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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 763
Software
Engineering and
Algorithms in
Intelligent Systems
Proceedings of 7th Computer Science
On-line Conference 2018, Volume 1
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
Volume 763
Series editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications on theory,
applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent Computing. Virtually all
disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer and information science, ICT, economics,
business, e-commerce, environment, healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the
areas of modern intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft computing
including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion of these paradigms,
social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuroscience, artificial life, virtual worlds and
society, cognitive science and systems, Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems,
self-organizing and adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics including
human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning paradigms, machine ethics, intelligent
data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent agents, intelligent decision making and support,
intelligent network security, trust management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are primarily proceedings
of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They cover significant recent developments in the
field, both of a foundational and applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is
the short publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad dissemination of
research results.
Advisory Board
Chairman
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
e-mail: [email protected]
Members
Rafael Bello Perez, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
e-mail: [email protected]
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
e-mail: [email protected]
Hani Hagras, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
László T. Kóczy, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
e-mail: [email protected]
Vladik Kreinovich, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, USA
e-mail: [email protected]
Chin-Teng Lin, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
e-mail: [email protected]
Jie Lu, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
Patricia Melin, Tijuana Institute of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
e-mail: [email protected]
Nadia Nedjah, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
e-mail: [email protected]
Jun Wang, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
e-mail: [email protected]
Software Engineering
and Algorithms in Intelligent
Systems
Proceedings of 7th Computer Science On-line
Conference 2018, Volume 1
123
Editor
Radek Silhavy
Faculty of Applied Informatics
Tomas Bata University in Zlín
Zlín
Czech Republic
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG
part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
v
Organization
Program Committee
Program Committee Chairs
vii
viii Organization
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Contents
xi
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xii Contents
1
VSM/CITY University of Seattle, Panonska cesta 17, 85104 Bratislava, Slovakia
[email protected]
2
FM CU, Odbojarov 10, P. O. Box 95, 820 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
[email protected]
Abstract. The purpose of this research is to study the process of the Visegrad
Group citizens being gradually incorporated in the digital environment. The
present digital world needs digital sovereign residents who are competent i.e.
capable of dealing with Information Age systems; electronic devices, digital
computers and modern scientific technologies and are open i.e. who are open and
proactively ready to benefit from advantages and challenge possible risks of
intended usage. Further requirements on the direction through the entire digital
world are digital access and the spreader usage of distinctive products and serv‐
ices. An online survey was conducted examining this development, and respond‐
ents were questioned on certain issues and aspects of the digital world in the
Visegrad Group; including countries as the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and
Slovakia
1 Introduction
The digitization is believed to be the next step, more significant, greater acclaim than
the Internet, crucial for positive change in society. Technological progress, innovation
and engagement, greater consumer power and increased competition are some of the
prerequisites and enablers to render for further development. Digital technology can
offer a myriad of tools to maximize human skills.
The term “digitization” designates the analogue information conversion into digital
information. The term “digitalization” refers to the adoption or increase in the use of
digital computer technology by all voluntary interrelations within society. As Commu‐
nications scholar Feldman [1] argues, unlike analogue data with “continuously varying
values, digital information is based on the two distinct states. In the digital world, things
are there or not there, on or off. There are no in-betweens.” Pepperell [2] states that
“digital information is discrete and clean, whilst analogue information is continuous and
noisy”.
Life in every country of the world has changed dramatically due to what is referred
to as “the digital world” – the extensive communication among human beings through
creating digital artefacts that can be shared mutually among them via an Internet connec‐
tion, and the ability of searching and finding information. The Internet and especially
social technologies are used for various purposes by different groups of people.
A study in Australia shows that parents, students and other stakeholders in education
expect students to participate in the digital world for multiple reasons, for instance,
ensuring life-long learning and being digitally prepared for future technologies [3].
The digital economy is growing at seven times the rate of the rest of the economy,
but Europe is lagging behind many other regions when it comes to fast, reliable and
connected digital networks [4]. The Internet usage represents fundamental statistics
monitored worldwide, the results in 2016 were as follows: 11.2% in the European Union
compared to 88.8% of the rest of the world. The highest user rate was evidenced in
Germany (17.8%), UK (14.7%), France (13.8%). The Visegrad Group countries (further
abbreviated V4 Group) together reported 11.5% user rate [5]. The European Union
digital economy grows by 12% each year, with 7 million jobs in the ICT sector, esti‐
mating half of the productivity growth from investment in ICT. It is common knowledge
that there are more mobile phone subscriptions than people in Europe [4].
This scientific paper examines the accession and entrenching of the V4 Group citi‐
zens in the digital environment. The present digital world needs digital sovereign resi‐
dents who are competent i.e. capable of dealing with Information Age systems; elec‐
tronic devices, digital computers and modern scientific technologies, concurrently they
are open i.e. who are open and proactively ready to benefit from advantages and chal‐
lenge possible risks of intended usage. The digital access and spreader utilization of
different products and services are further significant requirements on the way through
the digital world.
Some years ago, those who had their own email account were labelled “digital
pioneers”. In 2015, there were over 863 105 652 websites on the World Wide Web [6]
which was invented in March 1989 by Berners-Lee [7]. In August 1998, Google was
officially registered [8] and, after 14 years, there was an annual even growth of daily
searches. In 2012, Google Zeitgeist reported 1.2 trillion searches worldwide [9].
The current digitalization is not characterised only by changes in communication
behaviour and media usage, in the meantime, digital innovations have penetrated almost
all areas of our lives, sometimes causing disruptive changes and reformation. It affected
the re-establishment of our purchasing behaviour, daily work routine and economic
sectors, e.g. Web 2.0 applications, car and accommodation sharing, flight ticket reser‐
vations, etc. This utilization requires more implicit knowledge and competences than
merely surfing the Internet.
An online survey was aimed to overlook these developments, to examine and ascer‐
tain the opinion of a group of respondents being questioned about these issues and
aspects of the digital world in the group of the four countries, called the Visegrad Group,
which includes the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia.
The Digitization of Society – Case of Specific Chosen State Alliance 3
2 Methodology
A two-step research project was conducted to focus on the main topic of this paper.
Firstly, the results of the collected survey data were examined. The final step is aimed
at investigating the issues and advances and identifying the benefits and advantages of
a digital society.
Electronic surveys have distinctive technological, demographic and response char‐
acteristics that have an impact on many aspects. A survey design, subject privacy and
confidentiality, subject, distribution methods and response rates are critical methodical
components that must be addressed in order to conduct online research.
Surveys are generally perceived not to be the perfect vehicles for data collection,
because surveys require subjects to recall past behavior and, as suggested by others,
survey questions lead to biased subjective judgements and answers [10].
However, research costs (observations, focus groups, interviews, telephone surveys)
and the scope of the research may make it impractical or financially impossible to use
more than one data collection approach. Electronic surveys provide the ability to conduct
large-scale data collection by other than organizations at the centers of power in
society [11].
Using new technology offers an inexpensive possibility of conducting a survey
online, instead of using other options. Email/web surveys are widely considered to be
cheaper than postal surveys, responses are faster, more complete, are less likely to be
ignored and more accurate [12, 13].
With the advent of WWW and electronic mail, the Internet has opened up new pros‐
pects in surveying. Rather than being mailed a paper survey, a respondent can now be
given a hyperlink to a website containing the survey. Alternatively, in an email survey,
a questionnaire can be sent to a respondent via email, possibly as an attachment [14].
This section continues describing the scope of the study. The research only covers
the domain of the V4 Group, in addition having guided the authors’ choice. Respondents
were chosen from different age groups, as we realized that a certain level of compre‐
hension of the digital world was crucial to answer the questionnaire, so only an educated
audience was selected for the research. The questionnaire of the survey was prepared in
the V4 Group’s national languages to avoid misunderstanding an English text. A general
viewpoint of the digital world was solicited from V4 Group citizens. There were 11
questions based on the 4 determinants of competence, openness, access and the variety
of accepted practices in the digital world.
We have created our own Index called COVA which includes these determinants:
Competence, in this area, the V4 Group population is questioned on their knowledge
of digital topics. Openness as the next determinant regarding citizens’ digital attitudes,
openness to digital topics and innovations, fears, opportunities and benefits is studied.
Variety of uses i.e. the regular use of online/computer applications is monitored.
Access, this determinant considers users’ access to the digital infrastructure, i.e. Internet
usage, usage of devices and broadband function.
These areas have a different influence on the digital self-determination of an indi‐
vidual. Owing to this reason, we divided the questionnaire into 4 parts of varying impor‐
tance, which are included in the calculation of the total index in %.
4 M. Beno and D. Saxunova
3 Results
To accompany society towards the digital age means to enable every human being to
move freely within the digitalized world. An important aspect of the digitization of the
population is Internet usage. The total number of users worldwide on December 31,
2016 was 3 696 238 430 [15].
In our opinion, a detailed picture of the digitization status of the population can be
given, by a much more complex and broader view of the subject. It is crucial to pay
The Digitization of Society – Case of Specific Chosen State Alliance 5
attention not only to the pure utilization rate, but also to the dimensions that deal with
usage behavior, knowledge of digital media, and attitude.
Digital society needs “digital citizens” self-confident, who can cope well with
modern products, devices and technologies (competence) and be proactive with the
advantages and possible risks of utilization (openness). Further requirements are digital
access and a wide range of different usages of products and services. There is almost no
profession for which a computer and digital technology are not needed. Inhabitants who
are unable to access this spectrum; become increasingly limited in social and economic
progression. The ratio of off-liners become increasingly smaller in numbers. Thus, the
objective is to enable every individual to be able to move independently and freely in a
digitalized world, regardless of gender, education and age.
Firstly, we calculated our 2017 COVA, which is a composite index of the digitali‐
zation rate of countries, based on specific information which we summarized as access,
competence, openness, and the variety of usages in the digital world. The results of our
estimation demonstrate that citizens of V4 group countries with access to this digital
environment are at a pre-medium level, as presented in Table 1.
These indexes highlight that a large proportion of Czech, Slovak, Hungarian and
Polish inhabitants participate in the digitalized world. But the COVA value of each
country still shows a development potential. Further analysis revealed that competence
and openness shows above average results. This means that the infrastructure and equip‐
ment are provided in many places to enable residents to participate in the digital world.
The necessary ability and skills have increased in these countries and most respondents
are aware of the capabilities required in the virtual world.
However, the digital world affords just as many difficulties as it does have solutions
to the questions of the variety of uses and access. Three major factors in the use of digital
technologies continue to differentiate the citizens of V4 Group and to serve as barriers
to those two indexes: access to technology, individual competence in the variety of uses,
and security. The access index remains under the total index value, with growth poten‐
tial. It is fundamental to note that the majority of the V4 Group population uses the
Internet frequently.
The most remarkable result is the “variety of uses” sector which is below the other
pillars. It appears that ordering online services, posting articles, utilization of smart home
services and personal data have little importance for most citizens. It can be reasonably
assumed that there are issues linked to the deficiencies regarding Internet security and
the absence of building trust in newer technologies. We believe that citizens are not
6 M. Beno and D. Saxunova
correctly informed about the benefits of these digital facilities and proving the fact that
the small share of the capacity of digital facilities is utilized.
Competence
Digital competence could benefit citizens, communities, the economy and society in
general in various areas. Van Deursen [16] defined five areas in which citizens can gain
personal benefit from Internet usage: social, economic, political, health and cultural. All
these areas contribute to specific and societal-level benefits. This categorization has also
been used in this paper.
Society is above average in the awareness of basic digital terms e.g. homepage
(90.44%), App (86.71%), Cloud (61.13%), website (96.86%) and social networks
(96.49%). Obvious arguments are that English terms are technically less known than
expressions in national languages, showing that a small proportion of respondents are
familiar with words e.g. Industry 4.0 (13.16%), Smart metering (16.15%), e-health
(42.79%) and e-government (51.16%).
We identify the following applications for smart homes, e.g. energy saving, service
for monitoring and improving energy efficiency of the end-user; home automation,
remote control devices for security monitoring.
Further evidence depicts that a very high percentage (99.76%) of the V4 Group
population possesses basic knowledge of computers (including installation of equipment
87.77%) and electronic communications, have Internet skills (99.76%), knowledge of
the use of social media (90.87%) and the operation of specialized software for Internet
calling (94.43%) and Internet banking (93.21%). Creating web applications (21.66%) is
the only fundamental component which lags presently behind the remaining computer
knowledge, because this requires specialized skills.
Openness
It is well-known fact that the Internet is one of the greatest inventions of mankind’s and
it is understood to be a worldwide network of computerized devices and servers. The
vast opportunities and potential of digital media are explained in this section. Many
advantages of Internet utilization are confirmed by 99.19% of respondents and a first
search for required information on the Internet was conducted by 93.49% of the inter‐
viewees. Due to this fact, the Internet should be used in a way that creates harmony both
at work and home.
As mentioned in the Introduction, skills are vital for the further development of the
population in order to benefit from the knowledge and experience of others, from partic‐
ipation, sharing ideas, solutions and gathering much diverse information. It is believed
that schools have commenced to take a different approach by introducing digital media
into the educational system itself, 89.63% of respondents agree that digital media should
be part of the school syllabus. 78.83% positively regard the work-life balance provided
by Internet usage.
Almost 49% of respondents prefer usage of the Internet instead of contacts via tele‐
phone or personal encounter/meeting. The analysis identifies the significant result that
only 37% of interviewees would prefer to be offline more, and 35.44% are reluctant to
use digital devices like the computer, tablet or smartphone, for fear of reaching their
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The Digitization of Society – Case of Specific Chosen State Alliance 7
determined restricted limit. The most remarkable result emerging from the data is that
only 14.02% of respondents prefer avoiding the Internet as much as possible e.g. limiting
computer time of usage, calling instead of sending instant messages or texts, using an
alarm clock or timer, etc.
Variety of Uses
The way people interact, sharing information, and even do business is changing, to keep
up with the continuous evolution of this global network. There are several actual and
potential barriers to the sustained use of ICT by the population.
Respondents were asked about their regular usage of online/computer applications.
It is obvious that Internet users mostly search through search engines for information
on the net (99%), use social networks (81%) e.g. Facebook, Xing, Google+, WhatsApp
and others to contact one another, buying/purchasing online (77%) and do Internet
banking (76%). Ordering online services is used by only 53% of respondents, with 45%
using forums, blogs and searching for help. 18% utilize modern technologies like smart
home services. Most of population is not interested in posting messages, articles or
saving personal data for that matter.
The service trade has been a rapidly growing phenomenon worldwide, apart from
during the years of the financial crisis and slightly worsening in recent years. It is a
remarkably fast developing sector, attracting the attention of researchers, who strive to
reveal and remove shortcomings leading to service quality improvement and enhance‐
ment of investor returns. Our results offer invaluable evidence for the future develop‐
ment of online services in these four countries. As anticipated, our survey proves that
courier service (75%) is the top sector among the rest. Remarkably, cab reservation and
car rental are among the less frequently utilized categories (total 29%). We found a high
ratio of holiday and private accommodation bookings (total 87%). Only 10% of respond‐
ents refuse to use any of the listed services online.
The impact of IT on the consumer sector is difficult to measure. Our argument is the
consumers’ receipt of a considerable fraction of the benefits from Internet usage. How
can one improve the efficiency? One option could be a detailed time study of how people
spend their free time.
Internet usage is covered by several different time studies. In 2000, a study by the
Stanford Institute for the Quantitative Study of Society (SIQSS) [17] found that
increased Internet usage correlated with isolating behaviors such as spending less time
with friends and family. The more time people spend on the Internet, the less time they
spend on interacting with people in the “real world”. Dryburgh [18] finds that Canadians
who use the Internet spend less time watching TV, reading, sleeping and doing leisure
activities at home. A Swiss study found that the Internet did not cause people to spend
less time on social activities but did cause less TV watching [19]. Anderson and Tracey
[20] analyze a UK time study, finding that people who gain access to the Internet spend
significantly less time on hobbies, games and musical instruments.
As far as we are aware, this is the only section to which countries should pay attention
for future development, especially of modern technologies like Smart metering, e-
government and e-health. All nations have the potential for growth. The population in
general must be more inclusive in the digitalization of each country.
8 M. Beno and D. Saxunova
Access
We believe the use of the Internet has changed our way of thinking, as well as having
made a unique contribution by providing our society with immediate and convenient
access to an extraordinary range of ideas and information. Access to information and
ideas has always been important for both personal development and the progress of a
community and nation.
The proliferation of devices has changed the way people interact with the world
around them. In 2010, experts estimated that 17.6 million tablets were sold — a number
that was expected to increase more than three-fold in 2011. Market projections predicted
that there could be more than 300 million tablets sold worldwide in 2015, with more
than 80 million tablet users in the U.S. alone [21, 22].
Business or home users can choose from many types of portable devices, with
modern products constantly arriving on the market. This paper focuses on four portable
devices and one desktop PC. Smart media devices are those that can transfer data by
means of a wired non-cellular or cellular wireless connection: mobile phone, smart‐
phone, tablet and laptop.
Most residents are familiar with the use of modems and telephone lines to access the
Internet, but there are many other options available, e.g. Wi-Fi, Mobile Internet, Cable
TV, as illustrated in Table 2.
4 Conclusion
However, it is also important to recognize that many people, particularly in the older
age groups, will never participate totally in the digital world. The majority in this group
commented that they prefer being offline more frequently, visit friends or call them,
rather than using modern Internet tools. They avoid using this medium as much as
possible.
The possibilities of modern technology may be benefitted by people when they are
knowledgeable about the manners of digital media usage in an increasingly digitalized
world. The citizens’ participation in the area of digital healthcare for seniors, economic
opportunities in business and dating platforms enables to bring this process in social and
economic life. The research results in our conclusion that those who can recognize the
opportunities of digitalization and the appropriate competences, can only gain advantage
in the digital transformation.
Our experiment has reviewed the necessary requirements for a digital world –
competence, openness, variety of uses and access. Taking them into consideration, a
conceptual Index is projected for developing a digital society. The COVA Index
proposes level aspects. The objective is to highlight all different areas that should be
considered when comparing and developing a digital world. Many respondents share
the opinion of growing openness and skills ability in the three elements –technical,
economic and social. Acquired skills and openness deliver numerous, substantial bene‐
fits to individuals, enterprises, governments and societies. The evidence implying from
this paper encourages the idea that the variety of digital world usage must be observed
carefully. Modern technology, such as Smart metering, e-government and e-health, is
not shaped by individuals.
We have demonstrated that V4 Group citizens access the digital world through
modern technologies. The results show that there are numerous usages regarding digital
instruments, mostly portable devices connected via Wi-Fi. The research results lead to
highlighting the potential growth of myriad applications, especially online reservation
services and Smart metering applications.
References
1. Feldman, T.: An Introduction to Digital Media. Routledge, New York (1997). ISBN
978-0415154239
2. Pepperell, R.: The Posthuman Condition: Consciousness Beyond the Brain. Intellect Books,
Portland (2003)
3. Howell, J.: Teaching with ICT: Digital Pedagogies for Collaboration and Creativity. Oxford
University Press, South Melbourne (2014)
4. Europäische Kommission: Digital Agenda for Europe: rebooting Europe’s economy,
Manuscript updated in November 2014. Ed. The European Union explained. Publ. Off. of the
Europ. Union, Luxembourg (2014)
5. Internet World Stats. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats9.htm. Accessed 15 Mar 2017
6. Internet Live Stats. http://www.internetlivestats.com/total-number-of-websites/. Accessed
23 Mar 2017
7. Berners-Lee, T.: Information management: a proposal. http://faculty.georgetown.edu/
irvinem/theory/Berners-Lee-HTTP-proposal.pdf. Accessed 14 Mar 2017
The Digitization of Society – Case of Specific Chosen State Alliance 11