CHAPTER 3

PROGRAM CONTROL STRUCTURE

DFC20113
PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS
Course Learning Outcome
Show simple programs by
developing code to solve
Implement programming problems in a computer
element and articulate how using C++ programming
they are used to achieve a language.
working program. ( P2, PLO 3 )
( C3, PLO 2 ) Page 02
LEARNING OUTCOMES
at the end of this sub-chapter, students should be able
to:

Describe control structure

3.1 Describe the approaches can be chosen
Understand depending on problem statement:
program control a) Sequential
structure b) Selection
c) Iterational (Repetition)

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 Introduction
A program is usually not limited to a linear sequence of
instructions.
During its process it may bifurcate, repeat code or take
decisions.
For that purpose, C++ provides control structures that
serve to specify what has to be done by our program, when
and under which situations.
Program control typically involves executing particular code
based on the outcome of a prior operation or a user input.
FLOWCHART FOR TYPES OF CONTROL
STRUCTURE

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LEARNING OUTCOMES
at the end of this sub-chapter, students should be able
to: Identify the selection control structure statement:
‘if’ statement
‘switch’ statement
Explain the ‘if’ statement type:
Simple if statement
Else statement
3.2 Else if statement
Solve problem using Write an algorithm for each ‘if’ statement type and code into a program based on
a problem statement
selection control Differentiate the assignment (=) and equality (==) operator.
structures Apply the nested if.
Describe the switch case statement
Identify the syntax for switch case statement
Describe the uses of break statement
Convert the nested if statement to switch
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Solve a given problem by writing algorithm, convert into a program, run, test and
debug using selection statement.
Selection Control Structure

It allows instructions to be executed in a non-

sequential ways.
The user can choose what he want to
process.
It compares two expressions.
Based on the comparison, it takes a certain
course of action.
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 Selection

If Switch

Single if
Types of
Selection Control Structure
if-else

Nested if Page 07
 Selection Control Structure
Used to execute a set of statements
when the given condition is satisfied.
Conditional statements within the
block are executed when the condition The if statements written within the
in the if statement is satisfied. body of another if statement to test
multiple conditions is called nested if.

Executes the set of statements in if block,

when the given condition is satisfied.
Executes the statements in the else block,
when the condition is not satisfied. Page 08
Selection Control Structure

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 Switch Statement
Is a multi-way selection statement and contains various case
statements.
The case statements are executed based on the value of the
expression.

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 Switch Statement
(Expression)
Data type must be INTEGER
or
CHAR only

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 BREAK Statement
Using break we can leave a loop even if the condition
for its end is not fulfilled.
It can be used to end an infinite loop, or to force it to
end before its natural
In looping, it causes the //code (next slide) to be skipped
and terminates the loop.
In switch case statements, break causes the remaining
cases to be skipped--it prevents "falling through" to
other cases.
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In the program code, the while loop will run,
as long i is smaller then 20. In the while
loop there is an if statement that states
that if i equals 10 the while loop must stop
(break). The result is that only 10 Hello will Page 10
be printed.
switch if-else Page 10
 Programming Exercise
1. Based on the program given, convert it to switch-case statement.

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 Programming Exercise

2. Write a C++ program to accept name, registration number and

CGPA from user. Then display all the information.

3. Write a C++ program to get 3 marks from user. Then calculate

the total mark and average. If average > 50 display ‘You are
excellent’.

4. Write a C++ program to input total salary from employee. If total

salary > 2000, calculate the 10% income tax and display total salary
after tax. Otherwise just display total salary. Page 08
LEARNING OUTCOMES
at the end of this sub-chapter, students should be able
to: Describe the Iterational (repetitive) control structure
Identify the structure of loops statement:
•While, Do while, For
3.3 Summarize the difference between ‘while’ and ‘do while’
Solve problems Describe the advantage of for loops
using loops Identify the components and structure of the loops:
control structure •Initialization, Termination-condition, Increment – step
Apply the control transfer statements.
Quitting the loops – break statement
Continuing the loops – continue statement Page 03

Terminating the program using exit() function

 Loops Control Structure

Loops are used to repeat a block of code

Looping statements are used to execute a set

of instructions repeatedly, as long as the
specific condition is satisfied.

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 Structure of loops statement
Loop condition

condition tested condition tested

first later

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Structure of loops statement
condition tested
Loop condition
first

condition tested Page 07

latest
 Types of loops
From one number to another
number and increases by a specified
value each time Loops are useful for things
that want to loop at least
once.

The while loop can be used if

we don’t know how many
times a loop must run. Page 08
 for loops statement
Syntax:
for(initialization; condition; increment/decrement)
{
statement;
}

Example:
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
{
cout << “\n” << i ;
}

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 for loops statement
Program code Loop condition

Flow chart Page 07

for loops statement

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Structure of loops statement
while
Loop condition

do-while Page 07
 while loops statement

Syntax: Example:
initialization; int i = 0;
while (condition) while (i<5)
{ {
statement; cout << “\n” << i;
increment/decrement; i++;
} }

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while loops statement

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 do-while loops statement
Syntax: Example:
initialization; int i = 0;
do do
{ {
statement; cout << “\n” << i;
increment/decrement; i++;
} while (i<5);
}while (condition);

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do-while loops statement

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Nested for loops statement

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Nested for loops statement

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Differences between while and do..while
statements

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 Control transfer statement
Program code
Loop condition
continue
The conti
nue statem
provides a ent
convenient
jump to th way to
e next of
body for t the loop
he current
•It is some iteration.
times nece
skip some ssary to
statement
/s inside
the loop.
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 Control transfer statement
Program code
Loop condition
exit()
The exit(
) function
a program also ends
before its
terminatio normal
n. It requi
Standard res the
Library he
stdlib.h. T ad er file,
he format
is:
exit(value
where val );
ue is an in
teger
variable o
r value. Page 07
Differences between BREAK, CONTINUE and EXIT() statements

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break statement

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continue statement

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exit() statement

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 Programming Exercise

1.Write a program that prints the even number

between number 1 to 20 by using loops control
structures.

2.Write a program that enables user to input 5

hobbies by using while loops control structures.
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 Programming Exercise

3. Write a program in C++ to get input one number from user. The
program will repeat until user entered 0. Below is the example output:

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THANK
YOU
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