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20 views11 pagesCEET 415 Lab - Ex - 9
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
20 views11 pagesCEET 415 Lab - Ex - 9
If anyone can solve these labs. I have the circuits on multisim.
Uploaded by
truebloodisabella8Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 11
Name Date
EXPERIMENT 9
Frequency Modulation (FM)
OBJECTIVES
1. Demonstrate a frequency-modulated carrier in the time domain for different modulation
indexes and modulating frequencies.
2. Demonstrate a frequency-modulated carrier in the frequency domain for different
modulation indexes and modulating frequencies.
3. Learn how to determine the modulation index of a frequency-modulated carrier using the
time domain display and the frequency domain display.
4. Leam how to use the Bessel table.
5. Determine the signal bandwidth of a frequency-modulated cartier for different
modulation indexes and modulating signal frequencies.
MATERIALS:
See Experiment 10
THEORY
The primary purpose of a communications system is to transmit and receive information
such as audio, video, or binary data over a communications medium or channel. If the
original electrical information signal is transmitted directly over the communications
channel, itis called baseband transmission. Often the original electrical information
(baseband) signal is not compatible with the communications medium. In that case, this
baseband signal is used to modulate a higher-frequency sine wave signal that is in a
frequency spectrum that is compatible with the communications medium, This
frequency sine wave signal is called a carrier. The process of using a baseband signal to
modulate a carrier is called broadband transmission,
There are basically three ways to make a baseband signal modulate a sine wave carrier:
amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM).
Amplitude modulation (AM) results whenever a baseband information signal varies the
amplitude of a high-frequency carrier, with the carrier frequency remaining constant.
Frequency modulation (FM) results whenever a baseband information signal varies the
frequency of a high-frequency carrier, with the carrier amplitude remaining constant. Phase
119 modulation (PM) results whenever a baseband information signal varies the phase of a
high-frequency carrier, with the carrier amplitude remaining constant. However, when the
frequency of a carrier is varied, the phase also varies, and when the phase of a earier is
varied, the frequency also varies. Therefore, phase modulation (PM) is just a different form
of fequency modulation (FM) and the cartier is similar in appearance to a frequency.
modulated carrier. For this reason, phase modulation, often called indirect FM, is not
normally used directly as the transmitted signal but is used to help generate FM. Frequency
‘Modulation and phase modulation fall under the general category of angle modulation, It
has become common practice to refer to angle modulation and phase modulation as
frequency modulation (FM). In this experiment, you will examine the characteristics of
Regency modulation. Phase modulation will be demonstrated in the next experiment, FM
Modulators and Demodulators.
With frequency modulation, the carrier frequency changes in direct proportion to the
amplitude of the modulating signal. The frequency of the modulating signal has no effect on
the carrier frequency, but it does determine the carrier frequency deviation rate. The cares
frequency is atthe center frequency when the modulating signal amplitude is zero. Ae the
modulating signal amplitude increases above zero, the carrier frequency increases above the
Genter frequency, and as the modulating signal amplitude decreases below zero, the carrier
frequency decreases below the center frequency. The maximum carrer frequeney change
above or below the center frequency is defined as the frequency deviation (8). The
‘Frequency deviation corresponds with the maximum modulating signal amplitude, Based on
pee minimum and maximum frequencies (f, and f) of the frequency-modulated carrer, the
frequency deviation can be calculated from
The ratio of the frequency deviation (6) to the modulating frequency (fp) is called the
modulation index (m). Therefore,
The FM modulation index is actually a measure of the carrier phase deviation because
carrier phase deviation depends on both the carrier frequency deviation and the modulating
information frequency (carrier deviation rate). This means that changes in the modulating
amplitude or frequency will alter the FM modulation index. As in AM, the FM modulation
index is an expression of how strongly the carrier is being modulated
When a frequency-modulated carrier is observed on an ascilloseope, itis observed in the
{ime domain (voltage as a function time). Unless the frequency deviation is large, itis
