Chapter 7: Wave Optics SESS SSE) Exercises | Q 1.1 | Page 184 Choose the correct option: Which of the following phenomenon proves that lightis a transverse wave? 1. reflection 2. interference 3. diffraction 4. polarization ren polarization Exercises | Q 1.2 | Page 184 Choose the correct option: Which property of lightdoes not change when ittravels from one mediumto another? 1. velocity 2. wavelength 3. amplitude 4. frequency nm frequency Explanation: Color and energy depend on frequency and frequency does notchange. The light photons are the same as the photons at the beginning. Frequency is a parameter of the source of emission of light, not the medium it is traveling through. Therefore, When light travels from one mediumto another mediumwhich is separated by a sharp boundary, the frequency does not change. Exercises | Q 1.3 | Page 184 Choose the correct option: When unpolarized light is passed through a polarizer, its intensity 1, increases 2. decreases 3. remain unchanged 4. depends on the orientation of the polarize When unpolarized light is passed through a polarizer, its intensity decreases. Exercises | Q 1.4 | Page 184Choose the correct In Young's double-- sitexpariment, the two coherent sources have differentintensities. If the ratio of the maximum intensity to the minimum intensity in the interference pattern producedis 25 : 1, whatis the ratio of the intensities of the two sources? 15:1 2. 25:1 2 4 Pe ow SOR 9:4 Exercises | Q 1.5 | Page 184 Choose the correct option: In Young's double-slit experiment, a thin uniform sheet of glass is kept in front of the two slits, parallel to the screen having the slits. The resulting interference pattem will satisfy: 1. The interference pattern will remain unchanged 2. The fringe width will decrease 3. The fringe width will increase 4. The fringes will shift ats The interference pattem will remain unchanged Exercises | Q 2.1 | Page 184 ‘Answer in brief: What are primary and secondary sources of light? 1. Primary sources of light: The sources that emit lighton their own are called primary sources. This emission of light may be due to a. the high temperature of the source, e.g., the Sun, the stars, objects heated to high temperature, a flame, etc. b. the effect of current being passed through the source, eg., tubelight, TV, etc. c. chemical or nuclear reactions taking place in the source, e.g,, firecrackers, nuclear energy generators, etc. 2. Secondary sources of light: ‘Some sources are not self-luminous, i.e., they do not emit lighton their own, but reflect or scatter the light incidenton them. Such sources of lightare called secondary sources, e.g. the moon, the planets, objects such as humans,animals, plants, etc. These objects are visible due to reflected light. Many of the sources that we see around are secondary sources and most of them are extended sources. Exercises | Q 2.2 | Page 184 Answor in brief: ‘What is wavefront? How is it related to rays of light? What is the shape of the wavefront at a pointfar away from the source of light? Wavefront or wave surface: The locus of all points where waves starting simultaneously trom a source reach at the same instantof time and hence the particles at the points oscillate with the same phase is called a wavefront or wave surface. —— Consider a point source of light in a homogeneous isotropic medium in which the speed of lightis v. The source emits lightin all directions. In time t. the disturbance (light energy) from the source, covers a distance vt in all directions, i.e.. it reaches outto all points which are at a distance vt from the point source. The locus of these points which are in the same phaseis the surface of a sphere with centre 0 and radius vt. Itis a spherical wavetront. In a given medium, a set of straight lines can be drawn which are perpendicularto the wavefront. According to Huygens, these straight lines are the rays of light. Thus, rays are always normal to the wavefront. In the case of a spherical wavetront. the rays are radial. If a wavefronthas travelled a large distance away from the source, a small portion of this wavefront appears to be plane. This part is a plane wavefront. Exercises | Q 2.3 | Page 184 Answer in brief: Why are multiple colours observed over a thin film of oil floating on water? Explain with the help of a diagram.Interference due to a thin film: The brilliantcolours of soap bubbles and thin films on the surface of water are due to the interference of light waves reflected from the upper and lower surfaces of the film. The two rays have a path difference which depends on the point on the film that is being viewed. This is shown in above figure. The incident wave gets partially reflected from upper surface as shown by ray AE. The rest of the light gets refracted and travels along AB. At B it again gets partially reflected and travels along BC. At Cit refracts into air and tavels along CF. The parallel rays AE and CF havea phase difference due to their different path lengths in different media. As can be seen from the figure, the phase difference depends on the angle of incidence 61, i.e., the angle of incidence atthe top surface which is the angle of viewing, and also on the wavelength of the light as the refractive index of the material of the thin film depends, on it. The two waves propagating along AE and CF interfere producing maxima and minima for different colours at different angles of viewing. One sees differentcolours when the filmis viewed at different angles. As the reflection is from the denser boundary, there is an additional phase difference of Trradians (or an additional path difference A). This should be taken into account for mathematical analysis. Exercises | Q 2.4 | Page 184 Answer in brief: In Young's double-slit experiment what will we observe on the screen when white lightis incidenton the slits but one slit is covered with a red filter and the other with a violet filter? Give reasons for your answer. In Young's double-slit experiment, when white lightis incident on the slits and one of the slit is covered with a red filter, the light passing through this slit will emerge as the light having red colour. The other slit which is covered with a violet filter will give lighthaving violet colour as emergent light. The interference fringes will involve mixing of red and violet colours. At some points, fringes will be red if constructive interference occurs for red colour and destructive interference occurs for violet colour. At some points, fringes will be violet if constructive interference occurs for violet colour and destructiveinterference occurs for red colour. The central fringe will be bright with the mixing of red and violet colours. Exercises | Q 2.5 | Page 184 Answer in brief: Explain whatis the optical path length. How is it different from actual path length? Consider, a lightwave of angular frequency w and wave vector k travelling through vacuum along the x-direction. The phase of this wave is (kx - wt). The speed of light in vacuum is c and that in the mediumis v. kee en 8 ® ag ey = 2nvand v = vA, where vis the frequency of light. v If the wave travels a distance A x, its phase changes by A ® = kAx = w AxW. Similarly, if the wave is travelling in vacuum, k=wl andAD=wArxic Now, consider a wave travelling a distance A x in the medium, the phase difference generated is, AM=kK Ax=wnAxc=wAxite (1) where Ax’ =n Ax el2) The distance nA x is called the optical path length of the lightin the medium; itis the distance the light would have travelled in the same time t in vacuum (with the speed c). ‘The optical path length in a mediumis the corresponding path in a vacuum thatthe light travels at the same time as it takes in the given medium. distance time distance speed = Aimetium _ eaccum Now, speed = +. time = Vmedium = Vvaccum Hence, the optical path = dvacuum _ Vaccum x dmedium Vimedium =n x dmediumThus, a distance d travelled in a medium of refractive index n introduces a path difference = nd - d = d (n - 1) over a ray travelling equal distance through vacuum. Exercises | Q3| Page 184 Answer in brief: Derive the laws of reflection of light using Huygens’ principle Reflection of a plane wavefront of light at a plane surface incident wavefront reflected wavefront N Where MN: Plane mirror, RA and QC: Incident rays, ‘AP: Normal to MN, AB: Incidentwavefront, i: Angle of incident, CE: Reflected wavefront, : Angle of reflection When wavefront AB is incident on the mirror, at first, pointA becomes a secondary ‘source and emits secondary waves in the same medium. If T is the time taken by the incident wavefrontto travel from B to C, then BC = vT. During this time, the secondary wave originating atA covers the same distance, so that the secondary spherical wavelet hasa radius vT at time T. To construct the reflected wavefront, a hemisphere of radius vT is drawn from point A. Draw a tangent EC to the secondary wavelet. The arrow AE shows the direction of propagation of the reflected wave. AP is the normal to MN at A, RAP = i = angle of incidence and ZPAE = 1 = angle of reflection In 4 ABC andA AEC, AE = BC and zABC = ZAEC = 90° -. AABC and A AEC are congruent. «= ZACE=2BAC=i (1) Also, as AE is perpendicular to CE and AP is perpendicular to AC,ZACE=ZPAE=r (2) =. From Eqs (1) and (2), ier Thus, the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection. This is the first law of teflection. Also, it can be seen from the figure that the incidentray and reflected ray lie on the opposite sides of the normal to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence andall of them lie in the same plane. This is the second law of reflection. Thus, the laws of reflection of lightcan be deduced by Huygens’ constuction of a plane wavefront. Exercises | Q 4| Page 184 Answer in brief: Explain whatis meant by polarization and derive Malus’ law. According to the electromagnetic theory of light, a light wave consists of electric and magnetic fields vibrating at right angles to each other and to the direction of propagation > of thewave. If the vibrations of = in a lightwave are in all directions perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light, the wave is said to be unpolarized. 2 If the vibrations of the electric field E ina lightwave are confined to a single plane containing the direction of propagation of the wave so that its electric field is restricted along one particular direction at rightangles to the direction of propagation of the wave, the wave is said to be plane-polarized or linearly polarized. This phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of light, i.e., of the electric field vector ina particular direction, which is perpendicular to the direction of the propagation of the wave is called polarization of light. Polarization of light I Uap abt \ 7Consider an unpolarized light wave travelling along the x-direction. Let c, v andA be the speed, frequency and wavelength, respectively, of the wave. The magnitude of its a @)s electric field E = Eo sin (kx - wt), where Eo = Emax = amplitude of the wave, W = 21Tv = angular frequency of the wave and k = 2T1/A = magnitude of the wave vector or propagation vector. The intensity of the wave is proportional to |Eo|”. The direction of the electric field can be anywhere in the y-z plane. This wave is passed through two identical polarizers as shown in the following figure. Unpolarized light passing through two identical polarizers #DiGr When a wave with its electric field inclined at an angle ® to the axis of the first polarizer is passed through the polarizer, the component Ep cos © will pass through it. The other component Ep sin ® which is perpendicular to it will be blocked. Now. after passing through this polarizer, the intensity of this wave will be proportional to the square of its amplitude, ie, proportional to |Eo cos ¢)”. The intensity of the plane-polarized wave emerging from the first polarizer can be obtained by averaging |Ey cos ¢)” 1 cover all values of © between 0 and 180° The intensity of the wave wll be proportional to > |Eo|* as the average value of cos? © over this range is i ‘Thus the intensity of an unpolarized wave reduces by half after passing through a polarizer. When the plane-polarized wave emerges from the first polarizer, let us assume that its electric field (#) is along they-ditection. In the above figure Thus, this electric field is Ey = jEwsin(ex-wi) 1) where E19 is the amplitude of this polarized wave. The intensity of the polarized wave. 1 [Etol? (2) Now, this wave passes through the second polarizer whose polarization axis (transmission axis) makes an angle @ with the y-direction. This allows only the component Ey cos 8 to pass through it. Thus, the amplitude of the wave which passes through the second polarizer is Eyo = E19 cos 6 and its intensity,te [Ezol? 9 21g & |E gl? cos? 8 Ip=1,cos?8 — ...3) Thus, when plane-polarized light of intensity |; is incident on the second identical polarizer. the intensity of light transmitted by the second polarizer varies as cos? @, ie. ly = 11 cos? ©, where @ is the angle between the transmission axes of the two polarizers. This is known as Malus’ law. Exercises | Q5| Page 184 Whatis Brewster's law? Derive the formula for Brewster angle. Brewster's law: The tangent of the polarizing angle is equal to the refractive index of the reflecting medium with respect to the surrounding (1n2). Ds If Og = yng=— Di Here n1is the absolute refractive index of the surrounding and nzis that of the reflecting medium. The angle 6s is called the Brewster angle. Exercises | Q 6 | Page 184 Describe Young's double-slitinterference experimentand derive conditions for occurrence of dark and bright fringes on the screen. Define fringe width and derive a formula for it. Description of Young's double-slit interference experiment: 1. Aplane wavefrontis obtained by placinga linear source S of monochromatic light at the focus of a convex lens. It is then made to pass through an opaque ‘screen AB having two narrow and similar slits S1 and Sz. S1 and Sz are equidistant from S so that the wavefronts starting simultaneously from S and reaching S1 and Sz at the same time are in phase. A screen PQis placed at some distance from screen AB as shown in following figure.Young's double-slit experiment 2. S1and Sz act as secondary sources. The crests/- toughs of the secondary wavelets superpose and interfere constructively along straight lines joining the black dots shown in the above figure. The point where these lines meet the screen have high intensity andis bright. 3. Similarly, there are points shown with red dots where the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of the other. The corresponding points on the screen are dark due to destructive interference. These dark and bright regions are called fringes or bands and the whole patter is called an interference pattem. Conditions for occurrence of dark and bright lunges on the screen: Consider Young's double-slit experimental set up. Two narrow coherent light sources are obtained by wavefront splitfing as monochromatic light of wavelength Aemerges out of two narrow and closely spaced, parallel slits S1 and Sz of equal widths. The separation S1 Sz = dis very small. The interference patter is observed on a screen placed parallel to the plane of S:Sz and at considerable distance.D (D » d) from the slits. 6 is the perpendicular bisector of a segment S1Sz, 10 Geometry of the double-slit experiment Consider, a point on the screen at a distance y from O' (y « 0). The two light waves, from Si and Sz reach P along paths S1P and S2P, respectively. If the path difference (Al) between SiP and S?P is an integral multiple of A, the two waves arriving there willFrom above figure, (S2P)? = (S2S2')? + (PS2)? = (S2S2)? + (PO' + O'S2)? 2 =D?+ (v + 9) w(1) and (S,P)2 = (S1Sy)? + (PS;')* = (515y'? + (PQ' - Q'S,)? 2 =D?+ (v - 3) sou (2) 2 2 (S2P)? - (SyP)? = {p + (v+ 5) } - {pt (v - 3) \ < (SgP + S4P)(S2P - S4P) 2 2 - [tests f+ yql — [DP sats $a] = 2yd 2. SpP + SyP = Al = 2yd/SoP + SyP In practice, D » y and D »d, + SP + SyP = 2D -. Path difference,Ale syp + 5ypa2 A a8 The expression for the fringe width (or band width): The distance between consecutive bright (or dark) fringes is called the fringe width (or bandwidth) W. Point P will be bright (maximum intensity), if the a MD 3) path difference, 1 = yy = mA where n = 0,1, 2.3, Point P will be dark (minimum intensity equal to zero), tres = (2m 3 where, m= 1.23. Thus, for bright fringes (or bands), D 2aD Ya = WAT and for dark fringes (or bands) AD AD vega s2a 2a" These conditions show that the bright and dark fringes (or bands) occur alternately and are equally spaced. For Point 0’, the path difference (S20 - $;0’) = 0. Hence. point O' will be bright. It corresponds to the centre of the central bright fringe (or band). On both sides of 0’, the interference pattern consists of alternate dark and bright fringes (or band) parallel to the slit. Let yq and yq , 1, be the distances of the nth and (m + 1)*" bright fringes from the central bright fringe. , Yad ip nA wel) (n +1)d 12 + 1)AD (ner ee (5) The distance between consecutive bright fringes dD dD Yori Ya= ltl) —-al= 6 Hence, the fringe width, Dns, We AY = Yaya Ya = “> (for bright fringes) .. (7) Alternately, et ¥m and Ym , 1 be the distances of the m th and (m + 1)" dark fringes respectively from the central bright fringeYad _ 9 > «Bo = @m- IF and Ym+1 d Aa a = m+ 1)->=@m+1)> 6) AD # Ym = (2m-1)5> and AD Ym+1 = (2m+ Yaa wan) . The distance between consecutive dark fringes, AD AD Y+1— Ym = py (2m +1) —(2m—1))= = (10) W=Yn41— Ym = » (for dark fringes) ...(11) Eqs. (7) and (11) show that the fringe width is the same for bright and dark fringes. Exercises | Q7| Page 184 What are the conditions for obtaining a good interference pattern? Give reasons. The conditions necessary for obtaining well defined and steady interference pattern: 1. The two sources of light should be coherent: The two sources must maintain their phase relation during the time required for observation. If the phases and phase differences vary with time, the positions of maxima and minima will also change with time and consequently the interference pattern will change randomly and rapidly, and a steady interference pattem would not be observed. For coherence, the two secondary sources must be derived from a single original source. 2. The light should be monochromatic: 13 Otherwise, interference will resultin complex coloured bands (fringes) because the separation of successive bright bands (fringes) is different for different colours. It also may produce overlapping bands. 3. The two light sources should be of equal brightness, i.e., the waves must have the same amplitude. The interfering light waves should have the same amplitude. Then, the points where the waves meet in opposite phase will be completely dark(zero intensity). This will increase the contrast of the interference pattem and make it more distinct. 4. The two light sources should be narrow: If the source apertures are wide in comparison with the light wavelength, each source will be equivalentto multiple narrow sources and the superimposed pattern will consist of bright and less bright fringes. Thatis, the interference pattern will not be well defined. 5. Theinterfering light waves should be in the same state of polarization: Otherwise, the points where the waves meet in opposite phase will not be completely dark and the interference pattern will not be distinct. 6. The two light sources should be closely spaced and the distance between the screen and the sources should be large: Both these conditions are desirable for appreciable fringe separation. The ‘separation of successive bright or dark fringes is inversely proportional to the closeness of the slits and directly proportional to the screen distance. Exercises | Q 8| Page 184 Answer in brief: What is meant by coherent sources? 14 DL fan Coherent sources: Two sources of light are said to be coherentif the phase difference between the emitted waves remains constant. Exercises | Q 9| Page 184 What is the diffraction of light? How does it differ from interference? What are Fraunhofer and Fresnel diffractions? * The phenomenon of diffraction of light: When light passes by the edge of an obstacle or through a small opening ora narrow slit and falls on a screen, the principle of rectilinear propagation of light from geometrical optics predicts a sharp shadow. However, itis found thatsome of the light deviates from its rectilinear path and penetrates into the region of the geometrical shadow. This is a general characteristic of wave phenomena, which occurs whenever a portion of the wavetrontis obstructed in some way. This bending of light waves at an edge into the region of the geometrical shadow is called diffraction of light. * Differences between interference and diffraction:1. The term interference is used to characterize the superposition of a few coherent waves (Say, two). But when the superposition ata pointinvolves a large number of waves coming from different parts of the same wavefront, the effectis referred to as diffraction. 2. Double-slit interference fringes are all of equal width. In single-slit diffraction pattern, only the non-central maxima are of equal width whichis half of that of the central maximum. 3. In double-slitinterference, the bright and dark fringes are equally spaced. in diffraction, only the non-central maxima lie approximately halfway between the minima. 4. In double-slitinterference, bright fringes are of equal intensity. In diffraction, successive noncentral maxima decrease rapidly in intensity + Diffraction can be classified into two types depending on the distances involved in the experimental setup: 1. Fraunhofer diffraction: In this class of diffraction, both the source and the screen are at infinite distances from the aperture. This is achieved by placing the source at the focus of a convex lens and the screen at the focal plane of another convex lens. 15 ‘Set up for Fraunhofer diffraction 2. Fresnel diffraction: In this class of diffraction, either the source of lightor the screen or both are at finite distances from the diffracting aperture. The incident wavefrontis either cylindrical or spherical depending on the source. A lensis not needed to observe the diffraction pattem on the screen. Exercises | Q 10 | Page 184 Derive the conditions for bright and dark fringes produced due to diffraction by a single slit.‘When a parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength A. illuminates a single slit of finite width a, we observe on a screen some distance from the slit, a broad pattern of alternate dark and bright fringes. The pattern consists of a central bright fringe, with ‘successive dark and bright fringes of diminishing intensity on both sides. This is called the diffraction pattern of a single slit. Consider a single slitilluminated with a parallel beam of monochromatic light perpendicular to the plane of the slit. The diffraction pattern is obtained on a screen ata distance D ( » a) from the slit and at the focal plane of the convex lens, Dea Fraunhofer diffraction due to a single slit We can imagine the single slit as being made up of a large number of Huygens’ sources evenly distributed over the width of the slit. Then the maxima and minima of the pattern arise from the interference of the various Huygens’ wavelets. Now, imagine the single slit as made up of two adjacent slits, each of width a/2. Since the incident plane wavefronts are parallel to the plane of the slit, all the Huygens ‘sources at the slit will be in phase. They will therefore also in phase at the pointPo on the screen, where Po is equidistant from all the Huygens sources. At Po then, we get the central maximum. For the first minimum of intensity on the screen, the path difference between the waves from the Huygens sources A and O (or 0 and B) is /2, which is the condition for destructive interference. Suppose, the nodal line OP for the first minimum subtends an angle 6 at the slit; 6 is very small. With P as the centre and PA as radius, strike an arc intersecting PB at C. Since, D » a, the arc AC can be considered a straight line at right angles to PB. 16 Then, 4 ABC is a right-angled triangle similarto A OPoP. This means that, 2 BAC=6 - BC=asin6 -- Difference in path length,BC = PB - PA = (PB - PO) + (PO - PA) (= 9 is very small and in radian) The other nodal lines of intensity minima can be understood in a similar way. In general, then, for the mth minimum (m = + 1, + 2, + 3...) By = A (enth minimum) ..2) a as 6, is very small and in radian. Between the successive minima, the intensity rises to secondary maxima when the path difference is an odd-integral multiple of N2: . _ A_ 1 asin Om = 2m + 1)5 -(m+ x) i.e, at angles given by, On = sin 8, = (m+3) 2}a (mth secondary maximum) el) Exercises | Q 11| Page 184 Describe Rayleigh’s criterion for resolution. Explain itfor a telescope and a microscope. Rayleigh's criterion for minimum resolution: Two overlapping diffraction patterns due to two point sources are acceptably or just resolved if the center of the central peak of one diffraction pattern is as far as the first minimum of the other pattern. 7The ‘sharpness’ of the central maximum of a diffraction pattern is measured by the angular separation between the center of the peak and the first minimum. t gives the limit of resolution. AN , fi iN (a) Unresolved) Justrewhed_—_ (6) well solved Two overlapping diffraction patterns due to two point sources are notresolved if the angular separation between the central peaks is less than the limit of resolution in the first figure. They are said to be just separate or resolved if the angular separation between the central peaks is equal to the limit of resolution in the second fiqure. They are said to be well resolved if the angular separation between the central peaks is more than the limit of resolution in the third figure. Resolving power of an optical instrument: The primary aim of using an optical instrumentis to see fine details, whether observing a star system through a telescope or a living cell through a microscope. After passing through an optical system, light from two adjacent parts of the object should produce sharp, distinct (separate) images of those parts. The objective lens or mirror of a telescope or microscope acts like a circular aperture. The diffraction pattem of a circular aperture consists of a central bright spot (called the Airy disc and corresponds to the central maximum) and concentric dark and bright rings. Light from two close objects or parts of an object after passing through the aperture of an optical system produces overlapping diffraction pattems that tend to obscure the image. If these diffraction pattems are so broad that their central maxima overlap substantially, itis difficult to decide if the intensity distribution is produced by two separate objects or by one.The resolving power of an optical instrument, e.q., a telescope or microscope, is a measure of its ability to produce detectably separate images of objects that are dose together. Definition: The smallest linear or angular separation between two point objects which appear just resolved when viewed through an optical instrumentis called the limit of resolution of the instrument and its reciprocal is called the resolving power of the instrument. Exercises | Q 12| Page 184 White light consists of wavelengths from 400 nm to 700 nm. What will be the wavelength range seen when white lightis passed through a glass of refractive index 1.55? Let A1 and Az be the wavelengths of light in water for 400 nm and 700 nm (wavelengths ina vacuum) respectively. Let Aa be the wavelength of light in vacuum As _ 700 x 10-°m ° =— = —, = 451.61 x 10 m 2 1.55 The wavelength range seen when white lightis passed through the glass would be 258.06 nm to 451.61 run. do Exercises | Q 13| Page 184 The optical path of a ray of lightof a given wavelength travelling a distance of 3 cm in flint glass having refractive index 1.6 is the same as that on travelling a distance x cm through a medium having a refractive index 1.25. Determine the value of x. Let dig and dm m be the distances by the ray of lightin the flintglass and the medium respectively. Also, let nig and nmbe the refractive indices of the flintglass and the medium respectively. Data: dig = 3. cm, Mtg = 1.6, Nm = 1.25,Data: dig = 3 cm, Nig = 1.6. My = 1.25, Optical path = nm x dm = yg x dig Nig X tg 1.6 x 3 Thus, x cm = 3.84 cm “x= 3.84 Exercises | Q 14 | Page 185 A double-slit arrangement produces interference fringes for sodium light (A = 589 nm) that are 0.20° apart. Whatis the angular fringe separation if the entire arrangementis immersed in water (n = 1.33)? Data: 8, = 0.20°, ny = 1.33 In the first approximation, D sin 6; = y, and D sin 8 = yo . Sins _ Yo a “sinQ yy Now, y « AD d For given d and D, yon Yo _ 2 oS = ...2) yn mM Now, Dw = A w=3) 2 From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), we get,sin 0) Yeo 1 sin®} y, Dw sin, «sin Og = . _ sin0.2 0.0035 ~ 133 ~ 1.33 = 0.0026 + 8 = sin~! 0.0026 = 97 = 0.15° This is the required angular fringe separation Exercises | Q 15 | Page 185 Answer in brief: In a double-slit arrangement, the slits are separated by a distance equal to 100 times the wavelength of the light passing through the slits. (a) What is the angular separation in radians between the central maximum and an adjacent maximum? (b) What is the distance between these maxima on a screen 50.0 cm from the slits? Se Data: d = 100A, D = 50.0 cm (a) The conditions for maximum in Young's experimentis given by: dsin(@)=nA, n=0, 1,2... the angle between the central maximum and it's adjacent can be determined by setting m equalsto 1, so: dsin (8) =A asa? (2) sin (3 21 @= sin! (as) 100 = 0.9' = 0.01571 radData: D=1.2m The distance between the central bright band and the 20th bright band is 0.4 cm. ~ y29 = 0.4m = 0.4 x 102m =m 04 itm = 4 We 0 = 2 * 10 ‘m= 2x 10-‘m. dy = 0.9 cm = 0.9 x 10° m, vy = 90cm = 0.9m ou, =D-vy=1.2m-0.9m=03m dv Now, — =— oe dju, (0.9 x 10°?)(0.3) d=— = ————— m v1 0.9 =3x103m «. The wavelength of light, Wd 2x10-*x 3x 10% See (Se 2 EE em D 1.2 =5x 107m =5x 107 100A = 5000A Exercises | Q 18| Page 185 In Fraunh offer diffraction by a narrow slit, a screen is placed at a distance of 2 m from the lensto obtain the diffraction pattem. If the slit width is 0.2 mm and the first minimum is 5 mm on either side of the central maximum, find the wavelength of light.SC Nj Data: D = 2m. yig = 5mm =5 x 103 m a=0.2mm =02 x 103m=2x 104m — m2D Yma = a Yaa was ao wim = D ) 5 x 10-4 x 2 x 10-4 X= 2 N=5x 107 m=5 x 107 x 10° A = 5000A Exercises | Q 19| Page 185 The intensity of the light coming from one of the slits in Young's experimentis twice the intensity of the light coming from the other slit. What will be the approximate ratio of the intensities of the bright and dark fringes in the resulting interference pattern? Data: hh: l2=2:1 if E10 and Ez are the amplitudes of the interfering waves, the ratio of the maximum intensity to the minimum intensity in the fringe system is Imax _ (Ew +Em\?_ (r+1)\? Inn = \Ew—En) \r-1 where 1 Exo -( Ew)? _ 2 kh es Oea 2 dow v2+1 _ (24) = (5.83)? Trin v2-1 0.414 = 33.99 » 34, -. The ratio of the intensities of the bright and dark fringes in the resulting interference pattern is 34: 1. Exercises | Q 20 | Page 185 A parallel beam of green lightof wavelength 546 nm passes through a slit of width 0.4 mm. The intensity pattern of the transmitted lightis seen on a screen that is 40 cm away. Whats the distance between the two first-order minima? Data: A = 546 nm = 546 x 10°9 m, a=04mm=4x 104m D = 40 cm = 40 x 10% m AD Yma = a AD “Vig = 1— and Via a an 2AD 2y.4 = — Vid ‘ 2 x 546 x 107° x 40 x 10-7 —1eoo————_:.__—_————" m 4x 10-4 = 2 x 546 x 10° = 1092 x 10° = 1.092 x 103 m = 1.092 mm Exercises | Q 21| Page 185 What must be the ratio of the slit width to the wavelength of lightfora single slitto have the first diffraction minimum at 45.0°?Data: 6 = 45°, m = 1 asin 8 = mA for (m = 1, 2, 3... minima) Here, m = 1 (First minimum) «asin 45° = (1)A = “sin 45° Exercises | Q 22 | Page 185 Monochromatic electromagnetic radiation from a distant source passes through a slit. The diffraction pattern is observed on a screen 2.50 m from the slit. If the width of the central maximum is 6.00 mm, whatis the slit width if the wavelength is (a) 500 nm (visible light) (0) 50 pm (infrared radiation) (C) 0.500 nm (X rays)? = 1.414 Data: 2W = 6 mm -. W= 3mm = 3x 10% m,y=25m, (a) A; = 500 nm = 5 x 107m (b) Ap = 50 pm = 5 x 105m (2) A3 = 0.500 nm = 5 x 10°10 m Let a be the slit width. (a) W = yA a yA: _ (2.5)(5 x 107") Ww 3x 10-3 = 4.167 x 104m = 0.4167 mm(by w = 22 a yao — (2.5)(5 x 10-*) ae 22, See WwW 3x 10% = 4.167 x 102m = 41.67 mm (c) W= wa a yA3 (2.5) (5 x 10") ee Ww 8x10 = 4.167 x 107m = 4.167 x 104mm Exercises | Q 23 | Page 185 A star is emitting lightat the wavelength of 5000 A. Determine the limit of resolution of a telescope having an objective of a diameter of 200 inch Data: \ = 5000A =5 x 10°7m D = 200 x 2.54 cm = 5.08 m 1.220 a=- _ 1.22 x5 x 10-7 ~ 5.08 = 1.2 x 1077 rad Exercises | Q 24| Page 185 Answer in brief:The distance between two consecutive bright fringes in a biprism experimentusing the lightof wavelength 6000 A is 0.32 mm by how much will the distance change if light of wavelength 4800 A is used? Data: A1 = 6000 A = 6 x 10:7 m, Az = 4800 A = 4.8 x 10°? m, Wi = 0.32 mm = 3.2 x 10: 4 m Distance between consecutive bright fringes, wea d For 1, Wi = MP and ..(1) For Ag, Wo = 22 and ..(2) W2 A2D/d do eee i 2. We = (= )W, = (—— ] (3.2 x 10-¢ 2 (3) , a ( ) = (0.8)(3.2 x 107 = 2.56 x 10-4 m “AW = Wi - We = 3.2 x 104 m - 2.56 x 104m = 0.64 x 104m = 64x 109m = 0.064 mm