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Classnote_PS

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Class Notes: Fundamentals of Power Systems

1. Introduction to Power Systems

A power system generates, transmits, and distributes electricity to consumers.


Components include generation units, transmission lines, distribution networks, and load centers.
2. Key Concepts

Voltage: Electric potential difference, measured in volts (V).


Current: Flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
Power: The rate of energy consumption or generation, measured in watts (W).

P=V×I (Active Power)

∗
S=V×I
∗
(Apparent Power in complex form).
3. Power System Components

Generation: Energy conversion from mechanical to electrical (e.g., thermal, hydro, solar).
Transmission: High-voltage lines transfer electricity across long distances.
Distribution: Reduces voltage for safe delivery to residential and commercial consumers.
Load: Represents the demand for electricity.
4. Energy Balance and Reliability

Power systems must balance supply and demand in real time.


Reliability metrics:
SAIDI: System Average Interruption Duration Index.
SAIFI: System Average Interruption Frequency Index.
5. Challenges in Power Systems

Renewable Energy Integration: Variability in solar and wind resources.


Aging Infrastructure: Increasing maintenance and replacement costs.
Grid Stability: Ensuring resilience against faults and blackouts.
6. Future Trends

Smart Grids: Real-time monitoring and automated control.


Energy Storage Systems (ESS): Batteries for load balancing.
Microgrids: Decentralized energy networks for local generation and consumption.
Summary:
Power systems form the backbone of modern society. Understanding their components, operation, and
challenges is crucial for designing sustainable and resilient networks.

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