AMU 07115

Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ASSESSMENT PLAN
Individual Assignment 1 10 marks (6th week)
Individual Assignment 2 10 marks (11th week
Group Assignment/Project 10 marks (8th week) – Practicals
Test 1 10 marks (7th)
Test 2 10 marks (12th Week) - Practicals
Semester Examination 50 marks (Faculty timetable)

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MODULE CONTENTS
❖ Recount electrical fundamentals and safety precautions as applied in
aircraft maintenance
❖ Associate cells and battery design and constructions for use in an aircraft
❖ Discuss magnetism and electromagnetism theories in dealing with aircraft
electricity
❖ Differentiate direct current (D.C) and alternating current (A.C) machines
and their fundamentals as applied to aircraft maintenance works context
❖ Dissect capacitor-inductor and its connection in an aircraft
❖ Apply electrical measuring instruments in testing and troubleshooting
electrical circuits of an aircraft

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MODULE DESCRIPTIONS
❑ Identify electrical safety precautions.
❑ Describe the structure and distribution of electrical
charges within atoms, compounds, ions and molecules.
❑ Describe how static electricity is produced and state laws
of electrostatics.
❑ Describe how electricity is produced by chemical action, friction,
heat, light, magnetism, pressure.
❑ Construction and basic chemical action of lead acid cells,
nickel cadmium cells, primary cells and secondary cells.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MODULE DESCRIPTIONS
❑ Identify electrical safety precautions.
❑ Describe the structure and distribution of electrical
charges within atoms, compounds, ions and molecules.
❑ Describe how static electricity is produced and state laws
of electrostatics.
❑ Describe how electricity is produced by chemical action,
friction, heat, light, magnetism, pressure.
❑ Construction and basic chemical action of lead acid
cells, nickel cadmium cells, primary cells and secondary
cells.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MODULE DESCRIPTIONS
❑Define Ohms Law, Kirchhoff ’s Voltage and Current
Laws and perform calculations using the above laws to
find resistance, voltage and current in a dc circuits.
❑Describe Fundamental theorems of network analysis
and perform calculations involving.
❑Use Nodal and Mesh Analysis.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MODULE DESCRIPTIONS
❑Describe resistance, capacitance, & factors affecting them.
❑Identify types of fixed and variable resistors, capacitors
and inductors and describe their basic construction and
principle of operation.
❑Calculate total resistance and capacitance connected in
series, parallel and series parallel combinations.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MODULE DESCRIPTIONS
❖ FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS
➢Superposition theorem ➢ Nodal Analysis
➢ Norton’s theorem ➢ Mesh Analysis
➢ Thévenin’s theorem
➢ Substitution Theorem
➢Maximum power transfer theorem

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Introduction
➢ What is an electricity?
✓ Electricity is a study of generation, distribution and
utilization of electrical energy.
✓ It is produced from the flow of electrons through a
conductor.
✓ Electricity is one of the energy sources which we
use for our daily consumption.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Introduction…
1.Application of Electricity in Aircraft
❑ Aircraft system uses electricity for different functions.
➢Aircraft electrical systems
✓generate, regulate and distribute electrical power throughout
the aircraft.
➢New-generation aircrafts rely heavily on electrical power
because of the wide use of electronic flight instrument.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Introduction…
2.Application of Electricity in Aircraft
➢Typical application of electricity in aircraft
includes:
✓Cabin lighting,
✓Operation of entertainment systems,
✓Ignition of engines,
✓Operation of communication & navigation
system etc.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Safety Precautions and
Practices
❑ What is the importance of learning safety in electricity ?
✓Working with electrical equipment poses certain physiological
safety hazards.
✓Applying electrical system to human body can damage nervous
system.
✓Wearing or use of proper safety equipment can provide a
psychological assurance at the same time it physically protects the
user.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Safety Precautions…
➢Two factors that affect safety when dealing with
electricity are fear and overconfidence.
✓a certain amount of respect for electrical equipment
is healthy and
✓a certain level of confidence is also necessary,
✓However, extremes of either can be deadly.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 General Safety Precaution …
➢The safety precautions which apply to A/C Engineers
include:
✓Those pertaining to work done in and around aircraft
✓Precautions against electric shock and electric burns and
✓Those which concern the proper use of hand tools and
small power tools.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 General Safety Precaution …
➢It is necessary to know the authorized
methods to deal with:
✓fires of electric origin
✓for treating burns
✓for giving artificial respiration to persons
suffering from electric shock

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 General Safety Precaution …
➢It is also important to apply the following
general safety rules:
✓Reporting unsafe conditions
✓Warning others about unsafe condition
✓Use Personnel Protective Equipment
✓Report of injury or ill health

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 General Safety Precaution …
➢General rules (precautions) to be observed with
regard to aircraft:
✓Pay strict attention to all warning signs
✓Do not smoke or bring any type of open
flame within 50 feet of any parked aircraft
✓Radio equipment installed in aircraft should
not be operated during fueling within 50 feet.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 General Safety Precaution …
➢ General rules (precautions) to be observed with regard to
aircraft:
✓ During refueling radar equipment should not be
operated within 75 feet of the plane.
✓ No electrical apparatus supplied by outside power
should be operated in or near aircraft during fueling.
✓ See combustible materials such as rags and clean waste
are stowed in covered metal receptacle.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 General Safety Precaution …
➢General rules (precautions) to be observed with regard to aircraft:
❖Electronic and electrical equipment should be
✓repaired or maintained ONLY by duly authorized and assigned
persons.
✓overhauled or repaired once the main supply switches are secured
and tagged in the open position.
✓After the work has been completed, the tag (or tags) should be
removed by the SAME PERSON.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 General Safety Precaution …
➢Electrical safety and protective devices
✓Should be kept securely closed except when working
✓Should never be altered or disconnected except for replacement.
✓Should never be modified in any way without specific
authorization.
✓Should be removed and replaced only after the circuit has been
de-energized.
✓Should be replaced with the same type, during failure if possible
after checking circuit.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 High Voltage safety Precautions
➢Safety precautions, while working on high voltage systems.
✓ Never work alone.
✓ Never use exposed conductive items.
✓ Handles of all metal tools should be covered.
✓ Short circuit a capacitor before touching it.
✓ Shorting probes must be attached to work bench.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 High Voltage safety Precautions…
➢Safety precautions, while working on high voltage systems.
✓No wet hands, no wet/loose clothing.
✓No thin-soled shoes with metallic plates.
✓Never wear celluloid cap and visors.
✓All rings, wristwatches, bracelets and similar metal items
should be removed.
✓Warning signs and suitable guards should be used to prevent
personnel from coming into accidental contact with high
voltages.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Working on Energized Circuits
➢Safety precautions while working on high voltage
energized circuit systems.
✓Never work on energized circuits if possible.
✓Every known safety precaution must be observed
carefully.
✓Ample light for illumination must be provided.
✓Worker should be insulated from ground with some
suitable non-conducting material such as dry canvas, dry
wood, or a rubber mat of approved construction.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Energized Circuits…
➢Safety precautions while working on high voltage energized
circuit systems.
✓Use one hand keeping the other away.
✓Helpers should be stationed near the main switches/circuit
breakers so that the system can be de-energized in case of
emergency.
✓A man qualified in First Aid for electrical shock should
standby during the entire period of the repair.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Battery Safety Precautions
➢Observe the following precautions while working on high voltage
systems.
✓The principal hazard in connection with batteries is the danger
of acid burns when refilling or handling batteries.
✓These burns can be prevented by the proper use of eye shields,
rubber gloves, rubber aprons, and rubber boots with non-slip
soles.
✓Another hazard is the danger of explosion due to the ignition
of hydrogen gas given off during charging –especially quick
charging operations and after flight

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Battery Safety Precautions…
➢Observe the following precautions while working on high
voltage systems.
✓Batteries should not be disconnected from their circuits
within any aircraft immediately after flight without first
ventilating.
✓Possibility of spark at battery terminals should be avoided
by opening all switches.
✓Open flames or smoking are prohibited.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Battery Safety Precautions…
➢Observe the following precautions while working on
high voltage systems.
✓ Manufacturer’s recommendations as to charging rate
should be closely followed.
✓ Take care to prevent short circuits to avoid serious
burns and hydrogen explosion

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Fire Fighting
➢In case of electrical fires, the following steps should be
taken:
✓ De-energize the circuit
✓ Call the fire department
✓ Control or extinguish the fire with the correct type of
fire extinguisher
✓ Report the fire to the appropriate authority

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Fire Fighting…
➢For fighting electrical fire use carbon dioxide extinguisher and
direct it toward the base of the flame.
✓Water and foam-type fire extinguishers should never be used
in electrical fire fighting.
✓Carbon tetra-chloride should never be used as it changes to
phosgene upon contact with hot metal
✓In case of armored cable fires ONLY positive way is to cut
the cable and separate two ends.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 First Aid for Electrical Shocks
➢Electric Shocks
✓Electric shock is physical injury or fatal, by an accidental flow
of electricity through the body.
✓Electric shock with an exposed wire or other part of a live
electrical circuit.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 First Aid for Electrical Shocks…
➢Effects of Electrical Shocks
✓Electric shock results in unconsciousness, cessation of
breathing, burns, instant death, fibrillation, and
asphyxiation.
➢Three primary factors determine the severity of electric shock
✓Amount of current flowing though the body.
✓Path of the current through the body.
✓Length of time the body is in the circuit.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 First Aid for Electrical Shocks…
➢If a 60Hz AC current is passed through a person from
hand to hand or from hand to foot, will result:
✓At about 1mA (0.001A) the shock can be felt
✓At about 10mA (0.01A) the shock is severe enough to
paralyze muscles.
✓At about 100mA (0.1A) the shock is fatal if it lasts for
one second or more.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 First Aid for Electrical Shocks…
➢Treatment for Electric Shock
✓Shut the voltage off BEFORE trying to give first aid or
touch the victim
✓If voltage can’t be turned off, use protective material to
remove victim from conductor
✓If the victim is not breathing, mouth-to-mouth or back-
pressure, arm-lift technique of resuscitation is necessary
[Artificial Respiration]
✓ Do NOT give anything to drink unless fully conscious.]
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 First Aid for Electrical Shocks…
➢Treatment of Burns
✓ Remove charred material carefully; if clothing is stuck do not pull
rather cut around.
✓ Cover burn with sterile Vaseline gauze to exclude air.
✓ When the skin is merely reddened and is not broken, cover the
burned area with a coating of Vaseline, or petroleum jelly.
✓ Do not apply iodine, antiseptic or powder and avoid use of cotton
directly on the burn since it will stick causing further injury.
✓ Have the victim transferred to a hospital or secure the services of a
medical officer as soon as possible.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ELECTRON THEORY

➢ Atomic Structure of Atoms

➢ Molecules
➢ Ions and
➢ Compounds

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MATTER
➢Definition of Matter:
❖Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and can be
classified in the following categories:
1. Solid – A solid has definite mass, volume and shape.
2. Liquid – A liquid has definite mass and volume, but takes
the shape of its container.
3. Gas – A gas has definite mass, but takes the volume and
shape of its container.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MATTER
➢Chemical Classification of Matter has three distinct categories:
1. Elements –a substance, which cannot by any known
chemical process be split into two or more chemically
simpler substances.
2. Compounds – A compound is a substance, which contains
two or more elements chemically joined together, i.e. Salt
(chlorine & sodium).
3. Mixtures – A mixture consists of elements or compounds,
which are brought together by a physical process.
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 MATTER
➢Atomic Classification of Matter
✓Matter may also be classified according to the
particles it contains. This is the atomic view of
matter.
✓This view gives us a better understanding of
electrical and electronic phenomena and is the
view concentrated on within these notes.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ATOMS
➢Atoms
❖If a water molecule could be magnified
sufficiently
✓It would be seen to consist of three smaller
particles closely bound together.
✓These three particles are ATOMS, two of
hydrogen and one of oxygen.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM
➢The Structure of an Atom
✓Atoms themselves are also composed of even smaller
particles.
✓Let us take an atom of hydrogen as an example.
✓A hydrogen atom is very small indeed (about 10 –10
in diameter),
✓It consist a core or nucleus with a particle called an
electron travelling around it in an elliptical orbit.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
➢The nucleus has:
✓a positive charge of electricity
➢The electron has
✓an equal negative charge Structure of an atom
❖The electrical attraction keeps the electron circling the
nucleus.
❖The whole atom is electrically neutral
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
➢Particles of atoms are:
✓Electrons
✓Protons
✓Neutron.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
❖ Structure of an atom

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
➢Atomic Number
✓is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
✓This number tells us how many protons are in the nucleus
of every atom in an element
➢Atomic Mass
✓cannot be weighed on a scale as they are
too small.
✓The atomic mass of carbon is 12(12 amu
for carbon)

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
➢The nucleus
✓is made up of protons and neutrons.
✓Neutrons are particles within the nucleus that have no charge
➢The atomic mass
✓is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
✓The number of protons and neutrons is not always the same.
✓There may be more protons than neutrons and reverse.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
❖Isotopes
➢ Atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons
but different numbers of neutrons and therefore have
different physical properties.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
❖ ION
➢ An atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric
charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons
▪ Neutral atom contains an equal
number of protons and electrons is
called ions.
▪ An atom loses electron is positive ion.
▪ An atom gains electron is negative ion.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
➢ Atoms themselves are composed of smaller parts
called subatomic particles:
1. The nucleus contain:
a. Proton - tiny represented as p+
b. Neutron - the same mass as a proton but no charge
represented as either n or n0
2. The electron
A tiny particle represented as e−

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

STRUCTURE OF MATTER…

Structure of Matter
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
➢The number of protons in an atom determines the kind of
material.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
➢The electrons
✓are imagined to circulate in an orbits around the nucleus.
➢Shells
❖are given the letters K, L, M, N, etc,
❖K shell being the one closest to the nucleus.
➢Two atoms with different numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
❖Distribution of electrons.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 STRUCTURE OF ATOM…
❖A neutral atom
➢contains an equal number of protons and electrons is
called ions.
✓An atom loses electron is positive ion.
✓An atom gains electron is negative ion.
✓If two or more different atoms are combined chemically is
called a compound.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MOLECULE
➢Molecules
✓The molecule of an element or compound is the smallest
particle of it, which can normally exist separately.
✓It consists of one or more atoms, of the same or different
types joined together.
✓The term ‘molecular structure’ is used when compounds are
discussed.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 MOLECULE
✓Suppose we take a drop of water and sub-divide it
repeatedly into smaller and smaller droplets.
✓The droplets would soon become invisible, process can be
continued in the imagination.
✓further sub-division would split them into the Hydrogen
and Oxygen of which they are composed.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 COMPOUND
❖A compound formed by two hydrogen atoms with one
oxygen atom.

Compound
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
ATOMS OF VARIOUS ELEMENTS

Oxygen (O)

❖ The atom of each element

has different number and
arrangement of protons
and electrons.

Natrium (Na) Chlorine (Cl)

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrons moving from one energy
level to another
➢ Electrons are in specific orbits because
they contain specific amount of energy.
➢ If they absorb energy they move to
another orbit, of higher energy level.
➢ When that happens the atom is in an
excited state.
➢ However, they emit the amount energy
in a fraction of second and they return
to the original orbit.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Why exciting atoms is useful?

❖ Fluorescent lamp
Current excites
mercury gas

Mercury gas emits

ultraviolet light
(photons)

Photons bombard
phosphor coating and
produce visible light

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 THE VALENCE SHELL
❖The valence shell is the outermost shell of the atom.
❖The electrons of the valence shell are called
valence electrons.
❖It usually contains less electrons than the maximum
number of electrons it can hold.
❖Atoms do not like the valence shell to be incomplete:
✓ Atoms that contain small number of valence
electrons (1 or 2), want to get rid of them.
✓ Atoms that contain large number of valence
electrons (missing 1 or 2) want to receive
electrons to fill it. Oxygen (O)

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 HOW ARE THE COMPOUNDS
MADE?

➢Find the right partner:

– Sharing electrons. (e.g. H2O)
– One atom gives away and another receives electrons
(e.g. NaCl)
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 WHAT HAPPENS TO AN ATOM
AFTER DONATING OR
RECEIVING ELECTRONS?
➢ Ionization: Atoms are charged because they gave away or
received electrons, to form a compound.
Give Positive Positive ion
electron(s) charge e.g. Na+

Receive Negative Negative ion

electron(s) charge e.g. Cl-

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals 62

 CONDUCTORS
➢ Atoms that have a single electron
in the valence shell, are the best
conductors.
➢ It can easily move from atom to
atom and form electric current. Copper

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 INSULATORS
➢ Atoms that contain many electrons in the valence shell
(5- 8) are insulators.
➢ They do not allow their valence electrons to move freely,
thus no electric current can be formed.

Oxygen (O)
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 SEMICONDUCTORS
➢ Their conductivity is between conductors and
insulators.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals 65

 ENERGY BAND THEORY
❖Atoms in Close Proximity Energy Bands
❖Electrons distributions.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ENERGY BAND THEORY..
❖Atoms in Close Proximity Energy Levels

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ENERGY BAND THEORY..
❖Effect of inter-atomic distance

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ENERGY BAND THEORY..
❖Insulators Energy Bands
❖Conductors Energy Bands

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ENERGY BAND THEORY..

❖Semiconductors
✓Germanium & Silicon
Energy Bands

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ENERGY BAND THEORY...
❖ In order to produce conduction of electricity, the electrons
from the valence band must go into the conduction band
thus, energy of more than the energy gap must be
supplied to the electrons in the valence band, in order to
transfer them into the conduction band.
➢ Conductors --- mostly metals
✓ The valence and conduction bands overlap,
✓ Thus, electrons need very little energy to stay in the
conduction band, and conduct electricity.
➢Semiconductor---- metalloids
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 ENERGY BAND THEORY...
➢Insulators ---- mostly non metal materials
✓ In an insulator the valence band is filled with electrons so
electrons can not move within the valence band

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

STATIC ELECTRICITY AND
CONDUCTION

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity
❖ Electric
charges that remain stationary after their transfer
known as static electricity

Neutral & Charged Materials

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Static Electricity

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity
❖How static electricity is created:
➢ Friction of one electrical insulator against another displaces
electrons which accumulate on one of the surfaces.
➢ The physical world is intended to be at electrically neutral.
➢ Perhaps the most known and powerful example of
electrostatics in nature is a lightning storm.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrons can Move Between
Materials
➢ Electrons can move between materials, usually by friction.
➢ When electrons are removed from atoms, they become positively
charged and they are named positive ions.
➢ When a body acquires electrons, it becomes negatively charged
and it is named negative ion.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity…
➢ When a charged body comes close to another charged
body, an electric field is generated between them that
generates an electric force.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity…
❖ Electric Field
✓ The region around the charged body may be detected is called
an electric field
✓ The electric field is represented in magnitude and direction by
electric lines of force.
✓ The density or magnitude of the force may be represented by
the number of lines.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity…

Opposite Charge Electric Fields Same Charge Electric Fields

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity…
❖Attraction & Repulsion
➢if two negatively charged bodies are brought together, there
is force of repulsion.
➢if two positively charged bodies are brought together, there
is force of repulsion.
➢if a positively charged body is brought close to a negatively
charged body, they attract each other.
➢Like Charges Repel, Unlike Charges Attract.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity…
❖If the balls are both negatively/positively charged, they
will repel each other.
❖While unlike charges attract
each other.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals Attraction & Repulsion

 Static Electricity…
❖ Force of Attraction & Repulsion
❖ Distribution of Electric Charges
❖ Electrostatic Laws, Unit of Charge & Coulomb's Law
➢Lines of Electrostatic Force
✓Lines of electrostatic form an electrostatic field
✓The lines between two oppositely charged bodies leave one body
and enter the other
✓The lines of electrostatic force from like charges, however, repel
each other

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity…
❖ Lines of Electrostatic Force
➢Unit of Charge
✓The unit or quantity of electricity is
the “Coulomb” (Q)
✓ one Coulomb is equal to the charge of
6.29 X 1018 electrons
✓The SI units, of a current of 1 ampere
is equivalent of 1Q of charge moving
past a given point in 1 second (A = Q/s).
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Static Electricity…
❖Coulomb’s Law:
❑Coulombs Law states by
➢The force is directly proportional to the expression:
product of the individual charges.
➢The force is inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them.
✓F is the force between two charges(Q1&Q2)
✓d is the distance between the charges.
✓F is the force in Newton (N)
✓k is a constant value (depends upon the medium):
9.0 x 109 N*m2/Cb2 for the air.
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Static Electricity…
❑ Coulomb’s law example
1. Find the force applied between the two charges.

10-4 C 10-5 C
+ -
3m

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction
❖ Conduction in solid:
➢Conduction in solid materials depends upon the quantity of free
electrons available.
➢Conductors, such as metals, have many free electrons
➢Insulators, such as plastic and rubber, have very few free electrons
➢Silver is a very good conductor
followed closely by copper.

❖Electrical Conduction

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …

❖Current Flow
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Electrical Conduction …
❖Electron Flow in a Liquid :
➢ Pure water and organic acid solutions are insulators
➢ The sulphuric acid/water mixture of electrolyte in
batteries is a conductor.
❖Electron Flow in a Vacuum:
➢vacuum is enclosed in a glass container, made to flow through
the vacuum.
➢ if large enough positive and negative charges are applied to the
plates.
➢The positive plate will attract electrons from the negative plate.
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Electrical Conduction …

❖Electronic flow in Vacuum

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Electrical Conduction …
❖Electron Flow in a Gas :
➢The atoms of gases (dry air) are spread & do not normally
conduct electricity due to ionization of gases.
➢Electrons cause collisions producing positive ions and more
electrons.
➢The ionization of the gas causes the red glow common in
neon signs.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …
❖Electron Flow in a Gas :

Ionization of Gas

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …
❑Static electricity in aircraft
➢The effects of static electricity is important in design of
aircraft.
➢An aircraft in flight picks up static charges during rain,
cloud, snow etc.
➢The amount of charge that builds up depends on
✓the atmospheric conditions and
✓the material of which it is made.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …
❑Static electricity in aircraft
➢ P-Static Build Up

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …
❑Static electricity in aircraft…
➢An aircraft often accumulates very high electric charges due to
✓precipitation and high velocity engine exhausts.
➢Sharp or pointed parts of the aircraft like trailing edges of
aerofoil sections called the corona threshold
➢The corona discharge produces severe radio interference and
needs to be controlled.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …
❑Static electricity in aircraft…
➢ Static Wicks and
Location

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …
❑Static electricity in aircraft…
➢Aircraft maintenance engineers consider few points:
✓maintain the integrity of bonding when carrying out
any maintenance work on aircraft.
✓When an aircraft is inside a hangar for maintenance it
should be correctly grounded.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Electrical Conduction …
❖Lightening
➢Enormous spark caused by the discharge
of static electricity from a highly charged
cloud.
➢Clouds become charged because of friction
between their many minute particles of
water, air, and dust.
➢Studies have indicated that a positive
charge develops in the forward portion of
the cloud, where the updrafts are more
pronounced.
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Static Electricity
❖Static Charge Buildup in the Clouds
➢The origin of any lightning strike is the polarization of
positive and negative charges within a storm cloud.
➢The tops of the storm clouds are known to acquire an excess
of positive charge and the bottoms of the storm clouds acquire
an excess of negative charge.
➢Clouds are known to contain countless millions of suspended
water droplets and ice particles
➢Additional water from the ground evaporates, rises upward
and forms clusters of droplets as it approaches a cloud.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Static Electricity
❖Static Charge Buildup in the Clouds…
➢This upwardly rising moisture collides with water droplets within the
clouds.
➢In the collisions, electrons are ripped off the rising droplets, causing a
separation of
negative electrons from
a positively charged
water droplet or
a cluster of droplets.
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 Electrical Conduction …
❖Discharge
➢ If the body contacts with another body being
neutral or having negative charge (i.e. too
many electrons), electric current will flow
between them.
➢ Current will flow from the body with negative
to the one with positive charge.
➢ The flow of electrons will continue until both
matters have the equal charge.
➢ Current is the flow of electrons caused by the
electric force generated by an electric field.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Components & Symbols

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Resistors
SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS
➢A resistor is a component that is used to
restrict the flow of current in an electrical circuit R

- somewhat analogous to a valve in a water line

Fixed resistor

potentiometer

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals Variable resistor

 RESISTOR COLOR CODE

✓ Resistors Resist the flow of Electrical Current.

✓ Each one has a value that tells how strongly it resists current flow.
✓ This value's unit is the ohm, often noted with the Greek letter Omega: Ω.
✓ The colored bands on a resistor can tell you everything you need to know
about its value and tolerance, as long as you understand how to read them.
✓ The order in which the colors are arranged is very important, and each value
of resistor has its own unique combination.
✓ Manufactures typically use resistor color band known as resistor color code.
✓ Within this power point, you will learn how to identify nominal resistance and
the tolerance of the resistor.
✓ The Standard Color Coding Method For Resistors Uses A Different Color To
Represent Each Number 0 To 9: Black, Brown, Red, Orange, Yellow, Green,
Blue, Violet, Gray, White
 Color code

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Color code

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 RESISTOR COLOR CODE…

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 RESISTOR COLOR CODE…

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 RESISTOR COLOR CODE…
Multiplier Band
• Resistor values can get to be very high in number, and
there often isn't enough space to use a band for every digit.
• To get around this, the third band indicates that a certain
number of zeros should be added after the first two digits
to make up the full resistor value.
• If you want to go deeper into the math, this third band is
officially referred to as a multiplier. (for 4 band resistor)
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 RESISTOR COLOR CODE…
Tolerance Band
• The fourth color band indicates the resistor's tolerance.
• Tolerance is the percentage of error in the resistor's resistance,
or how much more or less you can expect a resistor's actual
measured resistance to be from its stated resistance.
• A gold tolerance band is 5% tolerance, silver is 10%, and no
band at all would mean a 20% tolerance.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 RESISTOR COLOR CODE…

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 RESISTOR COLOR CODE…

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 RESISTOR COLOR CODE…

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 RESISTOR COLOR CODE
MNEMONIC
➢If you're trying to commit the color band code to memory, a
mnemonic device might help
➢"Big brown rabbits often yield great big vocal groans when gingerly
snapped.“
➢“Bad boys rape our young girls but violet goes willingly”
➢Or, if you remember "ROY G. BIV", subtract the indigo (poor indigo,
no one remembers indigo), and add black and brown to the front and
gray and white to the back of the classic rainbow color-order
➢Bi-Bi Roy Great Britain Very Good Wife

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Capacitors SCHEMATIC
SYMBOLS

•
C

Capacitors are components that

Unpolarized capacitor
store energy in an electrostatic field C

• They may be called condensers in Variable capacitor

older manuals
+

• Capacitors oppose a change in voltage -

C

Surface mount Capacitors Ceramic Capacitors

Polarized Capacitors

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Inductors
➢ Inductors are components that store energy in a
magnetic field
➢ They may be referred to as coils or chokes

• Inductors oppose a
change in current flow

Variable coil
SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Transformers
• Transformers are components that SCHEMATIC
contain one or more inductors in a SYMBOLS
single structure
• Transformers are used to:
- change one voltage to another
Transformer rectify unit-TRU
- transfer electrical energy from tapped
one circuit to another Pole transformer
Transformer
- Aircraft DC Bus Power

Transformer

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals Power Transformer

 Switches
➢ Switches are components used to make or break an electrical circuit
SCHEMATIC SYMBOLS SPST

SPDT

DPST

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
➢ A fuse is a component that automatically FUSES

breaks an electrical connection if the current

increases beyond a certain value
- circuit fuses “burn open” in the case of an overcurrent
condition and thereby protects the circuit

➢ A circuit breaker also operates on an SINGLE PHASE BREAKER

overcurrent condition to protect

Circuit symbol

a circuit, but they can be reset

and be used again
- circuit breakers “trip” open to break the
current path of the circuit

THREE PHASE CIRCUIT BREAKER

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
➢An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical
elements.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 SYSTEMS OF UNITS
➢ When taking measurements, we must use units to quantify values
➢ We use the International Systems of Units (SI for short)

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 SYSTEMS OF UNITS…
Quantity Basic Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic Temperature kelvin K

Luminous intensity candela cd

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 THE SI PREFIXES
➢ Prefixes on SI units allow
for easy relationships
between large and small
values

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 CHARGE
➢Charge is a basic SI unit, measured in Coulombs (C)
➢Charge of single electron is 1.602*10-19 C
➢One Coulomb is quite large, 6.24*1018 electrons.
➢In the lab, one typically sees (pC, nC, or μC)
➢Charge is always multiple of electron charge
➢Charge cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ELECTRIC CURRENT
➢The movement of charge is called a current
➢Historically the moving charges were thought to be positive
➢Thus we always note the direction of the equivalent positive charges,
even if the moving charges are negative.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 ELECTRIC CURRENT
➢Current, i, is measured as charge moved per unit time
through an element.
dq
i
dt

➢Unit is Ampere (A), is one Coulomb/second

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 DC VS. AC
➢A current that remains constant with time
is called Direct Current (DC)
➢Such current is represented by the capital I,
time varying current uses the lowercase, i.
➢A common source of DC is a battery.
➢A current that varies sinusoidally with time
is called Alternating Current (AC)
➢Mains power is an example of AC

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 DIRECTION OF CURRENT
➢The sign of the current indicates the direction in which
the charge is moving with reference to the direction of
interest we define.
➢We need not use the direction that the charge moves in
as our reference, and often have no choice in the matter.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 DIRECTION OF CURRENT
• A positive current through a component is the same as a
negative current flowing in the opposite direction.

131

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 VOLTAGE

➢Electrons move when there is a difference in charge

between two locations.
➢This difference is expressed at the potential difference, or
voltage (V).
➢It is always expressed with reference to two locations

132

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 VOLTAGE…

➢It is equal to the energy needed to move a unit charge

between the locations.
➢Positive charge moving from a higher potential to a lower
yields energy.
➢Moving from negative to positive requires energy.

133

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 POWER
• Power: time rate of expending or absorbing
energy
• Denoted by p
• Circuit Elements that absorb power have a
positive value of p
• Circuit Elements that produce power have a
negative value of p
dw
p= p = vi
dt
AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals
 ENERGY

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

PASSIVE SIGN CONVENTION

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 PSC: EXAMPLE I

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 PSC: EXAMPLE II

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 PSC: EXAMPLE III

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
➢Ideal Independent Source: provides a specified voltage or
current that is completely independent of other circuit
variables
➢Ideal Independent Voltage Source:

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
➢Ideal independent current source

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
➢Ideal dependent voltage source

➢Ideal dependent current source

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals

 DEPENDENT SOURCE
EXAMPLE
✓The circuit shown below is an example of using a
dependent source.
✓The source on the right is controlled by the current
passing through element C.

AMU 07115 Electrical and Electronic Fundamentals