CHAPTER

32 Instruction and Intervention Support

Digestive and Excretory Systems
1 Core Instruction

Chapter Introduction
■■ Review the TE Wrap for features such as Activate Prior Knowledge, Addressing Misconceptions, and
Teach from Visuals.
Additional online resources available for this chapter include Biology Video Clips, Interactive Whiteboard
resources, and Visual Concepts.

Section Instruction Labs

Textbook Nutrients and Homeostasis
32.1
■■

Teaching Visuals Reading a Food Label (Fig. 1.7)

PowerPresentation and Notes 32.1
Textbook Digestive System Testing a Digestive Enzyme
32.2
■■ ■■

Teaching Visuals Digestive System (Fig. 2.1) ■■ Antacid Effectiveness (Design Your Own)
PowerPresentation and Notes 32.2 ■■ Digesting Milk
■■ Factors Affecting Digestion
Video Lab Lactose Digestion
Textbook Absorption of Nutrients QuickLab Villi in the Small Intestine
32.3
■■ ■■

Animated Biology Run the Digestive System

PowerPresentation and Notes 32.3
Textbook Excretory System
32.4
■■

Animated Biology Kidney Structure

Teaching Visuals Excretory System (Fig. 4.1), Kidney
Structure (Fig. 4.2), Nephron Structure (Fig. 4.3)
PowerPresentation and Notes 32.4

908A Unit 9: Human Biology

Find all of your resources online at HMDScience.com PREMIUM Content

2 Support and Intervention 3 Specialized Support

■■ Interactive Reader ■■ Vocabulary Practice Worksheet (English and Spanish)
Interactive Review Games ■■ Chapter Audio Files (English and Spanish)
Concept Map ■■ ELL Strategies
■■ Study Guide B (English and Spanish) ■■ Differentiated Instruction Inclusion, Below-Level, and
Section Self-Checks English Language Learners
■■ Assess and Reteach (TE Wrap) ■■ Study Guide A (English and Spanish)
■■ Section Reinforcement Worksheets (English and Spanish)
■■ Modified Lesson Plans for English Learners

Where do I find it? PRINT DVD online

Enrichment and Challenge Animated Biology ■ ■

Biology Video Clips ■ ■

Smart Grapher Activity Interaction of Glucose and
Insulin (32.4) Interactive Whiteboard resources ■ ■

■■ Data Analysis Practice Worksheet Labs ■ ■

WebQuest Obesity (32.1) PowerPresentations and PowerNotes ■ ■

■■ Differentiated Instruction Pre-AP (TE Wrap)
QuickLabs ■ ■ ■
■■ Pre-AP Activity A Trip Through the Small Intestine
■■ The Inside Story and Take It Further (TE Wrap) Teaching Visuals ■ ■

WebLinks Textbook ■ ■ ■
■■ Active Reading Worksheets That’s Amazing! Video Inquiry ■ ■
■■ Unit Project
Visual Concepts ■ ■

Assess and Reteach ■ ■ ■

Interactive Reader ■ ■ ■

Interactive Review ■ ■
Assessment
Study Guide B ■ ■
■■ Diagnostic Test (English and Spanish)
■■ Section Quizzes (English and Spanish) Virtual Investigations ■ ■

■■ Chapter Tests A and B (English and Spanish) Vocabulary Practice Worksheet ■ ■

■■ Extended Response Test (English and Spanish)
■■ Alternative Assessment (English and Spanish) Chapter Audio Files ■ ■

Online Assessment and Remediation Differentiated Instruction: Inclusion,

■ ■ ■
■■ ExamView Additional Banks Below-Level, and English Language Learners
Study Guide A ■ ■

Modified Lesson Plans for English Learners ■ ■

Section Reinforcement Worksheets ■ ■

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 908B

 CHAPTER

32 32 Digestive and

CHAPTER
Excretory Systems
. Focus and Motivate 32.1 Nutrients and Homeostasis
What is that gut feeling 32.2 Digestive System
inside of you? 32.3 Absorption of Nutrients
Students can feel—and sometimes
hear—smooth muscle contractions Data Analysis
when the stomach is empty. But when IDENTIFYING OUTLIERS
food is present in the stomach, a lot
more is going on. Ask
32.4 Excretory System
• What is the stomach doing when it
churns? breaking down and mixing
food
• Besides churning food, how else
does the stomach digest food? The
stomach’s epithelial cells secrete
substances that help break down
food.
Help students understand that the
food we eat must be broken down, or
digested, in order to be usable. Every-
thing we eat, even liquid foods such as
soups, must be digested into simple ONLINE BIOLOGY
molecules, such as sugars and amino HMDScience.com
acids, in order to be absorbed into the
blood. The blood then carries the ONLINE Labs
nutrients to all the cells of the body. ■ Testing a Digestive Enzyme
■ QuickLab Villi in the Small Intestine
■ Antacid Effectiveness
Biozine ■ Digesting Milk
Factors Affecting Digestion

(t) ©Professor Cinti and V. Gremet/Photo Researchers, Inc.

(t) ©Professor Cinti and V. Gremet/Photo Researchers, Inc.

HMDScience.com
■

■ Video Lab Lactose Digestion

Students can access BioZine at
HMDScience.com to learn about PREMIUM CONTENT

some of the latest research in the BIOLOGY

biological sciences. Kidney Structure The nephron is the func-
tional unit of the kidney. Explore how blood
is filtered as it passes through the long and
In a Hurry? winding renal tubes of the nephron.

The critical material of the chapter is

found in Sections 2 and 4, which cover
the organs and processes of digestion 908 Student Activity
Unit 9: Human Biology
and excretion, respectively. For quick
coverage of nutrient absorption in Purpose Have students perform a simple • mortar and pestle
Section 3, discuss FIGURE 3.1 and the main Untitled-1357 908
chemical test to detect protein in food.
5/31/2011 12:29:17 PM

idea, “Water is absorbed and solid wastes • 10-mL graduated cylinder

are eliminated from the large intestine.” In Safety Note Students must wear goggles and • water
Section 1, spend time discussing the six gloves during this activity. Sodium hydroxide is
caustic and can burn. Tell students not to eat • 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution (Add 0.4 g
nutrients and the information on the
the food samples. NaOH to 100 mL distilled water.)
food label in FIGURE 1.7.
Materials (per team) • 1% copper(II) sulfate solution (Add 1 g
anhydrous cupric sulfate (CuSO4) to 100 mL
• variety of food samples, such as hamburger, distilled water.)
tofu, cheese, bread, peas, yogurt, egg, apple
• latex gloves
• test tubes (one for each food sample)
• goggles
• balance or scale
908 Unit 9: Human Biology
 SEM; magnification 50003 Activate Prior
Knowledge
Students will no doubt think the subject
distasteful, but mention that the human
digestive system seamlessly connects
with the excretory system. Ask
Q What is that gut • From an engineering or architectural
point of view, why wouldn’t you
feeling inside you? ever build a building or house where
food preparation, delivery, and waste
A lot is going on in your stomach when you
disposal were far apart? more
eat. For instance, epithelial cells, shown in this efficient to keep them close
close-up, secrete four types of substances: together, even if in different areas
stomach acid; a protective mucus that keeps or rooms
the stomach from digesting itself; enzymes
• At what point in the process of
that break down many types of food; and
eating does food become waste?
hormones that control the process.
when all that is useful to the body
has been removed
Mention that the body is still extracting
salts and water as material moves
through the large intestine.

Preview Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary The words
excretion and elimination are sometimes
thought of as being synonymous.
However, these words refer to two
distinct and separate biological pro-
cesses. Excretion refers to the removal
of nonsolid wastes by the kidneys, lungs,
and skin. Secretion shares the same Latin
root meaning “separate” and is similar in
meaning to excretion, except it
RE ADING TOOLBOX This reading tool can help you learn the material in the following pages.
describes the release of material that is
produced by the body, not waste
USING LANGUAGE YOUR TURN material. Elimination refers to the
Classification Organizing things into groups will show 1. Pizza, hamburger, and salad are members of the class
removal of solid wastes through the
their relationships to each other and to other things. food. List three additional members that could belong
large intestine. The root of the word
Grouping is called classification, and another word for in this class.
comes from the Latin for “banish,” and in
group is class. For example, a hammer is a tool. A hammer 2. The class nutrient includes the members vitamin,
everyday language its synonyms include
is not the only type of tool. Saws, drills, and screwdrivers mineral, carbohydrate, protein, and lipid. Think of
eradicate and purge.
are also tools. Tool is the class and saw, drill, screwdriver, another class to which the members carbohydrate, English Learners Students’ ideas about
and hammer are members of that class. protein, and lipid could belong. what a nutrient is may be limited to
those materials that provide energy and
material: fats, carbohydrates, and
Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 909 proteins. Remind students that the body
also needs water, minerals, and vitamins,
Introduce Divide students into teams, and give Discuss Tell students that copper sulfate all of which are important to the
Untitled-1357 909
each team one or two different food samples.
5/31/2011 12:29:22 PM
changes color when it reacts with certain amino biochemical processes of the body.
Have students use a mortar and pestle to crush acids in proteins. In solution with sodium
about 3 g of a sample in 5 mL of water and then hydroxide, it goes from blue green to violet,
pour the mixture into a test tube. Tell them to depending on the amount of protein present.
add 5 mL of sodium hydroxide solution to the The darker violet the solution becomes, the Answers
tube and then slowly add 1 mL of copper(II) more protein is present. Ask, Among the food
sulfate solution. Have teams record their tested, which foods have proteins? probably all 1. Sample Answers: fruit, french fries,
observations on the board to share with the at varying levels Ask, Why is it important to eat and steak
class. Students should wash their hands after protein? The body uses proteins to help build 2. Sample Answers: organic or carbon
completing the activity. enzymes and hormones, to build and repair compounds, and biomolecules
tissue, and to make cell structures.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 909

 SECTION 32.1
32.1 Nutrients and Homeostasis
. Plan and Prepare
VOCABULARY
KEY CONCEPT Cells require many different nutrients.
Objectives mineral
vitamin
MAIN IDEAS
Six types of nutrients help to maintain homeostasis.
• Identify six types of nutrients that Calorie Meeting nutritional needs supports good health.
help maintain homeostasis.
• Describe ways of meeting nutritional
needs that support good health. Connect to Your World
> Nowadays, many foods are enriched with essential vitamins, and you have been

Section Resources taught about nutrients that your body needs. But until the 1740s, British sailors on
long voyages were crippled by scurvy, an illness that produced weakness, bruising,
Online Student Resources bleeding gums, and painful joints. Meanwhile, Dutch sailors who ate oranges at sea
never got scurvy. British physician James Lind hypothesized that citrus fruits might
Study Guide (English and Spanish)
not only cure the illness but prevent it as well. Lind divided the crew of one ship into
PowerNotes six groups and gave each different foods. Sailors eating oranges and lemons remained
Reinforcement Worksheet healthy. Simply adding vitamin C eliminated scurvy at sea.
Section Self-Check
Interactive Reader
MAIN IDEA
Online Teacher Resources
PowerPresentation
Six types of nutrients help to maintain
Teacher Toolkit homeostasis.
Today, scientists and health experts know a great deal more about how
Activate Prior Knowledge Discuss diets important nutrients are to maintain homeostasis in your body. You need to
that students may have heard about that consume six types of nutrients every day to keep your body in good health:
focus on certain foods. Ask water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins. If any one of these
nutrients is missing for too long, your body’s cells will stop working properly,
• Why do most of these diets have which also affects your organs.
little long-term success? People like
to eat a variety of foods, and some Water
diets are not tailored to individual Your body is made up of 55 to 60 percent water. As a natural solvent, water is
needs. FIGURE 1.1 Complex carbohy- involved in nearly every chemical reaction in every cell of your body. It also
drates (whole grains, potatoes,
• How might such diets be detrimental? vegetables) must be broken down helps you to digest food and eliminate waste products, maintain your blood
Extreme diets lack nutrients a person into sugars to be used as fuel. volume, regulate your body temperature, and keep your skin moist. To main-
Simple carbohydrates, such as tain your fluid balance, you need to drink about 2 liters (8 cups) of water a day
needs, while other diets may create those found in fruits, do not need
imbalances in the body and disrupt to be broken down as much. to replace the amount you lose through sweat, urine, and respiration.

©Louis B. Wallach, Inc./The Image Bank/Getty Images

©Louis B. Wallach, Inc./The Image Bank/Getty Images

homeostasis.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates, shown in FIGURE 1.1, are the main source of energy for your
body. Simple carbohydrates are sugars found in sugar cane, honey, and fruits.
. Teach Complex carbohydrates are starches found in vegetables, grains, and potatoes.
To be absorbed by your body, starches must be broken down during digestion
into simple sugars, such as glucose. Excess supplies of glucose are converted to
Address glycogen and are stored in the liver and muscle tissues for future use. Many
grains, fruits, and vegetables also contain cellulose, a dietary fiber. Fiber
Misconceptions cannot be digested, but it helps move food through your digestive system.
Common Misconception You can
never drink too much water. Differentiated
910 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
Correcting the Misconception Drinking
more than 1.5 liters/hour over-dilutes ENGLISH LEARNERS fact they know about the topic. At a timed
the blood and causes sodium concentra-
Untitled-920 910
Before beginning the section, have students signal, have the 1’s pass the paper to the 2’s. 6/6/2011 10:23:57 AM

tion to drop and osmotic pressure to form home groups and number off. Write on Each person writes something they know but
increase, causing hyponatremia. Water the board the chapter topic, “The Digestive cannot repeat what others wrote. Have the
enters cells, causing them to swell. Brain and Excretory System.” Allow students five groups copy their work on chart paper or the
cells swell rapidly and cease functioning. minutes to scan the chapter. Then with books board and then discuss the responses.
closed, have all 1’s write on a piece of paper a Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Round Table

910 Unit 9: Human Biology

 Proteins
Proteins are the raw materials used for the growth and repair of the body’s Integrating
cells and tissues. In addition, proteins make up all enzymes and many hor-
mones that are vital for cell metabolism. Proteins are composed of chains of
Nutritional Science
amino acids. Your body can make only 12 of the 20 amino acids it needs to Both omega-6 fatty acids (O6FAs) and
build proteins. The other 8, called essential amino acids, must come from the omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) are
foods you eat. Foods such as meat, cheese, and eggs contain all eight essential essential for good health because they
amino acids. However, most plant proteins lack at least one essential amino help maintain cell membranes and are
acid. Vegans—people who do not eat meat, dairy products, or eggs—must eat critical for the synthesis of certain
plant foods in combination to obtain all the amino acids they need. For hormones. Yet many studies have linked
example, red beans and rice together contain all 20 amino acids. O6FAs with inflammatory diseases,
including heart disease, arthritis, and
Fats some cancers. The bad effects of O6FAs
Fats provide energy and key components in cell membranes, myelin sheaths arise when they are consumed at high
for neurons, and certain hormones. Fats consist of long chains of fatty acids levels in proportion to O3FAs. O6FAs,
hooked to glycerol molecules. Your body can make some fatty acids, but you FIGURE 1.2 Proteins and fats are which are found in meats and in nuts
must obtain all of the essential fatty acids from the foods you eat. Fats are often found in the same foods.
Beef, chicken, and eggs contain and seeds and their oils, promote
classified as either saturated or unsaturated, depending on the structure of protein and saturated fats. Fish, inflammation and clot formation,
their fatty acid chains. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature and are nuts, beans, and seeds contain increase blood pressure, and promote
found in animal products. Most unsaturated fats are liquid at room tempera- protein and unsaturated fats.
growth of some tumors.
ture and are found in plant oils, such as corn or olive oils, and in some fish,
such as cod or salmon. In general, unsaturated fats are considered more O3FAs, which are found in flax seeds,
R E A D I N G TO O L B OX
beneficial to people’s health than are saturated fats. canola oil, and oily fish such as salmon
TAKING NOTES and tuna, tend to decrease inflammation
Minerals Use a two-column chart to and clot formation and offer other
organize your notes about
Small amounts of minerals and vitamins are also needed to maintain homeo-
different nutrients and their
important benefits. The benefits of
stasis. Minerals are inorganic materials the body uses to carry out processes in functions. O3FAs emerge at an O6-to-O3 ratio of
cells and to build or repair tissues. Some of the more common minerals are around 4:1 or less. This ratio is common
listed in FIGURE 1.3. Calcium, for example, is essential for bone and tooth Water - makes up 55 to
60% of body
in diets high in fruits, whole grains, olive
formation, muscle contraction, and nerve transmission. Sodium and potas- - maintains blood oil, and vegetables and relatively low in
sium help to maintain the body’s fluid homeostasis. You are constantly losing volume
meat. The typical Western diet, which is
minerals in sweat, urine, and other waste products. You can replace them by high in meats and relatively low in fruits,
eating a variety of plant foods or by combining plant and animal foods. vegetables, and whole grains, has a ratio
between 15:1 and 16.7:1. Evidence shows
FIGURE 1.3 Important Minerals that eating this kind of diet explains the
MINERALS SOURCES IMPORTANT FOR
high incidence of inflammatory diseases
in the United States.
Calcium dairy products, salmon, sardines, dark leafy greens blood clotting, bone/tooth formation; muscle/nerve function

Iron liver, dark leafy greens, whole grains component in hemoglobin TEACH FROM VISUALS
©Comstock Production Department/Alamy Images

©Comstock Production Department/Alamy Images

Iodine iodized salt, seafoods, sea vegetables component in thyroid hormones

FIGURE 1.3 Use the table to discuss
Magnesium nuts, whole grains, leafy green vegetables bone/tooth formation; coenzyme in protein synthesis
the importance of a balanced diet as a
Phosphorus meats, dairy products, nuts, dried peas and beans bone/tooth formation; active in many metabolic processes means of getting the minerals needed
Potassium meats, dairy products, many fruits and vegetables regulation of pH, fluid balance, and muscle/nerve function
to maintain homeostasis. Ask
Sodium table salt, seafoods, processed foods regulation of pH, fluid balance, and muscle/nerve function
• How can vegans (people who eat
no animal-based foods) keep their
Zinc meats, seafoods, grains activation of many enzymes in metabolic processes bones strong? by eating plenty of
green leafy vegetables, nuts, whole
Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 911 grains, and dried peas and beans
• What mineral deficiencies might you
Below Level PRE-AP find in a person who eats mostly
M Untitled-920 911
meat and processed foods and few
Some students may have difficulty sorting Have students write for five minutes on 6/6/2011
the 10:23:59 AM vegetables? calcium, iodine, magne-
out the information in FIGURES 1.3 and 1.4. question of whether the words food and sium, iron
Have them list and group minerals and nutrient are synonymous. Have them
• What problems might this person
vitamins in a way that will help them consider whether food and nutrients func-
have? clotting disorders, weak teeth
associate these nutrients with their sources. tion in the same way. You may want to
and bones, nerve dysfunction, low
For some students, color coding may be suggest that students adopt the terminology
hemoglobin
useful; other students may find it more macronutrient (large, energy-yielding) and
helpful to make flash cards with pictures micronutrient (small, nonenergy-yielding).
of sources, such as dairy products or green
leafy vegetables. Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Quick-Write

Teacher Toolkit, Section D, List-Group-Label

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 911
 Vitamins
. Teach continued Vitamins are organic molecules that work with enzymes to regulate cell
functions, growth, and development. As shown in FIGURE 1.4, these nutrients
are divided into fat-soluble vitamins and water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble

Vocabulary vitamins dissolve in fatty acids. The fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K can
be stored in the body’s fatty tissues for future use. For this reason, taking high
vitamin The word vitamin was coined doses of these vitamins can actually create harmful, or toxic, levels in the body.
by a Polish biochemist, Kazimierz Funk, Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water. The water-soluble vitamin C
in 1911. Vitamin comes from the Latin and the B vitamins cannot be stored and are excreted in urine and feces. As a
word vita, meaning “life,” and the result, you need to eat foods rich in these nutrients to keep replenishing them.
biochemical term amine. Funk believed The National Academy of Sciences publishes recommended daily amounts of
substances that were essential to life minerals and vitamins based on your age, gender, and level of activity.
were amines and therefore called them A Apply Would a diet higher in protein or in complex carbohydrates give you more
vitamines. When it was realized these energy? Explain your answer.
substances were not necessarily amines,
the e was dropped from the word. FIGURE 1.4 Essential Vitamins
VitAmin SourcES importAnt for

Science Trivia Fat-Soluble (Dissolves in Fat)

• Shark liver oil is rich in vitamin A. A (retinol) dark green, yellow, and orange vegetables, healthy skin, mucous membranes, vision
fortified milk, fish and liver oils
• The polar bear’s liver could kill a
human being if eaten because of the D (calciferol) fortified dairy and whole grain products, bone and tooth formation, increase in calcium and
egg yolks, fish and liver oils phosphorus absorption
lethal amount of vitamin A.
vegetable oils, nuts, fish oils, meats, leafy prevention of cell damage
• High doses of vitamin B6 can cause E (tocopherol)
green vegetables
nerve damage.
K leafy green vegetables, egg yolks, liver; blood clotting and synthesis of clotting factors
• Eight strawberries contain more also made by intestinal bacteria
vitamin C than a medium-sized orange.
Water-Soluble (Dissolves in Water)
• Vitamin K is produced by intestinal
bacteria, so taking antibiotics can B1 (thiamine) pork and red meats, whole grains, metabolism of carbohydrates
dried beans and peas, eggs
result in a vitamin K deficiency.
B2 (riboflavin) dairy products, liver and organ meats, metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, normal
enriched whole grains growth in skin, lips, and mucous membranes

B3 (niacin) meats, dried peas and beans, whole grains metabolism of glucose,
10 fats, and proteins 4000
Answers B6 (pyridoxine) meats, fish, peanuts, eggs, bran cereal metabolism of amino acids
Height gain
(cm/year)
3500

Height gain (cm/year)

8
Required 3000
A Apply Complex carbohydrates; B12 liver, meats, eggs, dairy products protein synthesis and red blood cell production
Calories/day 2500
6
these nutrients would break down 2000
C (ascorbic acid) citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, broccoli, antioxidant, maintenance of cartilage and bone, iron
slowly and release energy over a long cabbage, potatoes, melons absorption, tissue4 repair, wound healing, healthy gums 1500
time. Proteins, on the other hand, are 1000
Pantothenic acid meats, dairy products, whole grains metabolism of glucose,
2 fats, and proteins
used mainly for growth and repair. 500
Folic acid leafy green vegetables, liver, nuts, oranges, amino acid synthesis
0 and metabolism, prevention of 0
broccoli, peas, fortified cereals neural tube defects8 in 9fetuses
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Age (years)
Biotin egg yolks, liver, soybeans metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Choline egg yolks, liver, whole grains production of phospholipids and neurotransmitters

912 Differentiated
Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
PRE-AP
Untitled-920 912 6/6/2011 10:24:00 AM
Have students use the information in
FIGURES 1.3 and 1.4 to draw cause-and-effect
diagrams showing possible causes of certain
mineral or vitamin deficiencies and possible
effects of these deficiencies. For example, a
possible cause of vitamin C deficiency is not
eating enough fruits or vegetables that are
rich in vitamin C. A possible effect of vitamin
C deficiency is unhealthy gums.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Cause-and-Effect
Diagram
912 Unit 9: Human Biology
 MAIN IDEA
TEACH FROM VISUALS
Meeting nutritional needs supports good health.
FIGURE 1.5 Use the graphs to discuss
A balanced diet is important throughout your life, but particularly during CONNECT TO differences in Calorie requirements for
pre-teen and early teen years. During these years, you are growing and
CELLULAR RESPIRATION females and males at different ages of
developing faster than at any other time since the first two years of your life.
Your bone mass is increasing nearly 40 percent, you are gaining most of your
You read in Cells and Energy adolescence. Ask
about the different ways that
adult body mass, and you are developing sexual characteristics. plant and animal cells obtain • At what age do most teenage girls
To fuel this growth spurt, your body requires considerably more nutrients energy. In nearly all plant and need the most Calories per day?
animal cells, mitochondria use About 12 years of age; growth rate
and more energy in the form of Calories consumed, as shown in FIGURE 1.5. A molecules broken down by
calorie, with a small c, is the amount of energy required to raise one gram of digestion to build ATP, the main peaks at this age, requiring more
water one degree Celsius. One Calorie (capital C) from food equals one power source for cells. Calories per day.
kilocalorie, or 1000 calories. Different foods contain different amounts of • When do teenage boys experience
energy. One gram of protein or carbohydrate yields four Calories, while one the greatest growth rate? about
gram of fat yields nine Calories. 14 years of age
FIGURE 1.6 Your food choices
Calories alone are not the whole story, however. The rapid changes in can help you consume high-quality • Why might the daily Calorie
your body require adequate amounts of all six nutrients. Dietary experts energy and nutrients at a time requirement for boys continue to
recommend that most of your Calories come from eating whole grains, when your body needs them
the most.
increase after height gain peaks?
fruits, and vegetables, which are rich in fiber, vitamins, and minerals. Also, Extra Calories are needed for
experts suggest drinking more low-fat milk or soy drinks and water, and other growth processes, such as
fewer high-sugar soft drinks and juices. High-sugar foods provide Calories muscle and bone growth.
but very little nutritional value. Dietary experts also recommend eating more
lean meats and fish, while cutting down on foods high in saturated fat.
It is also important to find a balance between food and physical activity so
that you use about as many Calories as you consume. The U.S. Department of Integrating Chemistry
Agriculture (USDA) Web site provides information on how to develop a Scientists use a bomb calorimeter to
balanced diet. determine the Calorie content of
different foods. A bomb calorimeter
is a closed-system device in which
FIGURE 1.5 Growth and Energy Needs food is burned completely in the
During rapid growth, the body requires significantly more energy. presence of oxygen. The reaction
releases heat, which is measured and
MALES FEMALES
expressed in Calories or joules (one
4000 4000
Calorie = 4186 joules). 4000
10 10 10
Height gain 3500 Height gain 3500 Height gain 3500
(cm/year) (cm/year) (cm/year)
Required Calories/day

Required Calories/day

Required Calories/day

Required Calories/day
Height gain (cm/year)

Height gain (cm/year)

Height gain (cm/year)

8 8 8
Required 3000 Required 3000 Required 3000
Calories/day 2500 Calories/day 2500 Calories/day 2500
6 6 6

4
2000
1500 4
2000
1500 4
Answers 2000
1500
1000 1000 A Contrast Girls start their growth
1000
2 2 2
500 500 spurts and reach peak heights500 earlier
than boys do, but their Calorie0 intake
©David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit

©David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit

0 0 0 0 0
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
does not rise as high. This reflects the
Age (years) Age (years) Age (years)
fact that boys gain more muscle and
Sources: Adapted from JM Tanner: Growth at Adolescence, ed.2, Oxford; Food and Nutri- bone mass than do girls during this time.
A Contrast What differences do you tion Board: Recommended Dietary Allowances, ed. 10, National Academy Press; Institute
notice between the two charts? of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary Reference, National Academies Press.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 913

TEACH WITH TECHNOLOGY

M Untitled-920 913 6/6/2011 10:24:01 AM
Show students The Nutrition Source, Harvard
School of Public Health’s Website on healthy
eating. The site explains all aspects of a
healthy lifestyle and compares the USDA’s
food guide graphic with the one that the
Harvard School of Public Health has created
called the Healthy Eating Pyramid.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 913

 FIGURE 1.7 READING A FOOD LABEL The information on a food label, such as the one
. Teach continued in FIGURE 1.7, can help you make good choices and
compare the values of different foods. The label
MACARONI AND CHEESE
shown here is from a box of macaroni and cheese.
TEACH FROM VISUALS
1 Know serving size. 1 Serving size and number This measurement
FIGURE 1.7 Review the key elements of varies from one product to another. In this case,
the food label with students. Emphasize 2 Check Calories and one serving equals one cup. Notice that this
Calories from fat
that the Calories, fat, and other nutrient per serving. container holds two servings.
counts shown on the label are per 2 Calories and Calories from fat The numbers
serving. Ask, If you eat the whole 3 Limit these listed on the label are for one serving only. If
nutrients.
package of macaroni and cheese, how you eat both servings, you are actually getting
many grams of fat will you consume? 500 Calories, nearly half from fat.
24 grams Point out the % Daily Value 4 Get enough of
these nutrients.
3 Nutrients to limit Americans usually con-
column and the explanation of Percent sume too much saturated fat, trans fat,
Daily Values at the bottom of the food cholesterol, and sodium. Trans fat is a type of
label. Explain that the percentages on fat that can cause cell damage. A diet high in
the food label compare the amount of these nutrients is linked to obesity, which
each nutrient present in the food with affects more and more Americans of all ages.
the recommended amount of that Footnote explains Too much sodium can raise blood pressure by
% Daily Values
nutrient per day for a person who causing the body to retain water.
consumes about 2000 calories per day. 4 Nutrients to target Americans need to con-
sume enough of these nutrients each day. Notice
Source: U.S. Food and Drug Administration
that this product is low in vitamins and miner-
als, except for calcium, and has no dietary fiber.
Answers The wheat used in the macaroni has been
processed until there is no fiber left.
A Analyze Unprocessed foods contain
more fiber, water, and nutrients, such as Web As the label shows, if you eat this product, you will also need to eat whole
grains, vegetables, and fruits during the day to obtain the nutrients that are
vitamins and minerals, than do most HMDScience.com
missing from this food.
processed foods. PREMIUM CONTENT

Obesity A Analyze What nutritional advantages do unprocessed foods offer over

processed foods?

. Assess and Reteach

SELF-CHECK Online
HMDScience.com
Assess Use the Section Self-Check
or Section Quiz, both available at 32.1 Formative Assessment PREMIUM CONTENT

­HMDScience.com. REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING CONNECT TO

Reteach Ask students to bring food 1. What six types of nutrients must you 3. Apply Explain why vegans—people CELLULAR RESPIRATION
labels to class. Have them use the consume to stay healthy? Give two who eat no animal products—may 5. All cells need ATP to power
information on the food labels to examples of how nutrients help to have trouble getting all the essential their metabolic processes.
compare the nutritional value of the maintain homeostasis. amino acids from their diet. Explain why eating carbohy-
different foods, using FIGURE 1.7 as 2. What information besides the 4. Contrast How do the functions of drates is so important to the
a guide. number of Calories can help you vitamins and minerals differ from process of cellular respiration.
make good food choices? the functions of proteins and
carbohydrates?

32.1 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 914 Unit 9: Human Biology

1. Proteins, carbohydrates, water, fats, 3. Unlike animal proteins, plant proteins 5. Carbohydrates break down into simple
vitamins, and minerals; water and mineralsUntitled-920 914 usually lack one or more essential amino sugars, such as glucose. Glucose is necessary6/6/2011 10:24:04 AM
help to maintain fluid balance in the body. acids. Vegans must combine two or more to perform cellular respiration and produce
2. Information regarding serving size, number plant proteins to obtain all essential amino ATP.
of servings, Calories from fat, and available acids.
nutrients can help you make good food 4. Carbohydrates and proteins provide energy
choices. and building materials for the body.
Vitamins and minerals facilitate chemical
reactions and help maintain water balance.

914 Unit 9: Human Biology

 SECTION  32.2
32.2 Digestive System
Plan and Prepare .
VOCABULARY
KEY CONCEPT The digestive system breaks down food
into simpler molecules.
digestion
digestive system
Objectives
MAIN IDEAS
sphincter • Describe the organs of the digestive
Several digestive organs work together to break down food.
esophagus system.
Digestion begins in the mouth and continues in the stomach.
peristalsis
Digestion is completed in part of the small intestine. • Summarize the difference between
stomach mechanical and chemical digestion.
chyme
small intestine
bile
Connect to Your World
What would you do to help advance scientific understanding? In June 1822, Alexis St.
Section Resources
Martin was shot in the stomach and treated by William Beaumont, an Army surgeon. Online Student Resources
> The 19-year-old St. Martin recovered, but the bullet wound left a small hole in his
Study Guide (English and Spanish)
stomach. Beaumont covered the hole and persuaded St. Martin to let him observe
the digestive process by tying foods to a string, dropping them into the stomach PowerNotes
hole, and retrieving them at different times to see how quickly different foods were Reinforcement Worksheet
digested. Over ten years, the experiments yielded a wealth of information about the Section Self-Check
digestive process. St. Martin married, had children, and lived to the age of 76. Interactive Reader
Online Teacher Resources
MAIN IDEA PowerPresentation
Several digestive organs work together to break Teacher Toolkit
down food.
Activate Prior Knowledge Have
Digestion is the process by which the large complex molecules in food are
students visualize eating a sandwich. Ask
broken down into smaller molecules that can be used by the body. The
digestive system is a collection of organs that breaks down food into energy • What parts of the body are involved
that can be used in cells. It is like a factory that takes things apart instead of in the digestion of the sandwich?
putting them together. The major organs of this “disassembly line” include the mouth, teeth, tongue, esophagus,
mouth mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large and small stomach, small intestine
esophagus intestines, rectum, and anus, as shown in FIGURE 2.1. Rings of muscle, called • What nutrients may be gained? It
liver sphincters (SFIHNGK-tuhrs), separate one section from another. The open- would depend on the type of
ing and closing of these sphincters and the contractions of smooth muscle in sandwich, but most likely carbohy-
stomach the walls of the organs keep food moving in one direction. drates, protein, water, minerals,
gallbladder Digestion takes place through the interactions of enzymes, stomach acid, vitamins, and fats.
pancreas hormones, bile from the liver, and a network of nerves and muscles through-
large out the digestive system. Each organ contributes to breaking food down. For
intestine instance, in the mouth, salivary glands secrete an enzyme that helps to digest
small
intestine
starches. The stomach releases enzymes that break down proteins. Teach .
Once digestion is complete, nutrients are absorbed by the body and trans-
rectum/anus ported by the circulatory system and lymphatic system to all the cells. Finally, TEACH FROM VISUALS
undigested materials are eliminated as liquid and solid wastes. The entire
FIGURE 2.1 The major digestive process—from food entering the mouth to wastes leaving the body—takes FIGURE 2.1 Have students study the
organs are separated by sphincters, about 24 to 33 hours per meal.
which help keep food moving in figure. Point out that food moves
one direction. A Predict What might happen if the digestive sections were not divided by sphincters? through all the organs shown except the
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. These
three organs release substances into the
Differentiated Instruction Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 915
small intestine that aid digestion.
english Learners Below Level
Untitled-1360 915
Have students structure their notes for this Have students use the headings in this section
5/31/2011 12:30:51 PM Answers
section around drawings of the digestive as the basis for a concept map. Tell students A Predict Instead of food moving in
system. Suggest students organize their to start with the Key Concept at the top of one direction only, it would be able to
notes around the processes, structures, and the page and then use the Main Ideas to help back up into the previous organ, which
products of the digestive system. They them structure the concept map. Remind could damage the organ’s lining.
should do the same for the excretory system them that the circles contain the “subject”
when they get to Section 4. words and the connecting arrows are labeled
with “verbs.”
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Combination
Notes Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Concept Map

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 915

 MAIN IDEA
. Teach continued Digestion begins in the mouth and continues in
the stomach.
Vocabulary You may have heard someone telling their children, “Chew your food—don’t
Academic Vocabulary In everyday just gulp it!” This is actually good advice, because the first step in breaking
usage, the word mechanical relates to down food is mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth.
the use of machinery. In science, the Digestion in the Mouth
esophagus
word mechanical relates to phenomena You unwrap the sandwich you brought for lunch and bring it up to your
or actions that are physical rather than mouth. Mechanical digestion begins the moment you bite into the sandwich
chemical. and start chewing. Your teeth shred and grind the food into smaller pieces.
• A mechanical process is one in muscles Your tongue keeps the pieces positioned between your teeth. Chemical
which a physical change takes place. contract digestion, on the other hand, involves the action of enzymes. As you chew
The substance may change state, your food, the salivary glands release saliva that moistens the food and
muscles
such as changing from a solid to a relax contains an enzyme called amylase (AM-uh-lays). Amylase begins the
liquid, but its chemical composition breakdown of complex starch molecules into sugars.
remains the same. Once food has been chewed and mixed with saliva, the tongue pushes it to
• In a chemical process, a substance food the back of the mouth. As you swallow, the food moves into the esophagus
undergoes one or more chemical (ih-SAHF-uh-guhs), a tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Food is
reactions that change its chemical kept moving down the esophagus by the action of peristalsis, as FIGURE 2.2
composition, forming a different shows. Peristalsis (pehr-ih-STAWL-sihs) is the rhythmic, involuntary
stomach
substance. contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of digestive organs.

Digestion in the Stomach

The next stop for your thoroughly chewed sandwich is the stomach. The
History of Science FIGURE 2.2 As food enters the
stomach is a muscular sac that can stretch to nearly twice its original size and
holds up to 2 liters (2 qt) of food. The stomach continues the digestion that
Digestion was originally believed to be a esophagus, muscles behind the
began in the mouth. Proteins are digested in the stomach and small intestine,
mechanical process that ground up food food contract, pushing it forward,
while the muscles in front of the but fats and sugars are digested only in the small intestine. Major enzymes
particles in the stomach. In 1752, food relax. This rhythmic squeez- and their functions in the digestive system are listed in FIGURE 2.3.
René-Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur ing, called peristalsis, keeps food
conducted an experiment on digestion, moving in one direction. The walls of the stomach contain three layers of smooth muscle that
contract about every 20 seconds. This churning action breaks food into even
using his pet falcon. Réaumur fed the
smaller pieces and mixes the food with the stomach’s digestive juices.
falcon pieces of meat encased in a
perforated metal tube to protect the
meat from any friction. When he FIGURE 2.3 Major Digestive Enzymes
removed the tube several hours later, ENZYME DIGESTIVE ORGAN FUNCTION
the meat was gone but the tube was Salivary amylase mouth breaks down starches into simpler sugars
undamaged. This led Réaumur to the
Pepsin stomach breaks down proteins
idea that digestion was a chemical
process, not a mechanical one. Maltase, lactase, sucrase small intestine breaks down sugars into simpler molecules

In the 1780s, Lazzaro Spallanzani also Peptidase breaks down proteins into amino acids
conducted studies on digestion, using Trypsin small intestine, pancreas continues breakdown of proteins
falcons. He extracted gastric juices from
Amylase continues breakdown of starches
the falcon’s stomachs to digest pieces
of meat. Spallanzani’s experiment was Lipase aids in breaking down fats
possibly the first time a vital reaction
took place outside of the body of a
living organism.
916 Differentiated
Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
Hands-On Activity
Untitled-1360 916 5/31/2011 12:30:52 PMU
Give each student two equal-sized pieces of
white bread. Tell students to chew one of the
pieces quickly and record how it tastes. Then
have them chew the second piece slowly
until it becomes mushy, recording how it
tastes. Ask, How did the two pieces compare
in taste? The piece of bread that was chewed
for a longer time tasted sweeter. Ask, Why
was there a difference? When the bread was
chewed longer, the amylase in saliva had
more time to break down the starch in the
bread into sugar.
916 Unit 9: Human Biology
 As FIGURE 2.4 summarizes, chemical digestion occurs along with the CONNECT TO
churning of mechanical digestion. The stomach lining secretes gastric juice CHEMISTRY
Integrating
containing hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the digestive enzyme pepsin. Gastric
juice is acidic enough to kill most bacteria found on food and to break the
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is so
strong that it can dissolve an iron
Medical Science
bonds between protein molecules. Pepsin also breaks some chemical bonds nail in a matter of hours. To Heartburn occurs when the lower
between the amino acids in proteins. Digestive juices and enzymes turn your protect your stomach lining, esophageal sphincter relaxes too
specialized epithelial cells secrete
partly digested sandwich into a semi-liquid mixture called chyme (kym). bicarbonate, a base substance. much, allowing the reflux, or backflow,
The stomach empties as peristaltic actions push the chyme against the Bicarbonate neutralizes the acid of stomach acid into the lower esopha-
sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine. With each
to keep it from burning through gus. Most people experience mild
your stomach lining.
contraction, the sphincter opens slightly, and chyme squirts into the small indigestion or heartburn occasionally.
intestine, where digestion continues. It takes from two to six hours to empty However, frequent or persistent
the stomach after a meal. heartburn may indicate GERD, or
Once the stomach is empty, the production of gastric juice stops. What gastroesophageal reflux disease, a
keeps the stomach from digesting itself? First, pepsin is active only when there serious disorder causing a wide range of
is food to digest. Second, the stomach secretes a layer of mucus to protect itself effects. These include severe inflamma-
from its own acidic environment. Even so, cells in the stomach lining are tion, esophageal bleeding, and erosions,
replaced every few days to maintain the protective layer of mucus. or ulcers, in the esophageal lining. As
these heal, the damaged lining is
A Apply If you ate a meal of spaghetti and meatballs, where would digestion of the
pasta and meat begin? replaced with scar tissue that can lead
to narrowing of the esophagus. In some
cases, the damaged esophageal cells are
replaced with an abnormal cell type
FIGURE 2.4 Mechanical and Chemical Digestion
that can precede development of
The digestive organs use mechanical and chemical digestion esophageal cancer.
to break food down into simple molecules.

MOUTH
Mechanical
Chewing shreds and
Chemical
Salivary amylase Answers
grinds food into breaks down starches A Apply Mechanical digestion of both
smaller particles. into simple sugars.
the pasta and meat would begin in the
STOMACH
mouth. Chemical digestion of spaghetti
(starch) would also begin in the mouth.
Mechanical Chemical Chemical digestion of meat (protein)
Smooth muscle contrac- HCl and pepsin break
tions churn food to break down proteins. would begin in the stomach.
it down and mix it with
B Critical Viewing A high-carbohydrate
digestive juices.
meal would be digested more quickly.
SMALL INTESTINE
Both mechanical and chemical digestion
of carbohydrates begin in the mouth and
Mechanical Chemical
finish in the small intestine. Chemical
Muscular contractions Enzymes, bile, and
break down and mix food hormones finish digestion of a high-protein meal would
with digestive enzymes, digestion of proteins, not begin until it reaches the stomach and
bile, and hormones. sugars, and fats. would take longer to break down into
amino acids.
B CRITICAL Do you think a high-carbohydrate or a high-protein
VIEWING meal would be digested more quickly? Explain.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 917

Below Level PRE-AP

Untitled-1360 917 5/31/2011 12:30:54 PM
Model the process of peristalsis for students. Have students work in pairs to isolate each
Using a tube of toothpaste, show how enzyme described in FIGURE 2.3 by digestive
applying pressure behind the toothpaste at organ or by function. Have them repeat this
the bottom of the tube pushes the tooth- for FIGURE 2.4, isolating each digestive organ
paste forward. Ask and associating it with the primary activities
• What part of the model represents the that occur during the digestive process. Then
muscles of the esophagus? the tube have students put the two figures together,
matching each enzyme from FIGURE 2.3 with
• the food in the esophagus? toothpaste the appropriate organ or activity described in
FIGURE 2.4.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Think-Pair-Share
Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 917
 MAIN IDEA
. Teach continued Digestion is completed in part of the small
intestine.
TEACH FROM VISUALS
The remaining carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from your sandwich are
FIGURE 2.5 Have students trace the FIGURE 2.5 The liver and digested in the duodenum (doo-uh-DEE-nuhm), the section of small
flow of substances into the small pancreas help digest fats, carbo- intes-tine closest to the stomach. The small intestine is a long, narrow tube
hydrates, and proteins in the small in which most digestion takes place. Smooth muscle contractions churn the
intestine. Ask intestine. The liver secretes bile
through the gallbladder, and the food, and chemical digestion further breaks down the complex molecules.
• What three substances are secreted pancreas secretes an alkaline fluid As shown in FIGURE 2.5, enzymes and hormones from the pancreas, liver, and
into the small intestine? bile, an and digestive enzymes. gallbladder flow through ducts into the duodenum to help complete
alkaline fluid, digestive enzymes the digestive process.
• What organs secrete these sub- liver The pancreas is a small gland located behind the stomach. When
stances? bile: liver via gallbladder; chyme first enters the small intestine, the pancreas releases an alkaline
alkaline fluid and digestive enzymes: bile stomach fluid to help neutralize the acid and stop the action of pepsin. The
pancreas chyme pancreas also releases enzymes to break down starches further into
• In general, what is the function of bile simple sugars. For example, lactase is an intestinal enzyme that breaks
the bile and pancreatic enzymes? enzymes down lactose, a sugar found in milk. The pancreas also produces an
digest the fats and remaining pancreas enzyme, lipase, that splits fat into fatty acids and smaller molecules.
proteins and sugars in chyme gallbladder
The liver, which filters blood, is also a digestive organ. It produces
a chemical substance, bile, that helps to digest fats. Bile is stored in a
duodenum smaller organ, the gallbladder. When bile is needed to digest fats, it is released
through ducts that empty into the duodenum. The bile breaks down large
Science Trivia globules of fat into smaller droplets for further digestion.
• The liver is the largest glandular Proteins entering the small intestine have already been broken down by the
organ in the body and performs action of pepsin and gastric juice into smaller chains of amino acids. In the
more than 100 distinct functions. duodenum, enzymes finish the process by breaking these chains into individ-
• People with high cholesterol are at ual amino acids. By the time chyme has passed through the duodenum, food
risk for forming gallstones—pebble- has been broken down into small molecules. Section 3 describes how these
sized stones made of bile, choles- molecules are absorbed by the body.
terol, and salts. A Apply How would the pancreas and liver help to digest ice cream?
• The largest known gallstone weighed
more than 6 kilograms (about 13 lb)
and was removed from an 80-year- SELF-CHECK Online
old woman. HMDScience.com
32.2 Formative Assessment PREMIUM CONTENT

REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING CONNECT TO

Answers 1. What is the main function of the

digestive system?
4. Predict One person eats a beef
steak in a few bites, while another
CELL STRUCTURE
6. The cells of the stomach
A Apply From the pancreas, enzymes 2. Give an example of mechanical and chews the same amount of beef well. lining produce a great deal of
such as lactase and lipase would break chemical digestion in the mouth and If all other conditions are equal, will mucus. If you were to view
down the milk sugars and fats in the in the stomach. both people digest their beef at the such a cell under a micro-
same rate? Explain. scope, what type of organ-
dairy product. Bile from the liver would 3. What organs help to continue
5. Predict If a person has his or her elle would you expect
also help break down the milk fat. digestion in the small intestine?
to see in abundance?
gallbladder removed, what changes in
diet should be made? Why?

. Assess and Reteach 918 32.2

Unit 9:FORMATIVE
Human Biology ASSESSMENT
1. to break down food into smaller molecules 4. The steak will probably pass through the
Assess Use the Section Self-Check for the body to absorb and use
Untitled-1360 918 digestive system at the same rate, but the 5/31/2011 12:30:58 PM
or Section Quiz, both available at 2. Mouth: mechanical digestion—teeth chew amount of protein that is digested in the
­HMDScience.com. food and the tongue moves food to keep stomach will be greater for the well-
Reteach Have students make a graphic it between the teeth; chemical digestion— chewed steak than the steak that’s eaten
of their choice that summarizes the enzymes such as amylase in the salivary in a few bites.
movement of food through the diges- glands break down starches. Stomach: 5. The gallbladder concentrates and releases
tive system and its digestion. mechanical digestion—smooth muscles bile made by the liver. The doctor may
in the stomach churn chyme; chemical suggest that the person eat fewer fatty
digestion—pepsin and HCl act on proteins foods or only small amounts of fatty
to break them into smaller amino acid foods at any one time.
chains. 6. Vesicles would be in abundance in cells
3. gallbladder, liver, pancreas that secrete mucus.
918 Unit 9: Human Biology
 G O n l i n e! Chapter Labs
Find these labs online at
HMDScience.com

Testing a Digestive Enzyme

Time 60 minutes
Purpose Test the effectiveness of the
enzyme pepsin in digesting different
foods under different conditions
Overview Students will compare the

Eating and Excretin g

digestion of samples of potato, pecan,
and beef jerky by pepsin under varying
conditions. They will
• place each type of food sample in a
beaker with water only, a beaker with
hydrochloric acid solution only, a
beaker with pepsin only, and a beaker
with pepsin and hydrochloric acid
solution
• compare the digestion of the food
samples over a period of 24 hours
• make conclusions about the type of
food molecule pepsin acts on and the
relationship between the effectiveness
of pepsin and pH

Antacid Effectiveness
Time 45 minutes
Purpose Test the effectiveness of
several types of antacids
Web Overview Students will test the
BIOLOGY BIOLOGY effectiveness of four types of antacids.
Run the Digestive System Obesity Kidney Structure The They will
Move a snack from the nephron is the functional • calculate the amount of active
Obesity is on the rise, but is the
mouth through the large unit of the kidney. Explore ingredient in one dosage of each
answer as simple as “eat less and
©Getty Images Royalty Free

intestine and get as much how blood is filtered as it

exercise more”? Examine the causes antacid
nourishment out of the passes through the long and
and health risks of obesity, and learn • calculate the amount of each antacid
food as possible. winding renal tubes of the
how people can take control of their needed to test equal amounts of the
nephron.
weight. different active ingredients
• determine the effectiveness of the
ONLINE BIOLOGY 919 different antacids in neutralizing acid
HMDScience.com
(vinegar), by recording changes in pH
Factors Affecting Digestion QuickLab  Villi in the
Untitled-17 919
Time 45 minutes per day for 2 days Small Intestine
5/31/2011 2:27:07 PM
Digesting Milk
Purpose Investigate the effect of varying Time 15 minutes Time 15 minutes
conditions on the enzymatic digestion of Purpose Design a model of the intestinal villi Purpose Analyze digestibility
protein Overview Students will examine the
Overview Students will choose which inde- relative digestibility of milk in human
pendent variable they will test (temperature or Video Lab  Lactose Digestion adults. They will measure the glucose
surface area), and observe and record how the Time 45 minutes per day for 2 days concentrations in milk before and after
independent variable affects the rate at which adding an unknown solution, and then
the enzyme pepsin digests protein—the Purpose Investigate how the lactase enzyme
aids in lactose digestion identify the unknown solution.
dependent variable.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 919

 SECTION  32.3
32.3 Absorption of Nutrients
. Plan and Prepare
KEY CONCEPT Nutrients are absorbed and solid wastes
VOCABULARY
eliminated after digestion.
Objectives absorption
villi MAIN IDEAS
• Describe how nutrients are absorbed microvilli Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine.
in the small intestine.
Water is absorbed and solid wastes are eliminated from the large intestine.
• Describe water absorption and
solid-waste elimination in the large
intestine. Connect to Your World
> Suppose you tried to wipe up spilled water with a “sponge” made of solid plastic.
Section Resources Without the ability to absorb water, your sponge is useless. People with celiac
disease face a similar, but more life-threatening, problem. Celiac disease is an
Online Student Resources autoimmune disorder that makes people unable to tolerate the protein gluten
Study Guide (English and Spanish) found in wheat, rye, and barley. Their immune systems produce antibodies to
destroy it. The antibodies also damage the surfaces of cells lining the small intestine.
PowerNotes This means that no matter how much a person eats, the body cannot absorb the
Reinforcement Worksheet food and becomes malnourished. The only treatment is to eliminate all gluten from
Section Self-Check the diet to protect the lining of the small intestine.
Interactive Reader
MAIN IDEA
Online Teacher Resources
PowerPresentation
Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the small
Teacher Toolkit intestine.
Food moving through the “disassembly line” of the digestive system is only
Activate Prior Knowledge Discuss Biology
part of the process. Your body must absorb the nutrients in order for the food
claims that manufacturers make for the HMDScience.com you digest to do you any good. Absorption is the process by which nutrients
absorbency of paper towels, such as PREMIUM CONTENT
move out of the digestive organs into the circulatory and lymphatic systems.
“quilting” or ridges. Ask, What do these Run the Digestive System
As shown in FIGURE 3.1, the small intestine has three main structures—the
features do? increase surface area Tell lining, villi, and microvilli—that absorb most of the nutrients from chyme.
students that the small intestine has
features that produce a large surface FIGURE 3.1 Small Intestine Structures
area for absorption of nutrients. Specialized structures in the small intestine
increase surface area and absorption. villi cover
the folds
Villi
. Teach Small intestine

Microvilli

©Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.

©Eye of Science/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Vocabulary microvilli cover villi
Academic Vocabulary The word capillaries
(SEM; magnification
Lining of the small intestine 12,5003)
intestine comes from a Latin root
meaning “within.” It can also be used as blood vessels lymph vessel
an adjective meaning “internal” or “civil,” A Analyze How would the total surface area change if the lining
as in the intestine affairs of a nation. It is were smooth instead of folded?
more commonly used in the expression
intestinal fortitude, which suggests a
particular strength of mind that allows Differentiated
920 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
one to endure adversity.
English Learners
Untitled-1361 920 5/31/2011 12:31:30 PM
Ask groups of students to write a section
summary. Have them look at the headings,
Answers keywords, visuals, and final questions, identify
main points, and restate them in concise
A Analyze It would be greatly reduced. language. Example: After food is digested, it
moves into the small intestine. Blood carries
nutrients to the liver, where enzymes use some
nutrients to build complex molecules needed
by cells. The colon absorbs water and salts to
maintain body fluid balance. Undigested material
forms feces, which pass out through the anus.

920 Unit 9: Human Biology Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Summarizing

 Specialized Structures for Absorption
As you look over the diagram in FIGURE 3.1, notice that the lining of the small R E A D I N G TO O L B OX
Vocabulary
intestine is ridged and folded. These structures increase the surface area and Academic Vocabulary Have students
TAKING NOTES
slow the passage of material through the intestine. Slower motion allows more
Use a main idea and supporting
write the following words in their
time for nutrients to be absorbed. The folds of the lining are covered with detail diagram to help you notebooks and read them aloud:
villi. Villi (VIHL-eye) are small fingerlike projections, covered with epithelial remember the facts about
absorb absorption
cells, that absorb nutrients. absorption.
reabsorb reabsorption
In turn, every epithelial cell on the villi has thousands of tiny projections absorption occurs in resorb resorption
called microvilli that add even more surface area to absorb nutrients. Each small intestine

microvillus is smaller than the period at the end of this sentence. The photo-
The similarity between reabsorption
graph in the diagram shows microvilli covering the epithelial cells like a
folds, villi, microvilli and resorption can be confusing. The
increase surface
dense carpet. area, absorption words are often used interchangeably to
describe reuptake. However, in biology,
Absorption of Different Nutrients the word resorption is used to describe
As digestion is completed, nutrients are absorbed in each of the three parts of a process in which a structure is broken
the small intestine: the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum. Together, down and its constituent tissues are
these parts measure about 6 meters (about 20 ft) long. Villi in each of the taken up and repurposed. For example,
three sections absorb different nutrients. in bone resorption, bone is broken
Duodenum Most simple sugars, amino acids, and minerals such as calcium down, and the calcium and other
CONNECT TO
and iron are absorbed by villi in the duodenum. These nutrients diffuse into minerals that composed it are taken up
the circulatory system and are carried to the liver. CELL STRUCTURE and used in other parts of the body.
As you read in Cell Structure
Jejunum The villi in the jejunum (juh-JOO-nuhm) absorb glucose along with and Function, plant cell walls
some amino acids, vitamin C, most B vitamins, and some water. These nutri- are made of cellulose, or fiber. QUICK LAB
These tough cell walls cannot
ents diffuse into the circulatory system to be distributed throughout the body. be broken down or absorbed
Ileum The villi in the ileum (IHL-ee-uhm) absorb fat-soluble vitamins and in the small intestine. Instead, Time 15 minutes
fiber moves through the small
vitamin B12, fatty acids, cholesterol, and some water. The nutrients empty into intestine to the large intestine.
lymph and blood vessels and are distributed to the cells.
Purpose Design a model of the
intestinal villi.
QUICK LAB MODELING

Villi in the Small Intestine

In this lab, you will design a model of the villi in the lining of the
small intestine.
MATERIALS
• 4 large paper cups
Answers
PROBLEM How can you model the function of villi in the small intestine? • water Analyze and Conclude
• 8 paper towels
PROCEDURE • timer 1. The villi are the major structures that
1. Use a paper cup, water, and paper towel to make a model of the villi in the lining absorb nutrients from chyme. The
of the small intestine.
experiment uses an absorbent
2. Make three new models that are different. To do this, change one material to
determine which model most effectively shows the action of the villi.
material to model the action of
3. Determine which of your models most effectively models the villi.
absorption.
ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE 2. Students should describe the
1. Summarize Explain how this experiment models the action of the villi in the quantity of water absorbed by the
small intestine. models or the speed of water
2. Apply Write a definition to describe how you measured each model’s effectiveness. absorption.
3. Analyze Which model was most effective? How do you know? 3. The most effective model will be
the one that absorbs the most water
in the shortest amount of time.
Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 921 Students will use their method of
measurement to determine the most
Below Level Pre-AP effective model.
Untitled-1361 921 5/31/2011 12:31:32 PM
Have students make a four-column chart that Tell students that the word efficiency describes
lists the three sections of the small intestine the ratio of output to input in a system. Have
plus the large intestine, identifies nutrients students address the question of how a
that are absorbed in each section, and complete digestive system increases an animal’s
describes what happens to the nutrients after amount of activity (output) relative to the
they are absorbed. amount of food needed to fuel that activity
(input). Students should realize that a complete
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Content Frame digestive tract enables continuous feeding and
processing of food for energy. You may want to
remind them that radial invertebrates have only
a single opening for handling food and waste.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Quick-Write Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 921
 Absorbed Nutrients and the Liver
. Teach continued Nutrient-rich blood leaves the small intestine and enters the liver. Enzymes in
the liver use some nutrients to build more complex molecules that are needed
by cells. The liver also stores some nutrients in liver tissues. For example,
Integrating Zoology excess glucose is turned into glycogen and stored for future use. When you
need large amounts of energy, glycogen can be converted back into glucose to
Unlike humans, animals that graze on keep the glucose levels in your blood relatively stable.
grasses and other forms of vegetation
are able to get nutrients from the tough A Analyze Explain how the microvilli add more surface area to the small intestine to
absorb nutrients.
cellulose in plant cell walls. Cows, sheep,
goats, and kangaroos are examples of
foregut fermenters. They have a MAIN IDEA
complex multi-chambered digestive Water is absorbed and solid wastes are
organ that harbors a rich community eliminated from the large intestine.
of microbes in the chambers preceding
the true acid-secreting stomach. The The large intestine, or colon, is 1.5 meters (5 ft) long and about twice the diam-
microbes break down (ferment) the eter of the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs about 1 liter of water a day,
cellulose in the ingested plant matter along with some salts, which helps to maintain the body’s fluid balance. The
before it reaches the true stomach. In remaining undigested material forms into a solid mass, called feces. This mate-

©Professors P. Motta & F. Carpino/University “La Sapienza”, Rome/Photo Researchers, Inc.

hindgut fermenters, a group that rial is partly composed of undigested fiber from plant foods, dead bacteria, and
includes horses, possums, and rabbits, traces of undigested fat and protein. Bile pigments from the liver give feces its
the fermenting microbes are located in brownish color. The feces is stored in the rectum, a tube that connects the large
the cecum, posterior to the true intestine to the anus. Feces is then eliminated through the anus.
acid-secreting stomach. The large intestine also contains many types of bacteria. Some synthesize
a few B vitamins and vitamin K (a blood-clotting factor). Other bacteria,
such as Escherichia coli, shown in FIGURE 3.2, live harmlessly in the colon
FIGURE 3.2 This micrograph until some disturbance, such as an illness, allows them to overgrow other
shows the surface of the large bacteria. An overgrowth of E. coli can reduce water absorption and cause
Answers intestine colonized by normally
harmless bacteria, such as severe diarrhea.
A Analyze Thousands of microvilli Escherichia coli (shown in Your sandwich has taken roughly 24 to 33 hours to move through your
pink clusters). (colored SEM:
cover the surface of each villus, greatly magnification 25003)
digestive system. Now some of the water absorbed by the large intestine must
increasing the surface area available to be filtered through the kidneys and excreted, as described in Section 4.
absorb nutrients. B Infer A diet high in which types of foods might help the colon to function well?
B Infer A diet high in plant foods, such
as fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; SELF-CHECK Online
HMDScience.com
the fiber in these foods helps to move
food through the digestive tract and 32.3 Formative Assessment PREMIUM CONTENT

forms the bulk of solid waste. REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING CONNECT TO

1. Explain the purposes of the lining, 3. Contrast Explain the difference ANIMALS
villi, and microvilli in the small between digestion and absorption. 5. The desert kangaroo rat
. Assess and Reteach intestine.
2. What are the main functions of the
What role does each process play
in maintaining homeostasis?
in Arizona eats plants but
doesn’t drink water. Yet even
large intestine? 4. Apply Which nutrients would take in summer, it doesn’t suffer
Assess Use the Section Self-Check longer to digest and absorb: sugars, from dehydration. How do
proteins, or fats? Explain. you think the rat’s digestive
or Section Quiz, both available at
system helps it to obtain water
HMDScience.com. to maintain homeostasis?
Reteach As a class, make a concept
map using the following terms: small 922 32.3
Unit 9:FORMATIVE
Human Biology ASSESSMENT
intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum,
liver, large intestine. Have students 1. Folds increase the surface area and slow nutrients available from food to maintain
supply details about nutrient absorption the movement of food through the small
Untitled-1361 922 cell functions. Absorption allows nutrients 5/31/2011 12:31:37 PM
for each part of the digestive system intestine. Villi and microvilli also increase to be carried to cells throughout the body.
listed on the concept map and draw the surface area of the intestine and 4. Fats would take longer to digest and
arrows to show connections between absorb nutrients from chyme. absorb. Digestion of most fats does not
the parts. 2. absorb water and eliminate solid wastes begin until it reaches the small intestine,
3. Digestion uses mechanical and chemical where bile and other enzymes break
means to break down food into simpler globules of fat into smaller droplets.
molecules. Absorption is the means by 5. The rat’s digestive system must be able to
which nutrients move out of the digestive absorb all of the water from the plants as
system and into the circulatory and they are broken down in the digestive
lymphatic systems. Digestion makes tract.

922 Unit 9: Human Biology

 D ATA A N A LY S I S
Identifying HMDScience.com
PREMIUM CONTENT
D ata A n a ly s i s

Outliers Interaction of Glucose

and Insulin Introduce
An outlier is a data point that lies at
Sometimes in a scientific investigation, one or more unusual data points are recorded. A some distance from other values in a
data point that is outside of the pattern of data is called an outlier. Outliers can result random sample of data. Outliers can
from human error in reading or recording data, from equipment failure, or from rare events result from errors in the experiment
such as a 31°C (70°F) day in Wisconsin in January. itself, equipment errors, or errors in data
reading or recording. Students may find
To rule out the possibility that the outlier is a valid data point, scientists check their
it frustrating when they find an outlier
equipment, the laboratory set-up, and the recording process. If the outlier seems to be
in their data and may be tempted to
valid, further research may be needed. Simply ignoring or deleting outliers are not
dismiss the anomaly as a fluke with no
appropriate ways of handling these data.
real meaning. This is poor science. Unless
ruled out as due to human error, outliers
Model GRAPH 1. BODY TEMPERATURES in a data set indicate that something is
A scientist measured the body temperatures of 1 person over
37.1 wrong with the study, which might
time. As shown in the scatterplot at the right, nearly every
require further research.
Body temperature (˚C)
temperature was between 36.9°C (98.4°F) and 37.8°C (98.6°F). 37.0
Notice, however, that one temperature was recorded at 36.8°C
36.9
(98.2°F). This outlier could be the result of equipment failure or
human error. In cases of outliers, scientists must always ask,
“What other explanations could there be for the data point?
36.8
Discuss
36.7
Do these data warrant further investigation?” Investigating the
Have students look at the data and the
outlier further might lead to new discoveries. 36.6 outliers shown in the graph. Ask
12 AM 6 AM 12 PM 6 PM 12 AM
Time of Day • What is it about these two points
that makes them outliers? Both are
fairly distant from the rest of the
Practice Identify Outliers results; neither follows the trend
Scientists investigated how the mass of an antacid affects its ability to raise
shown by the rest of the data.
the pH of gastric juices in the stomach. They recorded their data in the graph
• If the y-values at 100 mg and 500 mg
below. Examine the graph, and answer the questions that follow.
each were near pH 2.5, would you
GRAPH 2. EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTACID still consider these outliers? Probably
8
yes; while data points do not have
7 to lie precisely on the trend line, the
6 suggested y-values would still lie
5 outside the general trend, which
pH

4 would make them suspicious.

3
2 Online Student Resources, Data
1
1. Analyze What is the trend in Analysis Practice
0
©Jason Smith/ShutterStock

the data? Which points might 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
be the outliers? Mass (mg)

2. Evaluate What are some possible explanations for these outliers?

How should the scientists proceed?

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 923

Untitled-43 923
Answers 6/23/2011 12:51:19 PM
1. The trend is that as the mass of the 2. The equipment used to measure the mass
antacid increases, it neutralizes the gastric or the pH could be faulty. The sample
juices more effectively. As the mass could be contaminated. Human error
increases, the pH of the gastric juice could have led to improper collection or
increases. The outliers are at 100 mg and recording of data. Scientists should check
500 mg. the equipment, laboratory setup, and
data-recording process. If the data points
seem valid, further investigation should be
carried out.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 923

 SECTION 32.4
32.4 Excretory System
. Plan and Prepare
KEY CONCEPT The excretory system removes wastes and helps
VOCABULARY
maintain homeostasis.
Objectives excretory system
kidney MAIN IDEAS
• Identify the main organs of the ureter The excretory system eliminates nonsolid wastes from the body.
excretory system and their functions. urinary bladder
The kidneys help to maintain homeostasis by filtering the blood.
• Explain how the kidneys help nephron
Nephrons clean the blood and produce urine.
maintain homeostasis. glomerulus
Injury and disease can damage kidney functions.
dialysis
• Describe treatments for kidney
diseases and injuries.
Connect to Your World
Section Resources > In 1943, Dutch physician Willem Kolff, who treated kidney patients, constructed the
first machine to filter the blood of patients whose kidneys had temporarily stopped
functioning. Kolff circulated their blood through synthetic sausage skins submerged
Online Student Resources
in a saltwater bath. The high concentration of salt in the water drew metabolic
Study Guide (English and Spanish) wastes out of the blood through tiny pores in the synthetic skins. The filtered blood
PowerNotes was then returned to the patients. However, Kolff’s machine worked well only for
Reinforcement Worksheet people with temporary kidney failure. Today, modern kidney machines can help
Section Self-Check people even when their kidneys have permanently failed.
Interactive Reader
Online Teacher Resources
MAIN IDEA
PowerPresentation
Teacher Toolkit
The excretory system eliminates nonsolid
wastes from the body.
Activate Prior Knowledge Discuss the If the digestive system is like a disassembly and distribution line, the excre-
task of clearing the table after dinner. Ask, tory system is a like a group of waste treatment and disposal facilities. The
skin
Do you dispose of liquid and solid trash excretory system is the body system that eliminates nonsolid wastes through
differently? Yes, liquids can be poured lungs sweat, urine, and exhalation to help maintain homeostasis in the body. The
down the drain; solids are put into a trash waste products include toxic materials, excess water, salts, CO2, urea, minerals,
can. Point out that solid waste is eliminated and vitamins. The main organs of this system are the skin, lungs, kidneys,
through the digestive system and that fluid ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra, as shown in FIGURE 4.1.
wastes, both gases and liquids, are removed The lungs remove excess CO2 and some water vapor through exhalation.
by the excretory system. kidneys This action maintains the balance of O2 and CO2 in your blood. Sweat glands
in the skin release excess water and salts. Sweat not only removes wastes but
also cools the body to maintain a stable internal temperature.
ureters
. Teach The kidneys are organs that eliminate wastes by filtering and cleaning the
blood to produce urine. The urine moves through the ureter, the bladder, and
urinary bladder the urethra. The ureter (yu-REE-tuhr) is a tube that carries urine from each

Vocabulary urethra kidney to the bladder. The urinary bladder is a saclike organ that can store up
to half a liter (over 2 cups) of urine at one time. The urine is released through
Academic Vocabulary Remind students FIGURE 4.1 The excretory a single tube, the urethra, into the outside environment.
system not only excretes non-
that the word fluid applies to both solid wastes but also maintains A Connect When you are exercising, what organs of the excretory system are
liquids and gases. the body’s homeostasis. eliminating wastes?
fluid (n.), continuous, amorphous
substance that tends to assume the
shape of its container Differentiated
924 Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
fluid (adj.), smooth and flowing
Pre-AP Below Level
Answers
Untitled-1362 924 5/31/2011 12:32:15 PM
Have students use the SQ3R strategy for For students having difficulty keeping up with
learning the material in this section. Have the details of the material, have them copy
A Connect Lungs eliminate CO2 and them survey the text and come up with FIGURE 4.1 into their notebooks. Then have
H2O vapor; sweat glands release excess questions for each subsection. Direct them to students label each organ and what waste it
water and salts; kidneys clean blood of read the text and then recite the answers to eliminates from the body.
metabolic wastes and produce urine. their questions. When they have answered all
of their questions, have them review what Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Combination
they learned. Notes

Teacher Toolkit, Section C, SQ3R

924 Unit 9: Human Biology

 MAIN IDEA
The kidneys help to maintain homeostasis by Integrating
filtering the blood. Comparative Biology
With a few exceptions, as in sponges
The kidneys are among the main organs responsible for maintaining fluid
and jellyfish, animal cells are bathed in
and chemical balances in your body within the limits that support life. One
an internal extracellular layer of fluids
quarter of your blood supply passes through your kidneys every minute.
that are made up in large part of water
Once the blood is filtered, cleaned, and chemically balanced by the kidneys,
it is returned to the circulatory system.
and various salts. The ability of an animal
to control this internal environment as
Structure of the Kidneys cortex well as the availability of salt and water
Your kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs, each about the size in a given environment are important
of your fist. They are located on the right and left sides of the factors in determining where an animal
lower back. Each kidney weighs about as much as a baseball. medulla can live.
Most people are born with two kidneys. However, if one is Osmoregulation is the control of the
damaged or must be removed, you can still live comfortably volume of water and salt content in
renal
with only one kidney. artery extracellular fluids. Osmoregulatory
The main parts of the kidney are illustrated in and excretory functions in an animal
FIGURE 4.2. Each kidney has an inner layer, called the correspond to the habitat it lives in.
medulla, and an outer layer, called the cortex. The cortex
is packed with nephrons, which extend through the cortex
Octopus: Extracellular fluid is similar in
and partly into the medulla. A nephron (NEHF-rahn) is water–salt concentration to seawater;
the individual filtering unit of the kidney. Each of your
renal nitrogenous wastes diffuse through skin.
vein
kidneys contains about 1 million nephrons. Saltwater fish: Drinks seawater and
A large volume of blood continually enters the kidneys excretes excess salt through gills; kidney
ureter
through the renal artery and exits through the renal vein. The (to bladder) produces little urine.
word renal means “relating to the kidneys.” The function of the Freshwater fish: Drinks little, absorbs
kidneys is largely controlled by how much water, salts, and other materi- salts through gills and some water
als are concentrated in the blood. Hormones released in response to these through skin; kidney produces large
concentrations help to regulate kidney function. amounts of urine.
FIGURE 4.2 The bean-shaped
kidneys are the main blood
Kidneys and Homeostasis filtration and chemical balancing
Sea bird: Drinks seawater, secretes salt
The kidneys have three basic functions in maintaining homeostasis. organs in the body. The cortex through salt gland; kidneys produce little
• They remove waste products from the blood, such as those produced from and medulla layers contain over urine, and instead eliminates uric acid in
1 million nephrons, which are the
digestion and cell respiration. kidneys’ main filtering units.
white excrement.
• They help to maintain electrolyte, pH, and fluid balances in the body. Frog: Absorbs salts through skin, which
• They release hormones that help to keep bones healthy, to produce red secretes waterproofing mucus; kidneys
blood cells, and to regulate blood pressure. produce large amounts of urine.
What if the kidneys fail to work properly? Waste products quickly build Insect: Uric acid crystallizes in hindgut
up in the blood, causing serious disruptions in homeostasis in many organ and salts and water move back into the
systems. For example, imbalances in electrolytes such as sodium and potas- body cavity; eliminates only solid waste.
sium could disrupt the rhythm of the heart, causing the organ to fail. A
buildup of toxic substances such as ammonium salts in the blood can impair
the functioning of neurons in the brain. Someone with this condition would
quickly become confused and disoriented.
A Infer What might be one reason why so many nephrons are needed in the kidneys? Answers
A Infer The kidneys filter a huge
quantity of blood; so many nephrons
Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 925
would greatly increase the area available
to filter the blood and produce urine.
English learners and clean blood to produce urine. (3) Urethra
Untitled-1362 925
Help students create a sequence diagram carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder.
5/31/2011 12:32:17 PM

showing how the kidneys process liquid (4) Bladder stores it until it is ready to be
wastes. Have students list the events and released. (5) Urine leaves body through
their order as you fill in boxes and draw urethra.
arrows between them. Possible steps: Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Sequence
(1) Blood enters kidneys through renal artery Diagram
and exits through renal vein. (2) Kidneys filter

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 925

 MAIN IDEA
. Teach continued Nephrons clean the blood and produce urine.
The nephrons clean the blood in a three-step process: filtration, reabsorption,
and excretion. First, water and other materials move out of the capillaries and
Integrating into the nephron. Next, some of these materials are reabsorbed and returned
to the blood. Finally, the remaining waste products are excreted in the urine.
Sports Medicine
Drinking too much water during Filtration
strenuous athletic events, such as a As shown in FIGURE 4.3, each nephron is supplied with blood through an
R E A D I N G TO O L B OX
arteriole, a venule, and a tangled ball of capillaries that is known as the
marathon, can pose an even greater VOCABULARY glomerulus (gloh-MEHR-yuh-luhs).
health risk than dehydration. Scientists At times, structures are named VISUAL VOCAB
Each glomerulus is tucked into a
base this conclusion on a study of 488 after the scientists who first Glomerulus, a tangled ball of
cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s
runners who participated in the 2002 identified them. Bowman’s capillaries, is a word based on the
capsule was named after Sir capsule. Latin glomus, which means “ball.”
Boston Marathon. Roughly 13 percent William Bowman, a British
of the runners had hyponatremia, an surgeon and anatomist who
When the blood enters the kid-
abnormally low blood plasma sodium identified this structure in 1831. neys, it flows into the arterioles and
level, after the race. The runners with
The loop of Henle, another then moves into the glomerulus of
structure in the nephron, was each nephron. Because the blood is
the lowest post-race plasma sodium named after the German
under pressure, small molecules such
levels drank nearly 13 cups of fluids physician Friedrich G. J. Henle.
He identified the loop in his as water, amino acids, salts, glucose,
during the race. The rate of intake book on human anatomy, electrolytes, and urea are pushed out
overshot the kidneys’ ability to published in 1873. colored SEM; magnification 7003
of the capillaries and into Bowman’s
eliminate the excess water. While fluids capsule. Urea is a waste product produced by the breakdown of proteins.
are vitally important during exercise, Anything too large to move out of the capillaries—such as blood cells, plasma
particularly strenuous races, experts proteins, and platelets—stays in the blood.
now suggest replenishing fluids less
frequently. Reabsorption of Materials
CONNECT TO The materials in Bowman’s capsule are called the filtrate. The nephrons
process about 180 liters (48 gal) of filtrate every day, yet only about 1 percent
CELL MEMBRANES is excreted as urine. What happens to the other 99 percent?
Vocabulary You read in Cell Structure and
Function that materials diffuse Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed into the capillaries and returns to the
Academic Vocabulary The word filter into and out of cell membranes blood. This process ensures that nutrients such as water, amino acids, glucose,
shares the same root as the word felt, from areas of higher concentration and sodium (Na+) are made available to the body. The reabsorption of water
to areas of lower concentration. In
which is a fabric of matted, compressed the glomerulus, molecules diffuse and Na+ helps to maintain your fluid balance. For example, if you drink too
animal fibers, such as wool or fur. through capillary walls. much water, the nephrons will reabsorb less of the fluid and produce more
filter, porous material through which a urine. If you drink too little water, the nephrons will reabsorb more fluid and
liquid or gas is passed to separate fluid produce less urine.
from suspended particulate matter
Excretion of Materials

©Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Inc.

©Susumu Nishinaga/Photo Researchers, Inc.

The filtrate is the gas or liquid that Finally, the waste products that are not reabsorbed are excreted in the urine.
remains. Students will probably be Urine is made up of water, urea, excess salts, and other materials that remain
familiar with the word filter in the in the filtrate. These materials include ions such as potassium and hydrogen.
context of computers, a filter being a Removal of some of these ions helps to maintain homeostasis by keeping the
program that blocks unwanted data or pH of the blood within normal limits. Filtrate moves out of Bowman’s capsule
denies access to uninvited users. and is concentrated in the loop of Henle. The loop of Henle is where water is
removed one final time to reduce the volume of urine.

926 Differentiated
Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
Pre-AP
Untitled-1362 926 5/31/2011 12:32:19 PM
Point out to students that the kidneys are
vital to homeostasis. Briefly review some of
the characteristics of homeostasis, and then
have students write a five-minute essay
describing the functions of the urinary
system as applied to homeostasis.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Quick-Write

926 Unit 9: Human Biology

 FIGURE 4.3 Structures and Functions of the Nephron Biology
HMDScience.com
The nephron filters the blood and produces urine through TEACH FROM VISUALS
PREMIUM CONTENT
a three-step process.
Kidney Structure FIGURE 4.3 Point out the shading next
glomerulus
1 FILTRATION
to the enlarged view of the nephron.
Water, electrolytes, amino
acids, glucose, urea, and other Help students find the parts of the
small molecules diffuse out of nephron that make up the kidney’s
the blood, creating the filtrate. cortex (glomerulus, tubule) and those
that extend into the kidney’s medulla
(loop of Henle, collecting duct). Ask
• Why don’t blood cells, proteins, and
platelets diffuse into the glomeru-
NEPHRON lus? They are too large to diffuse
through the capillary walls.
from body
• Why are the capillaries outside the
glomerulus intertwined with the
Bowman’s capsule
nephron tubule? to increase contact
with the tubule, thereby allowing for
2 REABSORPTION
more reabsorption
As the filtrate enters the rest of the
tubule, most of the materials are

Integrating
reabsorbed into the blood. Materials
not reabsorbed make up the urine,
which flows into the loop of Henle.
Medical Science
area of detail Bladder cancer is on the rise in the
United States and is the fourth most
to body collecting common cancer in men. Researchers have
duct found a relatively easy way to minimize
the risk of developing this disease: drink
plenty of fluids. A ten-year study of
48,000 men showed that men who drank
from other more than ten 8-ounce glasses of fluids
nephrons
each day decreased their risk of bladder
cancer by half compared to men who
loop of Henle drank fewer than six glasses of fluids a
day. It has been noted that compounds in
3 green tea may reduce the risk of bladder
EXCRETION
In the loop of Henle, water
cancer.
can be reabsorbed one final
time to reduce the volume
of urine. The remaining urine
flows into a collecting duct
that leads to the ureter.
Answers
A Critical Viewing The length allows
A CRITICAL What might be one reason that the rest of the nephron the body several chances to diffuse
VIEWING is so long compared with the glomerulus? materials into and out of the nephron
to maintain fluid and chemical
Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 927
homeostasis.

Below Level
Untitled-1362 927 5/31/2011 12:32:23 PM
Students who have difficulty focusing on
details will need to decode FIGURE 4.3. Have
students work in pairs to isolate each section
of the nephron depicted. Ask them to
describe the activities that occur in each
section. Then have students put the sections
together to describe how a nephron cleans
blood and produces urine.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, Think-Pair-Share

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 927

 The urine then moves into the collecting ducts. From there it flows
. Teach continued through the ureter and into the urinary bladder. The adult bladder can hold
about 1 liter (16 oz) of urine before it must be emptied. When the bladder is
full, nerves in the walls of the bladder send signals to the brain, and you get
the urge to urinate. In a healthy person, urine is a clear, pale-yellow fluid
Integrating Genetics containing about 95 percent water and 5 percent waste products.
Some kidney diseases result from
lifestyle choices, such as excessive drug Urine Testing
use. Others may be genetically transmit- When you go for a physical checkup, the doctor may ask you for a urine
ted. Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a sample as part of a routine examination. The doctor is checking for normal
serious disorder that may be inherited or urine content but also for materials that should not be there. For example,
acquired. PKD is characterized by the urine that contains sugar, protein, or blood may indicate that the nephrons
growth of many large, fluid-filled cysts have been damaged by an infection or injury. Ordinarily, these substances are
on and in the kidneys. Over time, the too large to diffuse through the glomerulus. Also, any drugs that a person has
cysts replace functional kidney cells, taken are broken down in the liver, filtered by the kidneys, and excreted in the
urine. A urine test is one way to determine whether a person is abusing drugs,
leading to decreased kidney function
and, if so, the types of drugs that may be involved.
and eventually kidney failure.
A Apply Which of the following substances would you find mainly in Bowman’s
Almost 90 percent of all PKD cases are capsule: red blood cells, Na+, glucose, plasma proteins, water, or amino acids?
inherited as an autosomal dominant
form. The rest are either inherited as
MAIN IDEA
an autosomal recessive form or are
acquired. Autosomal dominant PKD Injury and disease can damage kidney functions.
usually has an onset after the age of 30,
You can live comfortably with one healthy kidney, but you cannot live without
whereas the autosomal recessive form
any kidney function. Although your kidneys can be damaged in an accident or
begins in infancy. The acquired form
FIGURE 4.4 Maria Alverez by an infection, diabetes and high blood pressure are more often the causes of
generally develops late in life, particu- (center) received a kidney from damage to nephrons. The presence of too much glucose in the blood or high
larly among people who have been on her daughter, Rosario Proscia, blood pressure can damage the capillary walls in the glomerulus and make
long-term dialysis. PKD is the fourth and part of a liver from her son,
them more porous. As a result, too many substances pass through the walls,
leading cause of kidney failure in the José Alvarez. The close tissue
matches between mother and and the nephrons lose their ability to filter the blood. The only treatments for
United States. children made the organ trans- kidney failure are a kidney transplant or the use of dialysis.
plants possible.

Kidney Transplant
Take It Further As described in FIGURE 4.4, a patient who needs a kidney transplant
can receive a kidney from a close relative, such as a sibling, parent,
• More than 70,000 Americans die or child. The tissues of both people are similar enough that the
each year from causes related to patient’s body will accept the new kidney more easily than a kidney
kidney failure. from someone who is not related. Once the new kidney begins to
• Each year, approximately 300,000 function, the patient can live a fairly normal life.
people in the United States receive Both the recipient and the donor must live with some restric-
dialysis because of end-stage renal tions, however. The recipient will have to take drugs that suppress
disease. the immune system for the rest of his or her life to guard against

©Vince Bucci/AFP/Getty Images

©Vince Bucci/AFP/Getty Images

• More than 60,000 Americans are the possibility of the body’s rejecting the new organ. This also
currently on waiting lists for a kidney means that the person will be more vulnerable to infections from
transplant. other people or from ordinary cuts and bruises. Both recipient and
donor must generally avoid heavy contact sports, such as hockey,
wrestling, or football. Any injury to the one kidney could be fatal.

Answers 928 Differentiated

Unit 9: Human Biology Instruction
A Apply everything but red blood cells
and plasma proteins
Below Level
Untitled-1362 928 5/31/2011 12:32:26 PM
Ask students to compare FIGURES 4.2 and 4.5.
Have them make a T-chart that lists the parts
of the dialysis apparatus in the left column
and the corresponding parts of the urinary
system in the right column. For example, the
renal artery corresponds to the tube carrying
blood to the dialysis unit. The kidney corre-
sponds to the dialysis unit.
Teacher Toolkit, Section C, T-Chart

928 Unit 9: Human Biology

 Kidney Dialysis FIGURE 4.5 Dialysis Process
If a kidney donor is not available or the TEACH FROM VISUALS
patient cannot have surgery, dialysis can The basic unit of a dialysis A trap prevents air bubbles from
machine filters wastes FIGURE 4.5 Have students trace the
save the person’s life. Dialysis is a treat- entering patient’s blood before it
from the blood. is returned to the body. flow of blood in the figure. Point out
ment in which a patient’s blood is cleaned
the arrows showing the dialysis fluid
and chemically balanced through a filter and
mechanical process. The blood is then bubble trap flowing into and out of the dialysis unit.
returned to the patient’s body.
Ask, Why do wastes diffuse out of the
Clean dialysis person’s blood and into the dialysis
The main unit of a dialysis machine, as fluid flows in.
fluid? The concentration of wastes is
shown in FIGURE 4.5, acts like the glomer-
roller dialysis unit higher in the blood than in the dialysis
ulus. Blood moves from a vein in the arm pump fluid.
into the filtering unit. The tubing in the
unit is porous, like the capillary walls, A pump pushes
blood through
which allows waste materials to diffuse into dialysis unit. Waste materials
the dialysis fluid. The fluid is continually diffuse out of the
replaced to carry wastes out of the unit. The blood, through mem-
branes, and into the Used dialysis Answers
chemical makeup of the fluid is as close to dialysis fluid. fluid flows
out. A Analyze Wastes continuously
normal blood as possible. The process
takes 3 to 5 hours and is done three times A Analyze Why does the dialysis fluid need to be
diffuse into the fluid. If it was not
a week in the hospital or with a smaller continually replaced? changed, the concentrations of the
dialysis machine in a patient’s home. waste products would be higher in the
fluid and would diffuse back into the
A few patients may prefer not to use a dialysis machine. Instead, they may
blood.
be given peritoneal (pehr-ih-tuhn-EE-uhl) dialysis, in which the lining of the
patient’s abdomen acts as a blood filter. Dialysis fluid is pumped through B Summarize Waste products from
tubing into the abdomen. Waste products and excess fluid move from the digestion and cellular activity continu-
bloodstream into the dialysis solution. The waste-filled fluid is drained from ously build up in the blood and need to
the abdomen and replaced several times until the blood is cleaned and chemi- be filtered out regularly to prevent a
cally balanced. disruption of homeostasis.
B Summarize Explain why people without kidney function would need to have dialysis
at least three times a week.

Assess and Reteach .

SELF-CHECK Online Assess Use the Section Self-Check
HMDScience.com or Section Quiz, both available at
32.4 Formative Assessment PREMIUM CONTENT ­HMDScience.com.
REVIEWING MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING CONNECT TO Reteach Refer students to FIGURES 4.1,
4.2, and 4.3. Have them synthesize the
1. How do the main organs of the 5. Apply When kidney function is RESPIRATION
information in the figures to make a flow
excretory system get rid of wastes? impaired, the pH level in the blood is 7. Compare the alveoli in the
disrupted. How would this loss of
chart that summarizes the movement
2. Give two examples of how kidneys lungs to the nephrons in the
homeostasis affect the body’s cells? kidneys. List the ways in
of blood to the kidneys, the removal of
help to maintain homeostasis.
6. Explain Briefly explain the following which their structures and wastes from the blood in the kidneys, the
3. Describe the main structures of the return of cleaned blood to the body, and
sentence: “Filtration of the blood is functions may be similar.
nephron and their functions.
relatively nonselective, but reabsorp- the passing of urine out of the body.
4. Explain how the process of dialysis is When students are finished, put an
tion of materials is selective.”
similar to the way the kidneys filter
example on the board and discuss it.
the blood.

32.4 FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 929

1. skin: through sweat; lungs: through respira- 4. Like the kidneys, a dialysis unit filters the 6. Nonselective filtration means that every-
Untitled-1362 929 tion; urinary system: through filtration of blood. When blood enters the unit, waste thing that is small enough to get through
5/31/2011 12:32:28 PM
the blood to produce urine products diffuse through porous tubing the capillary wall moves into Bowman’s
2. Any two of the following: They remove into the dialysis fluid, just as waste products capsule. Selective reabsorption means that
waste products from the blood; they help diffuse from the blood into Bowman’s different amounts of material move back
to maintain electrolyte, pH, and fluid capsule. In both the kidneys and the dialysis into the capillaries, depending on what the
balances; they release hormones to help unit, blood is rebalanced chemically and body needs to maintain homeostasis.
keep bones healthy, produce red blood returned to the body. 7. The alveoli and nephrons serve similar
cells, and regulate blood pressure. 5. A change in pH would disrupt the function functions. Both are structures that come
3. Glomerulus—ball of capillaries that filters the of nearly every cell in the body by disrupt- in close contact with the blood, where
blood; Bowman’s capsule—cup that holds the ing the process of diffusion of materials materials are exchanged to maintain
filtrate; loop of Henle—long tubule where into and out of the cells. homeostasis in the body, and where waste
water is reabsorbed if necessary, and urine products are removed from the blood.
moves on to the collecting duct. Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 929
Chapter review INTERACTIVE Review

32
HMDScience.com

Summary

CHAPTER
PREMIUM CONTENT

INTERACTIVE Review Review Games • Concept Map • Section Self-Checks

HMDScience.com
KEY CONCEPTS
Premium Content
32.1 Nutrients and Homeostasis 32.3 Absorption of Nutrients
Encourage students to go to Cells require many different nutrients. Six types Nutrients are absorbed and
HMDScience.com for a detailed of nutrients are important to maintain homeostasis solid wastes eliminated after
review of each section, including in the body: water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, digestion. Most absorption of
minerals, and vitamins. These nutrients help to main- nutrients occurs in the small
visuals and vocabulary practice.
tain fluid balance, cell processes, functions such as intestine. The small intestine
digestion and elimination, and tissue building and has specialized structures—
Online Student Resources, Vocabulary repair. A balanced diet and adequate Calories are folds, villi, and microvilli—that
especially important during puberty, a time of rapid increase the surface area so
Practice Worksheet
growth and development. that more nutrients can be
absorbed. Nutrients diffuse
32.2 Digestive System into the circulatory and lymphatic systems and are
The digestive system breaks down food into simpler carried to all the cells. The large intestine absorbs
molecules. The digestive system includes the mouth, water and eliminates the solid wastes that are the
esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, large byproducts of digestion.
and small intestines, rectum, and anus. Sphincters
and the action of peristalsis keep food moving in 32.4 Excretory System
one direction through the digestive system. Mechan- The excretory system removes wastes and helps
ical and chemical digestion help to break down food maintain homeostasis. The excretory system
into simpler molecules. The process of digestion includes the skin, lungs, kidneys,
begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and ureter, bladder, and urethra.
is completed in the duodenum of the small intestine. The nephrons in the
kidneys filter the blood,
reabsorb needed materi-
als, and excrete waste
materials in the urine. A
person whose kidneys
stop functioning must
have a kidney transplant
or dialysis treatment to
maintain the body’s
homeostasis.

RE ADING TOOLBOX SYNTHESIZE YOUR NOTES

Concept Map Use this graphic organizer to help you Flow Chart A flow chart like the one below can help you
recall the functions of each of the six types of nutrients. remember the steps in digestion.
protein
in food
carbohydrates
is used to help build are first broken
down in the
mouth

cell membranes enzymes

930 Unit 9: Human Biology

Reviewing Vocabulary 3. Sample Answer: The ureter carries urine to

Untitled-1364 930
the urinary bladder, from which it is
8. Sample Answer: nephron—structure in the
kidneys that filters blood
5/31/2011 12:33:00 PMU

1. Sample Answer: The muscular excreted.

actions that move food through the 9. Sample Answer: glomerulus—ball of
esophagus are called peristalsis. 4. Sample Answer: Bile secreted by the liver capillaries in a nephron
and gallbladder helps in the digestion of fats. 10. Chyme is food that has been broken down
2. Sample Answer: The villi on the
surface of the small intestine are 5. Sample Answer: Microvilli further increase and mixed with fluids until it is semiliquid,
involved in the absorption of the surface area of the small intestine. more like a juice than a solid.
nutrients. 6. Sample Answer: vitamin—organic molecule 11. Dialysis involves the diffusion of materials
7. Sample Answer: Calorie—measure of the out of the blood and into the dialysis fluid,
energy stored in food which is similar to the action of materials
dissolving in a fluid.

930 Unit 9: Human Biology

 chapter review

32 Review
CHAPTER

15. Mechanical digestion involves the

action of smooth muscle and teeth
to break down and mix food.
CHAPTER VOCABULARY Chemical digestion involves the
action of enzymes, hormones, and
32.1 mineral stomach 32.4 excretory system
vitamin chyme kidney
digestive juices. Amylase: carbohy-
Calorie small intestine ureter drates; pepsin: proteins; lactase: milk
32.2 digestion bile urinary bladder sugars.
digestive system 32.3 absorption nephron 16. Enzymes and bile secreted by the
sphincter villi glomerulus
liver, gallbladder, and pancreas help
esophagus microvilli dialysis
to break down proteins, fats, and
peristalsis
remaining carbohydrates in the
duodenum.
Reviewing Vocabulary Reviewing MAIN IDEAS 17. The nutrients move by absorption
Vocabulary Connections 12. List the six types of nutrients the body needs to into the microvilli and villi of the
For each pair of words below, write a sentence to maintain homeostasis. Which nutrients are the main
sources of energy for the body?
small intestine and then into the
clearly show how the terms are connected. For
example, for the terms stomach and chyme, you
circulatory and lymphatic systems.
13. Explain why meeting nutritional needs is particularly From there, they are distributed
might write, “Digestive juices in your stomach turn
important during pre-teen and teen years. throughout the body.
food into a semiliquid substance called chyme.”
1. esophagus, peristalsis 14. Explain the main purpose of the digestive system. In 18. The colon absorbs water and
which organs does the digestion of carbohydrates,
2. absorption, villi
proteins, and fats take place?
eliminates solid wastes. A diet high in
3. ureter, urinary bladder fluids and dietary fiber will help form
4. digestion, bile 15. What is the difference between mechanical and chemi- the bulk of solid waste and allow
cal digestion? Give three examples of enzymes involved waste to move more easily through
5. small intestine, microvilli
in chemical digestion.
the organ.
Keep It Short 16. Describe how the digestion of food is completed in the 19. The main organs are the skin, lungs,
duodenum. What digestive organs are involved in this
For each vocabulary term below, write a short phrase
process? kidneys, ureters, urethra, and bladder.
that describes its meaning. For example, a short phrase The excretory system regulates CO2
to describe sphincter might be “ring of muscle 17. How are the nutrients from digested foods transported
separating digestive sections.”
and O2 exchange, helps regulate
from the small intestine to the body’s cells?
body temperature, maintains fluid
6. vitamin
18. What are the two main functions of the colon? How can balance, and eliminates nonsolid
7. Calorie diet affect the functions of this organ? wastes.
8. nephron
9. glomerulus
19. List the main organs of the excretory system. Give two 20. Most of the blood in the body flows
examples of how this system helps the body maintain to and from the kidneys through the
homeostasis.
RE ADING TOOLBOX GREEK AND LATIN
renal artery and renal vein, respec-
WORD ORIGINS 20. The main functions of the kidneys are to maintain tively. Nephrons within the kidneys
10. The term chyme comes from the Greek word khumos, fluid and chemical balances in the body. Explain how filter wastes from the blood and
meaning “juice.” Using this meaning, explain how it the structure of the kidney helps it carry out these reabsorb materials needed by the
relates to what chyme is. functions.
body, excreting the rest as urine.
11. The term dialysis is based on the Greek word dialuein, 21. The nephrons filter the blood and produce urine. 21. Blood enters the glomerulus from
meaning “to break up or to dissolve.” Explain how this Describe the steps involved in this process.
the arterioles, and all small molecules
meaning relates to the process of dialysis. 22. How does diabetes or high blood pressure affect kidney are forced out of the capillaries and
function? into Bowman’s capsule, forming the
filtrate. As the filtrate moves out of
the glomerulus into the rest of the
nephron, materials are reabsorbed
Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 931 into the blood. In the loop of Henle,
water is reabsorbed for the final
time. Urine then flows out of the
Untitled-1358 931 Reviewing Main Ideas 14. The main purpose of the digestive system is
5/31/2011 12:29:39 PM
to break down food into simpler molecules
loop and into collecting ducts.
12. The six nutrients are water, carbohydrates, that the body can absorb. Digestion of 22. Too much glucose in the blood or
fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. carbohydrates—in the mouth and small too much pressure can damage the
Carbohydrates and fats are the body’s main intestine; digestion of proteins—in the capillary walls in the glomerulus. This
sources of energy. stomach and small intestine; digestion of allows too many substances to pass
13. During pre-teen and teen years, the body fats—in the small intestine. through the walls, and the blood is
grows and develops more rapidly than during no longer properly filtered. As more
any other time. This rapid growth requires nephrons are damaged, kidney
the intake of more food to provide the body function declines.
with more nutrients and energy.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 931

Chapter review
Critical Thinking
Critical Thinking 23. Analyze A deficiency in calcium can cause spasms in the Analyzing Data Identify Outliers
23. The kidneys are responsible for calf muscles at night. A woman complains to her doctor To educate young people about diet and health, a local
chemically balancing the blood, about this problem, yet she gets plenty of calcium in her hospital offered glucose testing so teenagers could learn
diet. The doctor wants to check her kidney functions. more about how their bodies were functioning. Testing
which includes maintaining critical Why would he suspect a problem with her kidneys? was done one to two hours after each meal so that the
levels of minerals such as calcium. food was digested and nutrients were absorbed into the
Students should be able to reason 24. Infer A gastric ulcer is a type of sore that appears in the
stomach lining. The ulcer can be caused by infection or body. In a healthy person, glucose levels should be
that if the kidneys are not function- by overuse of products like aspirin or ibuprofen. How 80–120 mg/dL of blood before a meal and less than
ing well, the chemical balance in the might a gastric ulcer affect a person’s ability to digest 180 mg/dL after food is digested. The graph below
woman’s blood will be off, which food in the stomach? shows the results for one teenager. Use the graph to
answer the next two questions.
could be why she has a calcium
25. Infer A teenager wants to build muscle so he can
deficiency. compete better on the wrestling team. He decides to GLUCOSE LEVELS
24. An infection or overuse of certain eat a diet of mostly meat and fruit juices. Within a week,
B = Breakfast

Glucose levels (mg/dL)

he is constipated. What probably happened, and how 200
medications creates an open sore, L L = Lunch
can the problem be corrected? D = Dinner
which means that this area of the
BL L D
stomach is unprotected against Interpreting Visuals 150 BLD D B D B BLD
stomach acid. As stomach acid Molecules move across a membrane by means of active
damages the lining, the stomach is or passive transport. In active transport, molecules can
be pumped across a membrane into areas of higher or 100
less able to secrete pepsin and Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5
lower concentration. In passive transport, molecules
digestive fluids, which impairs its can move only from an area of higher concentration to Testing times at meals
ability to digest food properly. an area of lower concentration. Use the following
25. He is probably not eating enough diagram to answer the next three questions.
vegetable matter, which would give membrane 29. Analyze What is the typical glucose range for this
him fiber. The fiber would help move teenager after meals? Which point is the outlier in this
wastes through his system and make outside nephron tubule inside nephron tubule data set?
elimination easier. He can correct the Na+ 30. Evaluate What are some possible explanations for the
problem by including more fruits, Na+ active outlier data? How should the scientists proceed?
transport
vegetables, and whole grains in his
H2O
diet. Making Connections
31. Blog a Snack-Food Challenge More companies are
H2O passive offering alternative, “healthier” snack foods, such as
transport
protein bars or fruit strips. Your challenge: Use your

Interpreting Visuals knowledge of food labels to compare the nutritional

information on these products with other snack foods
26. Analyze Look at the concentrations of Na+ ions and such as candy bars and potato chips. Write a blog entry
26. yes, because Na+ moves by active H2O in the diagram. Can more Na+ ions move out of the on your findings, including each product’s nutritional
transport, so ions can be pumped tubule? Explain your answer. content, its cost, and where you can buy it.
into areas regardless of concentration
27. Infer The membrane can change to let more or less 32. Synthesize The photo on the chapter opener shows
27. The body needs to reabsorb water, water through. If a person were dehydrated, how might the specialized cells in the lining of the stomach. Use
not excrete it. As a result, the the membrane change? Explain. what you know about the digestive process and the
membrane needs to change to let digestive tract to explain why the processes that occur
28. Evaluate If the body contains too much fluid, which in the stomach could not occur anywhere else.
more water diffuse from an area of way would H2O molecules move across the membrane?
higher concentration in the tubule to Explain your answer.
an area of lower concentration
outside the tubule.
28. H2O would move from an area of
higher concentration outside the
tubule into an area of lower concen-
932 Unit 9: Human Biology
tration inside the tubule.

Analyzing Data
Untitled-1358 932
30. The teenager could have eaten a high-
carbohydrate meal or dessert rich in sugar,
5/31/2011 12:29:42 PMU

29. The values range from 135 to 150, with the which would elevate his or her blood
exception of lunch on day 4, which shows a glucose levels. Scientists will have to control
value of 180. This is the outlier. the teenager’s diet more carefully when
testing the blood.

932 Unit 9: Human Biology

 chapter review
❯ Standards-Based Assessment
TEST PREP & REMEDIATION
By Teacher Assignment
PREMIUM CONTENT
Standards-Based
Assessment
1. 4. Chemical digestion occurs throughout the
1. C 4. B
Ef fect of Diet on Weight Loss and Heart Disease digestive tract. The stomach releases pepsin,
No Prescribed
the liver and gallbladder release bile, the 2. A 5. C
salivary glands release amylase, and the
Type of Diet Diet Diet A Diet B
pancreas releases an alkaline fluid. Together, 3. D 6. C
Weight Loss 4% 6% 5% these processes are an example of
Heart disease
reduction
7% 15% 8% A the release of unnecessary chemicals.
B coordinated function within an organ system.
Dropout rate 0% 50% 35%
C a positive feedback loop between organs.
D a negative feedback loop between organs.
Scientists studying the effects of two different
diets monitored three groups of people for one 5. Lungs are part of both the respiratory system
year. The first group was not asked to change and the excretory system. In their function as
the way they ate. The second group followed excretory organs, the lungs help remove which
Diet A. The third group followed Diet B. The waste products from your body?
first group was asked not to change their diets
in the study because A oxygen and water vapor
A scientists knew that people would drop out. B oxygen and carbon dioxide
B scientists knew this group would lose weight. C carbon dioxide and water vapor
C the group acted as a control for the study. D water vapor only
D the group acted as a model for the study.
THINK THROUGH THE QUESTION
2. A student made a simple model to demonstrate Think about what is present in the air that is not
digestion. A plastic bag and mallet were used to required by the respiratory system, and therefore
represent the chewing action of teeth in the would be removed by the excretory system.
mouth. A deflated balloon that could be twisted
to churn food represented the stomach.
Pantyhose that could be squeezed and stretched 6.
were used as a small intestine. One limitation of kidneys
this model is that
maintain remove release
A it does not include chemical digestion.
B it does not include mechanical digestion. balance ?? hormones
C the order of the organs in incorrect. of from that regulate
D model parts are each made of the same thing.
electrolytes pH fluids blood blood pressure
3. In order for cells of the body to receive
nutrients from the food that we eat, digestion Which of these terms best completes this
must be followed by concept map?
A excretion. A nutrients
B fluid retention. B water
C respiration. C waste products
D absorption. D red blood cells

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 933

Untitled-1363 933 Making Connections 32. The stomach, unlike other parts of the5/31/2011 12:32:44 PM
digestive tract, is a sac-like organ whose
31. Students should note in their blog whether specialized cells secrete pepsin, HCl, and
the healthier products live up to their claims other specialized fluids that are not secreted
by noticing, on a per serving basis, how many by any other digestive organ. It is where
grams of sugar are in each product, how proteins are first broken down. Its layer of
many vitamins and minerals, how much fiber, smooth muscle provides a mechanical action
and how few Calories from fat. Comparisons that not only moves food through the
of prices and availability would also be stomach but also churns the food and helps
measures of how likely teenagers are to to turn it into a semiliquid substance, chyme,
substitute healthier snacks for their usual that can be further broken down in the
snack foods. duodenum.

Chapter 32: Digestive and Excretory Systems 933