 (∆𝑃𝑄𝑅) 𝑃𝑄
 Constructions

Median Perpendicular Bisector

• Bisects the side and Area!!! • ∠BOC = 2∠BAC
• b2 + c2 = 2(m2 + a2/4) • Circum-centre (PBs meet) → centre of circumcircle
• 3(a2 + b2 + c2) = 4(m12 + m22 + m32) 𝑎𝑏𝑐
• Area of ∆ =
4𝑅
• Centroid – divides median in the ratio 2:1
• Divides into three ∆s of equal area
Angle Bisector Altitude
• AB : AC = BD : DC • ∠BOC + ∠BAC = 180°
• ∠BIC = 90° + ∠BAC
• In-centre (ABs meet) → centre of Incircle
• Area of ∆ = r x s
 Special Triangles

Equilateral
𝑎 3 3 2
• Altitude = , Area = 𝑎
2 4
𝑎 𝑎
• Inradius r = , Circumradius R =
2 3 3

Right Triangle
• Pythagorean Triplets • Heights & Distances Constructions in right triangle
• 3x, 4x, 5x •30-60-90 triangle • Median = ½ of Hypotenuse
• 5x, 12x, 13x • 𝑥, 𝑥 3, 2𝑥 • Altitude to Hypotenuse
• 8x, 15x, 17x •45-45-90 triangle •Three similar triangles
• 7x, 24x, 25x • 𝑥, 𝑥, 𝑥 2 • BD2 = AD x DC
• 9x, 40x, 41x
 CIRCLES Area of a circle = πr2
Chord Distance
Circumference = 2πr
(from center)
O
Altitude OD bisects the chord

O (AD = BD)

r If D be mid-point of chord, then

θ A B
D
OD ⊥ AB
A B C
Angle in a semi-circle is 90°
Sector of a circle θ
Length of arc AB = (θ/360) x 2πr C
O
Area of sector OAB = (θ/360) x πr2
2θ
D A B
C A B O
θ
θ Angle at center is double the angle on
circumference i.e. ∠ AOB = 2 x ∠ AEB

An arc subtends equal angles in same segment.

A B i.e. ∠ ACB = ∠ ADB
Tangents Secants Tangent & Secant
A B
Q A
B

O A C
P O
P C D
P
Tangents to a circle Secants in a circle
• OP ⊥ AP • PA x PB = PC x PD
Tangent & Secant
• AP = AQ • Also applies to internal
• AB x AC = AP2
secants (chords)
Cyclic Quadrilateral
Alternate Segment Theorem
B
Angle b/w chord & tangent =
A L subtended by chord on circle
• ∠QPS = ∠QRP = θ

C D

∠A + ∠D = ∠B + ∠C = 180⁰
 QUADRILATERALS Trapezium E
Sum of internal angles = 360° One pair of opposite sides is
parallel (other pair not parallel)
Parallelogram a
• ∠A + ∠D = 180˚ A B
Both pairs of opposite sides are
parallel to each other! • ∠B + ∠C = 180˚
A B h O
• ∆AOB ~ ∆COD
b • ∆AEB ~ ∆DEC
• Area = ½ x (a + b) x h
D b C
h a a
Rectangle
O
P L Q A quadrilateral with equal angles
• All properties of a
D b C
parallelogram
B
• Opp sides/angles are equal O • Diagonals are equal (not
• Diagonals bisect each other necessarily perpendicular)
S R
• Area = b x h • Area of a rectangle = L x B
• Opp triangles are congruent
• All 4 triangles equal in area
 Rhombus Square Kite
A quadrilateral with equal sides A quadrilateral with equal sides A quadrilateral with adjacent
& angles sides equal in pairs

B S Q
A B

A C P R
O O
O

D
D C
• All properties of parallelograms • All properties of a rectangle
• All sides are equal • Diagonals are equal and
S
• PO = OR
• Diagonals are perpendicular perpendicular
• Diagonals are perpendicular
• Area of rhombus = ½ x D1 x D2 • Area of a square = S2
• Area of kite = ½ x D1 x D2
SOLIDS
Cube
Cuboid

• 8 corners, 12 edges & 6 surfaces • 8 corners, 12 edges & 6 surfaces

• All surfaces are rectangles • All surfaces are squares
• Each surface is perpendicular to • Each surface is perpendicular to
adjacent surfaces adjacent surfaces
• Volume = L x B x H • Volume = S2
• Surface Area = 2LB + 2BH + 2LH • Surface Area = 6S2
• Longest diagonal = 𝐿2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐻 2 • Longest diagonal = 𝑆 3
 Cylinder Cone

• 2 Circular bases • 1 Circular bases

• Curved lateral surface • Curved lateral surface
• Volume = 𝜋R2H • Slant Length, 𝐿 = 𝑅2 + 𝐻2
• Curved Surface Area = 2𝜋RH • Volume = 1/3 𝜋R2H
• Total Surface Area = 2𝜋RH + 2𝜋R2 • Curved Surface Area = 𝜋RL
• Total Surface Area = 𝜋RL + 𝜋R2
 Hemi-sphere
Sphere • A circular base
• Can be hollow or solid
• All points on curved surface
equidistant from the centre
• Volume = 2/3 𝜋R3
• Curved Surface Area = 2𝜋R2
• No base at all • Total Surface Area = 3𝜋R2
• All points on the surface equidistant
from the centre Frustom of a cone
• Volume = 4/3 𝜋R3 • Two circular bases (can be hollow or solid)
• Curved Surface Area = 4𝜋R2 1 1
• Volume = 𝜋𝑅12 𝐻1 − 𝜋𝑅22 𝐻2
3 3
• CSA = 𝜋𝑅1 𝐿1 − 𝜋𝑅2 𝐿2
• Total SA = 𝜋𝑅1 𝐿1 − 𝜋𝑅2 𝐿2 + 𝜋𝑅12 + 𝜋𝑅22