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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface xiv
Chapter 1 Overview of Database Concepts 1
Introduction 2
Database Terminology 2
Database Management System 3
Database Design 4
Entity-Relationship (E-R) Model 5
Database Normalization 6
Relating Tables in the Database 10
Structured Query Language (SQL) 12
Databases Used in This Textbook 13
Basic Assumptions 13
Tables in the JustLee Books Database 14
Topic Sequence 16
Software Used in This Textbook 16
Chapter Summary 17
Review Questions 17
Multiple Choice 18
Hands-On Assignments 21
Advanced Challenge 22
Case Study: City Jail 22
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Review Questions 50
Multiple Choice 51
Hands-On Assignments 54
Advanced Challenge 55
Case Study: City Jail 55
vi Table of Contents
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Disabling and Dropping Constraints 128
Using DISABLE/ENABLE 128
Dropping Constraints 129
Chapter Summary 131
Chapter 4 Syntax Summary 131
Review Questions 133
Multiple Choice 134
Hands-On Assignments 137
Advanced Challenge 139
Case Study: City Jail 139
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Indexes 199
B-Tree Indexes 200
Bitmap Indexes 206
Function-Based Indexes 208
Index Organized Tables 209
Verifying an Index 210
Altering or Removing an Index 211
Synonyms 212
Deleting a Synonym 215
Chapter Summary 216
Chapter 6 Syntax Summary 217
Review Questions 218
Multiple Choice 219
Hands-On Assignments 222
Advanced Challenge 223
Case Study: City Jail 224
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Chapter 8 Restricting Rows and Sorting Data 255
Introduction 256
Where Clause Syntax 257
Rules for Character Strings 258
Rules for Dates 260
Comparison Operators 260
BETWEEN ... AND Operator 267
IN Operator 268
LIKE Operator 270
Logical Operators 274
Treatment of Null Values 277
ORDER by Clause Syntax 279
Secondary Sort 282
Sorting by SELECT Order 284
Chapter Summary 285
Chapter 8 Syntax Summary 286
Review Questions 288
Multiple Choice 288
Hands-On Assignments 292
Advanced Challenge 293
Case Study: City Jail 293
Table of Contents ix
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Advanced Challenge 345
Case Study: City Jail 345
x Table of Contents
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Multiple Choice 395
Hands-On Assignments 399
Advanced Challenge 399
Case Study: City Jail 400
Table of Contents xi
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NULL Values 471
NVL in Subqueries 471
IS NULL in Subqueries 472
Correlated Subqueries 473
Nested Subqueries 475
Subquery Factoring Clause 477
DML Actions Using Subqueries 478
MERGE Statements 479
Chapter Summary 484
Chapter 12 Syntax Summary 484
Review Questions 486
Multiple Choice 486
Hands-On Assignments 492
Advanced Challenge 493
Case Study: City Jail 493
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PUBLISHER Table 545
PROMOTION Table 546
Glossary 583
Index 589
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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PREFACE
The past few decades have seen a proliferation of organizations that rely heavily on
information technology. These organizations store their data in databases, and many
choose Oracle database management systems to access their data. The current Oracle
database version, Oracle 12c, is a database management system that enables users to
create, manipulate, and retrieve data. The purpose of this textbook is to introduce
students to basic SQL commands for interacting with Oracle 12c databases in a business
environment. In addition, concepts relating to objectives of the current Oracle
certification exams have been incorporated for students wanting to pursue certification.
The Approach
The concepts introduced in this textbook are discussed in the context of a hypothetical
real-world business: an online book retailer named JustLee Books. The company’s
business operation and the database structure are introduced and analyzed, and as
commands are introduced throughout the textbook, they’re modeled with examples using
the JustLee Books database. Using consistent examples of a hypothetical company helps
you learn the syntax of commands and how to use them in a real-world environment. In
addition, a script file that generates the database is available to give you hands-on practice
in re-creating examples and practicing variations of SQL commands to enhance your
understanding.
To explain what a database is and how it’s created, this textbook initially focuses
on creating tables and learning how to perform data manipulation operations. After
you’re familiar with the database structure, the focus then turns to querying a database.
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
In Chapters 8 through 13, you learn how to retrieve data from the database, using the
many options of a SELECT statement, including row filtering, joins, functions, and
subqueries.
To reinforce the material, each chapter includes a chapter summary and, when
appropriate, a syntax guide for the commands covered in the chapter. In addition, each
chapter includes review questions and hands-on activities that test your knowledge and
challenge you to apply that knowledge to solving business problems. A running case study
that builds throughout the textbook provides a second real-world setting—a city jail
system—as another opportunity to work with databases.
Preface xv
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
indexes to speed up data retrieval, and create synonyms to provide aliases for tables.
Chapter 7 steps you through creating user accounts and roles and shows how to grant (and
revoke) privileges to these accounts and roles. Chapter 8 explains how to restrict rows
retrieved from a table, based on a given condition. Chapter 9 shows how to link tables with
common columns by using joins. Chapter 10 describes the single-row functions supported
by Oracle 12c. Chapter 11 covers the usage of multiple-row functions to derive a single
value for a group of rows and explains how to restrict groups of rows. Chapter 12 covers
using subqueries to retrieve rows based on an unknown condition already stored in the
database. Chapter 13 explains using views to restrict access to data and reduce the
complexity of certain types of queries.
The appendixes support and reinforce chapter materials. Appendix A contains
printed versions of the initial table structure and data for the JustLee Books database used
throughout this textbook. Appendix B introduces the operation of the SQL*Plus and SQL
Developer client software tools. Appendix C lists Oracle resources for further study.
Appendix D introduces the SQL*Loader utility for importing data. Appendix E introduces
basic SQL statement tuning concepts. Appendix F identifies SQL differences in some
popular databases.
Features
To enhance your learning experience, each chapter in this textbook includes the following
elements:
• Chapter objectives: Each chapter begins with a list of the concepts to be
mastered by the chapter’s conclusion. This list gives you a quick overview of
chapter contents and serves as a useful study aid.
• Running case: A sustained example, the business operation of JustLee Books,
is the basis for introducing new commands and practicing the material
covered in each chapter.
• Methodology: As new commands are introduced in each chapter, the
command syntax is shown and then an example, using the JustLee Books
database, illustrates using the command in the context of business
operations. This methodology shows you not only how the command is used,
but also when and why it’s used. The script file used to create the database is
available so that you can work through the examples in this textbook,
engendering a hands-on environment in which you can reinforce your
knowledge of chapter material.
• Tip: This feature, designated by the Tip icon, provides practical advice and
sometimes explains how a concept applies in the workplace.
• Note: These explanations, designated by the Note icon, offer more
information on performing operations with databases.
• Database Preparation: These notes, placed at the end-of-chapter
introductions, tell you which script from the student data files you should
run in preparation for chapter examples and activities.
• Caution: This warning, designated by the Caution icon, points out database
operations that, if misused, could have devastating results.
• Chapter summaries: Each chapter’s text is followed by a summary of chapter
concepts. These summaries are a helpful recap of chapter contents.
xvi Preface
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
• Syntax summaries: Beginning with Chapter 2, a Syntax Guide table is
included after each chapter summary to recap the command syntax covered
in the chapter.
• Review questions: End-of-chapter assessment begins with review questions
that reinforce the main ideas introduced in each chapter. These questions
ensure that you have mastered the concepts and understand the information
covered in the chapter.
• Multiple-choice questions: Each chapter contains multiple-choice
questions covering the material in the chapter. Oracle certification-type
questions are included to prepare you for the type of questions you
can expect on certification exams and measure your level of
understanding.
• Hands-on assignments: Along with conceptual explanations and
examples, each chapter includes hands-on assignments related to the
chapter’s contents. The purpose of these assignments is to give you
practical experience. In most cases, the assignments are based on the
JustLee Books database and build on the examples in the chapter.
• Advanced challenge: This section poses another problem about the JustLee
Books database for you to solve and is larger in scope than the hands-on
assignments.
• Case studies: At the end of each chapter is a major case study, designed
to help you apply what you have learned to real-world situations. These
cases give you the opportunity to synthesize and evaluate information
independently, examine potential solutions, and make recommendations,
much as you would in an actual business situation. These cases uses a
database based on a city jail system.
Supplemental Materials
The following supplemental materials are available when this book is used in a classroom
setting. All teaching tools available with this book are provided to instructors on the
Cengage Learning Web site at www.cengagebrain.com.
• Electronic Instructor’s Manual: The Instructor’s Manual accompanying this
textbook includes the following items:
• Additional instructional material to assist in class preparation, including
suggestions for lecture topics
• A sample syllabus
• When applicable, information about potential problems that can occur in
networked environments
• Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero is a flexible, online system
that allows you to:
• author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage
Learning solutions
• create multiple test versions in an instant
• deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom or wherever you want
Preface xvii
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
• PowerPoint presentations: Microsoft® PowerPoint slides are included for
each chapter. Instructors can use the slides in three ways: as teaching
aids during classroom presentations, as printed handouts for classroom
distribution, or as network-accessible resources for chapter review.
Instructors can add their own slides for additional topics introduced to
the class.
• Data files: The script files needed to create the JustLee Books and City
Jail databases are available on the Cengage Learning Web site at www
.cengagebrain.com.
• Solution files: Solutions to chapter examples, end-of-chapter review
questions and multiple-choice questions, hands-on assignments, and case
studies are available on the Cengage Learning Web site at www
.cengagebrain.com. The solutions are password protected.
• Figure files: Figure files allow instructors to create their own presentations
with figures from the textbook.
Acknowledgments
I feel fortunate that Cengage Learning pursued my authorship of this textbook and
continues to support my efforts. I am one lucky person—I have two angels in heaven, my
mother and grandmother, and one angel here on earth, Scott. Without them watching
over me, I would not be able to tackle such challenges. I also want to thank my father,
who always seems more excited than me every time I finish a book project.
However, this textbook is the result of an incredible effort by many people whom
I wish I had the opportunity to thank personally. First, hats off to Lori Bradshaw and
Wendy Langerud of S4Carlisle Publishing Services for managing the content for this
project and keeping everyone on schedule. And a special thank you to Arul Joseph Raj
of Lumina Datamatics LTD for his detailed efforts in preparing, reviewing, and formatting
the content. There were many others involved in this project like product management,
editing, marketing, and art development, and every effort was critical in making this
book a reality. I truly appreciate all of these efforts.
In addition, I need to recognize the enormous contribution of colleagues and
reviewers, who provided helpful suggestions and insight into the development of this
textbook in earlier editions. And, finally, many thanks to the instructors who have
adopted this text and have dedicated their efforts to assist others to learn these most
important database skills.
xviii Preface
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
« Tant qu’elle vivra, le Maure, et Sforce et les couleuvres des
Visconti seront redoutés, des neiges hyperboréennes aux rivages de
la mer Rouge, de l’Inde aux monts qui donnent passage à la mer.
Elle morte, eux et le royaume d’Insubrie tomberont en esclavage, au
grand dommage de toute l’Italie. Sans elle la suprême prudence
paraîtra aventureuse.
« Il en existera encore d’autres, portant le même nom, et qui
naîtront bien des années avant elle. L’une d’elles ornera ses beaux
cheveux de la splendide couronne de Pannonie. Une autre, après
avoir délaissé les biens terrestres, sera placée au nombre des
saintes sur la terre d’Ausonie et se verra rendre un culte et élever
des autels.
« Je me tairai sur les autres, car, comme j’ai dit, il serait trop long
de parler de toutes, bien que chacune pût faire l’objet d’un chant
héroïque et éclatant. Je passerai sous silence les Blanche, les
Lucrèce, les Constance et les autres, mères ou réparatrices de tant
d’illustres maisons qui régneront en Italie.
« Plus que toutes celles qui ont jamais existé, ta maison sera
célèbre par ses femmes, et je ne sais si elle ne le sera pas plus par
les qualités des filles, que par la haute chasteté des épouses. Sache
également à ce sujet que Merlin m’a éclairée sur ce point, pensant
que j’aurais peut-être à te le répéter. J’ai donc un vif désir de t’en
entretenir.
« Et je te parlerai d’abord de Ricciarda, modèle de courage et de
chasteté. Jeune encore, elle restera veuve et en proie aux coups de
la fortune, ce qui arrive souvent aux meilleurs. Elle verra ses fils
dépouillés du royaume paternel, errer en exil sur la terre étrangère,
laissant leurs jeunes enfants aux mains de leurs ennemis. Mais elle
finira par être amplement dédommagée de ses malheurs.
« Je ne puis me taire sur l’illustre reine de l’antique maison
d’Aragon dont je ne vois pas l’égale, pour la chasteté et la sagesse,
dans l’histoire grecque ou latine. Je n’en connais pas non plus à qui
la fortune se soit montrée plus amie, puisqu’elle sera choisie par la
Bonté divine pour être la mère de cette belle race : Alphonse,
Hippolyte et Isabelle.
« Ce sera la sage Éléonore qui viendra se greffer sur ton arbre
fortuné. Que te dirai-je de sa seconde belle-fille qui doit lui succéder
peu après, Lucrèce Borgia, dont la beauté, la vertu, le renom de
chasteté [66] et la fortune, croîtront d’heure en heure, comme la
jeune plante dans un terrain fertile ?
« Comme l’étain est à l’argent, le cuivre à l’or, le pavot des
champs à la rose, le saule pâle au laurier toujours vert, le verre peint
à la pierre précieuse, ainsi, comparées à celle que j’honore avant
qu’elle soit née, seront les plus estimées pour leur sagesse et leurs
autres vertus.
« Et par-dessus tous les grands éloges qui lui seront donnés
pendant sa vie et après sa mort, on la louera d’avoir inculqué de
nobles sentiments à Hercule et à ses autres fils, qui, par la suite,
s’illustreront sous la toge et dans les armes, car le parfum qu’on
verse dans un vase neuf ne s’en va point si facilement, qu’il soit bon
ou mauvais.
« Je ne veux pas non plus passer sous silence Renée de France,
belle-fille de la précédente, et fille de Louis XII et de l’éternelle gloire
de la Bretagne. Je vois réunies dans Renée toutes les vertus qu’ait
jamais possédées une femme, depuis que le feu échauffe, que l’eau
mouille et que le ciel tourne autour de la terre.
« J’en aurais long à te dire sur Alde de Saxe, la comtesse de
Selano, Blanche-Marie de Catalogne, la fille du roi de Sicile, la belle
Lippa de Bologne et autres. Mais si j’entreprenais de te dire les
grandes louanges qu’elles mériteront toutes, j’entrerais dans une
mer qui n’a pas de rivages. — »
Après qu’elle lui eut fait connaître, à son vif contentement, la plus
grande partie de sa postérité, elle lui répéta à plusieurs reprises
comment Roger avait été attiré dans le palais enchanté. Arrivée près
de la demeure du méchant vieillard, Mélisse s’arrêta et ne jugea pas
à propos d’aller plus loin, de peur d’être vue par Atlante.
Et elle renouvela à la jeune fille les conseils qu’elle lui avait déjà
mille fois donnés, puis elle la laissa seule. Celle-ci ne chevaucha pas
plus de deux milles, dans un étroit sentier, sans voir quelqu’un qui
ressemblait à son Roger. Deux géants, à l’aspect féroce, le serraient
de près pour lui donner la mort.
Dès que la dame voit dans un tel péril celui qui a toutes les
apparences de Roger, elle change en doute la foi qu’elle avait dans
les avis de Mélisse, et elle oublie toutes ses belles résolutions. Elle
croit que Mélisse hait Roger pour quelque nouvelle injure ou pour
des motifs qu’elle ignore, et qu’elle a ourdi cette trame inusitée pour
le faire périr de la main de celle qui l’aime.
Elle se disait : « — N’est-ce pas là Roger, que je vois toujours
avec le cœur, et qu’aujourd’hui je vois avec mes yeux ? Et si
maintenant je ne le vois pas ou si je ne le reconnais pas, comment le
verrai-je, comment le reconnaîtrai-je jamais ? Pourquoi veux-je en
croire plutôt à autrui qu’à mes propres yeux ? A défaut de mes yeux,
mon cœur me dit s’il est loin ou près. — »
Pendant qu’elle se parle ainsi, elle croit entendre la voix de
Roger qui appelle à son secours. Elle le voit en même temps
éperonner son cheval rapide et lui retenir le mors, tandis que ses
deux féroces ennemis le suivent et le chassent à toute bride. La
dame s’empresse de les suivre et arrive avec eux dans la demeure
enchantée.
Elle n’en a pas plus tôt franchi les portes, qu’elle tombe dans
l’erreur commune. Elle cherche en vain Roger de tous côtés, en
haut, en bas, au dedans et au dehors. Elle ne s’arrête ni jour ni nuit ;
et l’enchantement était si fort, et l’enchanteur avait été si habile,
qu’elle voit sans cesse Roger et lui parle sans qu’elle le reconnaisse,
ou sans que Roger la reconnaisse elle-même.
Mais laissons Bradamante, et n’ayez pas de regret de la savoir
en proie à cet enchantement. Quand il sera temps qu’elle en sorte,
je l’en ferai sortir, et Roger aussi. De même que le changement de
nourriture ranime l’appétit, ainsi il me semble que mon histoire
risquera d’autant moins d’ennuyer qui l’entendra, qu’elle sera plus
variée.
Il faut aussi que je me serve de beaucoup de fils pour tisser la
grande toile à laquelle je travaille. Qu’il ne vous déplaise donc pas
d’écouter comment, sortie de ses tentes, l’armée des Maures a pris
les armes pour défiler devant le roi Agramant, lequel, fortement
menacé par les lis d’or, l’a rassemblée pour une nouvelle revue, afin
de savoir combien elle compte de combattants.
Outre que bon nombre de cavaliers et de fantassins avaient
disparu, beaucoup de chefs manquaient, et des meilleurs, parmi les
troupes d’Espagne, de Libye et d’Éthiopie. Les divers corps de
nations erraient sans direction propre. Afin de leur donner un chef, et
de remettre de l’ordre dans chacun d’eux, tout le camp était
rassemblé pour la revue.
Pour remplacer les pertes subies dans les batailles et les conflits
sanglants, le roi d’Espagne et le roi d’Afrique avaient envoyé des
ordres chacun dans leur pays, pour en faire venir de nombreux
renforts, et ils les avaient distribués sous les différents chefs. Avec
votre agrément, seigneur, je remettrai à l’autre chant l’exposé de
cette revue.
CHANT XIV.