BUILDING FACILITIES

SYSTEM

CHAPTER 6 - BUILDING
MOVEMENTS
Dr. Siti Khadijah Hubadillah
STML-COB
Room : 3016
04-9287041
[email protected]
MOVEMENT SYSTEMS
❑ Forms of mechanical transportation may be found within, around and in general
association with modern buildings and development
➢ Lifts
➢ Escalators
➢ Travolators or moving pavements
LIFTS
❑ A lift or an elevator is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically.
❑ Considered a requirement in all buildings over three storeys.
❑ Minimum standard or service – one lift for every four storey with a maximum
distance of 45m to the lift lobby.
❑ Floor space estimates and a car capacity can be based on an area of 0.2 m² per
person.
VARIOUS SPEEDS OF LIFTS
LOCATION OF LIFT
❑ Positioning of lift should be at locations which provide easy means of access for all
building users – central entrance lobby of offices, hotels, apartments, etc.
❑ Grouping of lifts is essential for user convenience.
LOCATION OF LIFT
SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT
LIFT PERFORMANCE
❑ Lift performance depends on
➢ Acceleration
➢ Retardation
➢ Car speed
➢ Speed of door operation
➢ Stability of speed and performance with variations of car load
❑ The assessment of population may be found by allowing between one person per
9.5m² of floor area to 11.25m² of floor area.
LIFT PERFORMANCE
❑ For unified starting and finishing times – 17% of population per 5 minutes may be
used.
❑ For staggered starting and finishing times – 12% of the population may be used.
❑ The number of lifts will have an effect on the quality of service
➢ Four 18-person lifts provide the same capacity as three 24-person lifts but the
waiting time will be about twice as long with three-car group.
LIFT PERFORMANCE
❑ The quality of service may be found from the interval of the group.
➢ 23 to 35 seconds – excellent
➢ 35 to 45 seconds – acceptable for offices
➢ 60 seconds – acceptable for hotels
➢ 90 seconds – acceptable for flats
LIFT PERFORMANCE
❑ Further criteria for the comfort and convenience of lift users:
➢ Directional indication of location of the lift lobby for people unfamiliar with the
building.
➢ Call buttons at landing and in car positioned for ease of use with unambiguous
for up and down directions.
➢ Call buttons at a level appropriate for use by people with disabilities and small
children.
➢ Call display/car location display at landings to be favourably positioned for a
group of people to watch the position of all cars and for them to move
efficiently to the first car arriving.
LIFT PERFORMANCE
❑ A method for estimating and comprising efficiency and effectiveness of lift
installation is by calculating the round trip time (RTT):
➢ An average period of time for one lift car to circulate, incorporating statistical
data for time lost due to stops
➢ It is measured from the time the lift doors begin to open at the main terminal to
the time they reopen when the car complete its cycle.
EXAMPLE
❑ A building having floors at 3 m floor to floor spacing, a car capacity of 6 persons
and 2m/s speed of travel.

Probable number of stops (S1):

𝑆−1 𝑛
𝑆1 = 𝑆 − 𝑆( )
𝑆
Where, S = maximum number of stops, n = number of people of car capacity

4−1 6
𝑆1 = 4 − 4( )
4
= 3.3
EXAMPLE
❑ A building having floors at 3 m floor to floor spacing, a car capacity of 6 persons
and 2m/s speed of travel.

Upward journey time (𝑇𝑢 ):

𝐿
𝑇𝑢 = 𝑆1 + 2𝑉
𝑆𝑉
Where, L = lift travel, 4x3 = 12m and V = car speed, 2m/s
12
𝑇𝑢 = 3 + 2𝑥2
4𝑥2
= 16.5 s
EXAMPLE
❑ A building having floors at 3 m floor to floor spacing, a car capacity of 6 persons
and 2m/s speed of travel.

Downward journey time (𝑇𝑑 ):

𝐿
𝑇𝑑 = + 2𝑉
𝑉
12
= + 2𝑥2
2
= 10 s
EXAMPLE
❑ A building having floors at 3 m floor to floor spacing, a car capacity of 6 persons
and 2m/s speed of travel.

Passenger transfer time (Tp). Allow 2-3s per person to transfer, depending on depth
of car. At 2s:

Tp = 2n = 2x6 = 12s
EXAMPLE
❑ A building having floors at 3 m floor to floor spacing, a car capacity of 6 persons
and 2m/s speed of travel.

Door opening time (𝑇𝑜 ). Assume door speed (𝑉𝑑 )= 0.5 m/s and door width (W) =
1.2m:

𝑊
𝑇𝑜 = 2 𝑆1 + 1
𝑉𝑑
1.2
= 2(3 + 1)
0.5
= 19.2 𝑠
ELECTRIC/ROPED LIFTS
❑ In these elevators, the car is raised and lowered by traction steel ropes rather than
pushed from below.
❑ Components:
➢ 1- Control system
➢ 2 – Electric motor
➢ 3 – Sheave
➢ 4 – Counterweight
➢ 5 – Guide rails
MOTOR
❑ Located in lift motor room
❑ On anti-vibrations mountings
MOTOR
MOTOR
ROPING
❑ High tensile steel ropes driven through
traction sheaves attached to the motor
shaft, a system of pulleys and a
counterweight
❑ Available in various combinations to suit
different occupancy requirements
ROPING
Single wrap 1:1
❑ The simplest but will be prone to slipafe
if subjected to heavy loads
ROPING
Single wrap 2:1
❑ Improvement of single wrap 1:1
❑ Number of pulleys and the wrapping
ratios increased to improve resistance to
slipage
ROPING
Single wrap 3:1
❑ More pulleys used
ROPING
Effect of wrap ratio on car speed
➢ As the ratio increases, the car speed decreases
ROPING
❑ Alternative roping arrangements to maintain high speeds and sufficient
traction
ROPING
❑ In very tall buildings the effect of
bounce and spring from the rope
load can be balanced and
compensated with ropes suspended
below car and counterweight
EMERGENCY BRAKING
EMERGENCY BRAKING
EMERGENCY BRAKING
❑ The emergency brakes are activated by
a continuous rope passing over a pulley
in the pit and an overspeed governor
pulley in the motor room.
❑ The governer locks in response to
flyweight inertia from the centrifugal
force generated by excess speed, thus
jerking the rope in process.
EMERGENCY BRAKING
Active Roller Guide (Mitsubishi)
❑ This greatly reduces lateral vibration of
high speed elevator.
❑ An accelerometer detects car vibration
during operation and actuators cancel
the vibration with optimally controlled
electromagnetic force.
❑ The result is much better ride comfort
than with a conventional roller guide.
LIFT DOORS
❑ Required in two components:
➢ Fitted to the lift car
➢ Fitted to the landing
❑ Landing door must be incombustible, preferably of sheet steel construction over
a light steel framework of about 30mm overall thickness
❑ They usually slide sideways (although vertical movement is used for some
industrial applications)
DOOR-OPENER SYSTEM
DOOR-OPENER SYSTEM
DOOR-OPENER SYSTEM
❑ Multi-Beam Door Sensor (Mitsubishi)
➢ Prevents passenger from being caught
by the doors, using multiple infrared
light beams mounted along the entire
length of car door edge. Doors reverse
and open if beams are blocked during
door closing.
CONSTRUCTIONAL DIMENSIONS
❑ Lifts manufactured to individual dimensional specification are
possible but very expensive.
❑ BS5655 provides standard dimensions which have been
coordinated with manufacturing process and building applications to
suit all but extreme clients or obscure building requirements.
MACHINE/MOTOR ROOM
❑ Normally located above the well,
containing:
➢ Winding gear
➢ Traction sheave
➢ Control panel
➢ Overspeed governor
➢ Other components
MACHINE/MOTOR ROOM
❑ Noise from motors and winding gear must be contained with adequate
insulation and absorbent bedding for machinery.
❑ An overhead universal beam for raising and lowering equipment and parts
during maintenance is essential
❑ Adequate daylighting and supplementary artificial light
❑ Fan assisted ventilation to remove excess heat from electric plant
❑ A locked door (key with security staff) provides the only access to the
machine room, except for a trap-door over the landing area – this is
specifically for raising and lowering items of machinery.
HYDRAULIC LIFTS
❑ Hydraulic lift/elevator systems lift a
car using a hydraulic ram, a fluid-
driven piston mounted inside a
cylinder
❑ For low-rise building
HYDRAULIC LIFTS
HYDRAULIC LIFTS
ADVANTAGE OF HYDRAULIC LIFTS
❑ Capacity for very heavy loads
❑ Accuracy in floor levelling
❑ Smooth ride characteristics
❑ Low-level plant room
❑ No structural loads from winding gear
❑ Pump room can be located up to 10m from the shaft
FIRE FIGHTING LIFTS
❑ For rapid emergency access
❑ The original concept was a variation
within conventional passenger lift, which
contained a priority break-glass key
switch
❑ This was normally at the ground floor, and
when activated it brought the lift to that
floor immediately
❑ Independent fire-fighting lifts are required
in offices, shops and other commercial
premises exceeding 18m in height
FIRE FIGHTING LIFTS
❑ Shared shaft fire-fighting lift – the lift must be marked for that purpose only
❑ Requires specific provisions:
➢ 630kg minimum duty load accommodate fire-fighting equipment
➢ Minimum internal dimensions of 1100mm width, 1400mm depth and
2000 mm height
➢ An emergency hatch in the car roof
➢ Manufactured from non-combustible material
➢ A two-way intercom
➢ 1 hour fire-resisting doors of 800mm minimum width x 2m height
➢ A maximum of 60s capability to run the full building height
FIRE FIGHTING LIFTS
OTHER TYPES OF LIFTS
DOUBLE-DECK ELEVATORS
They are elevators designed such that
two elevator cars are attached one on top
of the other. This allows passengers on
two consecutive floors to be able to use
the elevator simultaneously.
OTHER TYPES OF LIFTS
FREIGHT ELEVATOR
An elevator designed to carry goods, rather than
passengers
OTHER TYPES OF LIFTS
CAR ELEVATOR
An elevator designed to carry cars (e.g. for parking)
OTHER TYPES OF LIFTS
DUMBWAITER
A small box elevator designed for the
carriage of lightweight freight is called
a dumb waiter
OTHER TYPES OF LIFTS
PLATFORM LIFT
For disable
OTHER TYPES OF LIFTS
AIRCRAFT ELEVATOR
 ESCALATORS
❑ An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting
people, consisting of a staircase whose steps move up or down
on tracks that keep the surfaces of the individual steps
horizontal
❑ Where large number of people are anticipated, such as airports
and railways terminals, department stores and shopping malls,
several escalators will be required and can be grouped in a
number of ways to suit the building functions.
❑ The angle of inclination is normally 30º, but may increase to
35º if the vertical rise does not exceed 6m and the speed is
limited to 0.5m/s.
ESCALATOR ARRANGEMENTS
ESCALATOR ARRANGEMENTS
ESCALATOR ARRANGEMENTS
 ESCALATOR CAPACITY
❑ The following formula can be used to ascertain capacity and compare efficiencies
and suitability of escalators at building design stage:

3600 𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 𝑉 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑁=
𝐿
Where,
N = number of person moved per hour
P = number of person per step
V = escalator speed (m/s)
L = length of step (m)
𝜃 = angle of incline