Grade 11 Information Technology Student’s Short Notes.

UNIT 2: EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

Emerging technology is a term generally used to describe a new technology, but it may also
refer to the continuing development of existing technology; it can have slightly different
meanings when used in different areas, such as media, business, science, or education.

List of some currently available emerged technologies:

 Artificial Intelligence  DevOps

 Blockchain  Internet of Things (IoT)
 Augmented Reality and Virtual  Intelligent Apps (I-Apps)
Reality  Big Data
 Cloud Computing  Robotic Processor Automation
 Angular and React (RPA)

2.1. Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a field within computer science focused on creating systems that
can simulate human intelligence. AI systems are built to replicate human capabilities,
particularly in reasoning (drawing conclusions based on information) and generalization
(applying knowledge from previous experiences to similar new situations).

Examples of AI Capabilities:
Reasoning: AI can make logical inferences. For example, if "My friend is either at home or at
work, and they’re not at work, then they must be at home."
Generalization: AI can apply knowledge from past experiences to solve similar problems. For
example, "If I know how to change a wheel on my bicycle, I can generalize that knowledge to
change a wheel on another bike."

The History of AI’s conceptual roots trace back to the 1940s, but the term "Artificial
Intelligence" was first coined in the 1950s.
 The field has rapidly advanced due to increases in computing power and access to large
datasets, making AI an essential tool across numerous fields.
Applications:

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Grade 11 Information Technology Student’s Short Notes.

Business: AI helps in automating processes, enhancing customer experience, and improving

decision-making through predictive analytics.
Medicine: AI is used for diagnostics, personalized medicine, drug development, and even in
robotic surgeries.
Entertainment: AI powers personalized recommendations, virtual assistants, and immersive
gaming experiences.

2.1.1 Branches of AI

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad field with various subfields that focus on different aspects
of replicating human-like intelligence. Here are some key branches:

a. Machine Learning (ML)

Machine Learning (ML) is a branch of AI that involves developing algorithms that allow
computers to learn and improve from experience without explicit programming. A model built
from sample data can then be used to make predictions that are useful for decision-making. Some
examples of machine learning applications are:
Fraud detection
Recommendation systems
Email spam detection
Speech recognition

b. Robotics

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Grade 11 Information Technology Student’s Short Notes.

Robotics is the study of machines, called robots, that perform tasks traditionally done by
humans. Over the past few decades, robots have primarily been used to replace human labor in
routine and repetitive activities, such as those in car manufacturing assembly lines.
Robots are also deployed in environments considered hazardous to humans, including handling
radioactive waste, underwater operations, and space exploration.
This revision enhances the readability while preserving the original meaning.

Similarly, the use of robots in households is becoming increasingly common. Today, robots are
used at home to perform chores, assist the elderly, monitor young children, and more. A well-
known example of household robotics is the robot vacuum cleaner, which sweeps carpets and
cleans floors without human intervention.

c. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a crucial branch of artificial intelligence that focuses on
enabling computers to process, understand, and respond to human language in a meaningful
way. Some of the major application areas of NLP are listed below.
1. Spam Detection: Email service providers, like Yahoo, analyze a text in an
email to check if it is spam or not using NLP.

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Grade 11 Information Technology Student’s Short Notes.

2. Machine Translation: Platforms like Google Translate use NLP to translate text from one
language to another. This allows for communication across language barriers.
Machine translation utilizes complex models, such as neural networks, to understand the
context, grammar, and nuances of language to produce more accurate translations.
3. Virtual Assistants: Virtual assistants like Amazon’s Alexa and Apple’s Siri rely heavily on
NLP to interpret and respond to spoken commands.
These assistants use speech recognition and natural language understanding to
process voice input, convert it to text, interpret intent, and respond appropriately.
4. Sentiment Analysis: Sentiment analysis is used to understand public opinion by analyzing
social media posts, reviews, and other text data.
This involves categorizing language as positive, negative, or neutral, often using text
classification techniques.
It's commonly used for marketing insights and customer feedback analysis.

5. Fake News Identification: NLP helps in detecting misinformation by analyzing language,

sources, and the consistency of news content.
This is crucial for social media platforms and news aggregators to maintain content
credibility.
Fake news detection often involves fact-checking, source validation, and evaluating
language patterns associated with misinformation.

6. Text Summarization: NLP can summarize large documents, such as research papers, by
extracting essential points.
This is useful for academics, journalists, and anyone dealing with large volumes of
information.
Text summarization may be extractive (selecting key sentences directly from the text) or
abstractive (generating new summaries by paraphrasing content).
d. Expert Systems
Expert systems are designed to emulate the decision-making abilities of human experts in
specific domains, effectively solving complex problems that typically require human
intelligence.

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Grade 11 Information Technology Student’s Short Notes.

Some of the fields that benefit from expert systems include medical diagnosis,
petroleum engineering, and financial investing.
An expert system consists of three components:
1. User Interface,
2. Knowledge Base, and
3. Inference Engine

1. User Interface: Facilitates user interaction, allowing queries to be input and results to be
displayed. It is also the means through which users see the recommendation that the expert
system provides.
2. Knowledge Base: Serves as a repository of domain-specific knowledge, organized as rules
(if-then-else). It includes both factual knowledge and heuristics. The completeness, accuracy,
and precision of the knowledge captured in the knowledge base are central to the performance of
expert systems
3. Inference Engine: The core component that applies logical rules to the knowledge base to
derive conclusions or recommendations. One of the earliest and most well-known examples of
expert systems is MYCIN.
MYCIN is an expert system that emulates infectious disease experts.
It identifies bacteria that cause infections and recommends antibiotics.

2.1.2 Application of AI

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Grade 11 Information Technology Student’s Short Notes.

Nowadays, the power of AI is being exploited to efficiently solve problems in a

wide range of areas. The following are some examples of applications of AI
i. Online Shopping
AI algorithms are used to dive into and process the massive user data available in various
systems to extract personalized data about shoppers. The data is then used to present users with
items that they are more likely interested in, which makes the whole shopping experience
efficient and enjoyable.
Example: AI-driven chatbots can provide real-time assistance, further streamlining the shopping
process.

ii. Autonomous:
The development of autonomous cars represents a significant advancement in transportation
technology. By leveraging data from GPS systems, vehicle radars, and cameras, these vehicles
are designed to operate without human intervention or agent. While fully autonomous cars are
still undergoing testing and regulatory approval, many modern vehicles already incorporate
semi-autonomous features are already implemented in cars produced by companies like Tesla.
Multiple reports indicate that autonomous cars have great potential for improving road
safety.
The trend and development in the area indicate that the era of fully automated cars is not
far away.
Autonomous cars are believed to significantly reduce the number of road accidents due
to their features such as the ability to exchange safety-critical information with one

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Grade 11 Information Technology Student’s Short Notes.

another, the 360-degree view of the surrounding, the power to flag hazards on the road
ahead, and many more.

iii. Social Media

The size of data available on social media makes it practically impossible to process the
data using human beings. This is why AI has become a fundamental part of how social
networks operate today. Social media companies, like Facebook, apply AI in various
areas such as advertising, delivery of personalized content, facial recognition, and many
more.

iv. Surveillance
Surveillance systems can benefit significantly from AI. For example, AI systems can
automatically detect suspicious behavior in real-time. This can be implemented in places
like supermarkets, military and security stations, or any place with restricted

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