Scribd
Upload
19 views22 pages

Class 12 Module 20vs9 Final.ppt

Psychology

Uploaded by

cayhocbong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views22 pages

Class 12 Module 20vs9 Final.ppt

Psychology

Uploaded by

cayhocbong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

Module 20

Social Cognitive & Trait Theories


SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

• Definition
– says that personality development is shaped primarily
by three forces:
• environmental conditions (learning)
• cognitive-personal factors
• behavior
• all interact to influence how we evaluate, interpret,
organize, and apply information
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)

• Interaction of three factors


– Cognitive-personal factors
• cognitive factors
• Include our beliefs, expectations, values,
intentions, and social roles
• personal factors
• include our emotional makeup and our biological
and genetic influences
– Behaviors
• include a variety of personal actions, such as the
things we do and say
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)

• Interaction of three factors


– Environmental factors
• include our social, political, and cultural influences,
as well as our particular learning experiences
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)

• Bandura’s social cognitive theory


– assumes that personality development, growth, and
change are influenced by four distinctively human
cognitive processes:
– highly developed language ability
– observational learning
– purposeful behavior
– self analysis
– Bandura: much of human personality and behavior is
shaped by our own thoughts and beliefs
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)

• Four cognitive factors


1. Language ability
• powerful tool for processing and understanding
information that influences personality
development
2. Observational learning
• we observe parents, brothers, sisters, peers,
friends, and teachers
• we learn a great deal
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)

• Four cognitive factors


3. Purposeful behavior
• capacity to anticipate events, plan ahead, and set
goals influences our personality development,
growth, and change
4. Self-analysis
• internal process
• allows us to monitor our own thoughts and actions
• deciding to change our goals or values, we can
significantly affect our personality development
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)

• Locus of control
– refers to our beliefs about how much control we have
over situations or rewards
– Internal locus of control
• believe that we have control over situations and
rewards
– External locus of control
• believe that we do not have control over situations
and rewards and that events outside ourselves
(fate) determine what happens
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY (CONT.)

• Delay of gratification
– refers to not taking an immediate but less desirable
reward and instead waiting and using an object or
completing a task that promises a better reward in the
future
• Self-efficacy
– refers to the confidence in your ability to organize and
execute a given course of action to solve a problem or
accomplish a task
– use previous experiences
– compare
– listen
– use feedback
TRAIT THEORY

• Definition
– an approach for analyzing the structure of personality
by measuring, identifying, and classifying similarities
and differences in personality characteristics or traits
– Trait
• relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave
in a particular way
• Gordon Allport
– found 18,000 terms; out of these 4,500 were
considered to fit definition of personality traits
– stable and consistent tendencies in how and
individual adjusts to his or her environment
TRAIT THEORY (CONT.)

• Raymond Cattell
– took Allport’s list of 4,500 traits and used factor
analysis to reduce the list to the most basic traits
– factor analysis
• complicated statistical method that finds
relationships among different or diverse items and
allows them to be grouped together
• 35 basic traits Cattell called source traits
• describe all differences among personalities
TRAIT THEORY (CONT.)

• Finding traits: big five


– Five factor model organizes personality traits and
describes differences in personality using five
categories
• openness
• conscientiousness
• extraversion
• agreeableness
• neuroticism
TRAIT THEORY (CONT.)
TRAIT THEORY (CONT.)

• Person Versus Situation


– person-situation interaction
• person’s behavior results from an interaction
between his or her traits and the effects of being in
or responding to cues from a particular situation
• example: Rush Limbaugh could be righteous in
criticizing Jerry Garcia’s drug use while being a
drug addict himself
GENETIC INFLUENCES ON TRAITS

• Behavioral genetics
– study of how inherited or genetic factors influence and
interact with psychological factors to shape our
personality, intelligence, emotions, and motivation and
also how we behave, adapt, and adjust to our
environment
• Studying genetic influences
– Heritability
• statistical measure that estimates how much of
some cognitive, personality, or behavioral trait is
influenced by genetic factors
GENETIC INFLUENCES ON TRAITS

• Influences on Personality

– one reason for brothers and sisters developing


different personalities is:
• 50% of their genes are different
• 50% are shared

– another reason is:


• each brother’s or sister’s unique set of genetic
factors interacts differently with his or her
environment
GENETIC INFLUENCES ON TRAITS

• Researchers have broken down the contributions to


personality development into the four factors:
– 40% genetic factors
– 27% nonshared environmental factors
– 26% error
– 7% shared environmental factors
APPLICATION

• Objective personality tests (self-report questionnaires)


– specific written statements that require individuals to
indicate (example) checking “true” or “false” whether
the statements apply to them

• Objective personality tests are used in:


– business settings
– clinical settings
APPLICATION
• Integrity Tests
– supposed to assess whether individuals have high
levels of the trait of honesy
– focus on measuring a single personality trait
• honesty

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2


– true-false self report questionnaire that consists of
338 statements describing a wide range of normal
and abnormal behaviors
– measures the personality style and emotional
adjustment in individuals with mental illness
APPLICATION
• Horoscopes
• 78% of women
• 70% of men
• believe that horoscopes are so correct that they were
written especially for them

• Reliability and Validity


– Barnum principle (Named after P. T. Barnum)
• method of listing many general traits so that almost
everyone who reads the horoscope thinks that
these traits apply specifically to him or her
• traits are so general that they apply almost to
everyone
APPLICATION

• Reliability and Validity


– Validity:
• tests measures what it claims or is supposed to
measure
– Reliability:
• Consistency
– person’s score on a test at one point in time
should be similar to the score obtained by the
same person on a similar tests later in time

You might also like