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A Survey On Optimal Tuning Of PID Controller For Buck-Boost converter Using

Cuckoo-Search Algorithm

Conference Paper · December 2018

DOI: 10.1109/ICCPCCT.2018.8574321

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 2018 International Conference on Control, Power, Communication and Computing Technologies (ICCPCCT)

A Survey On Optimal Tuning Of PID Controller For

Buck-Boost converter Using Cuckoo-Search
Algorithm
Nimisha K K R.Senthilkumar
M.Tech Power Electronics Professor Department of EEE
Vimal Jyothi Engineering College Vimal Jyothi Engineering College
Kerala, India Kerala, India
[email protected] [email protected]

Abstract- The concept of global warming has become a very big and make it reliable. Even though they are taking care of all
issue due to the rise in the level of consumption of energy. So the these things, the main concern is to maintain the voltage and
increased efficiency rate of consumption of energy is an inevitable the frequency within the allowable limits. This paper presents a
factor in our modern society. Many applications is in need of a review on various buck-boost converters and then control
high efficient system. So inorder to attain high efficiency,
techniques for the proper working of the power converter. This
commonly dc–dc converters are being used. This paper reveals the
study of various dc-dc converters and the controllers which is used paper also suggests tuning algorithm for the efficient tuning of
to control the dc-dc converters for efficient applications. Among the controller by considering their performance in accordance
the different dc-dc converters, the buck–boost converter is special with the comparison with the other algorithms.
because it has both step-up and step-down modes. So a study of
various buck-boost converters was carried out and the simplest
and most efficient with fewer losses was found. A survey on II. LITERATURE REVIEW
various control technique that can be used for efficient control of Different topologies were introduced for buck-boost
the buck-boost converter was done. PID controller technique was
converter in order to have an improvement in the efficiency.
deeply studied and different tuning algorithms was analyzed.
These algorithms was compared with each other by considering
One of the best examples is a buck-boost converter with low
their performance and optimization ability in limited time period. voltage stress and reduced conducting components. It is
different from the normal buck-boost converter.

Index Terms-Buck-boost converter, PID controller, Cuckoo-

Search Algorithm

I. INTRODUCTION

We all know that the energy consumption is increasing day

by day which will lead to increased level of global warming
issues. It is very difficult to decrease the level of consumption,
so to have a sufficient energy life the only way is to increase
the efficiency of the energy consumption. Many applications
require high efficient systems. In order to achieve high
efficiency dc-dc converters are commonly used, among them
Fig.1 Converter with low voltage stress and reduced conducting components
the buck-boost converter is more suitable as it has all the three
modes. The most important thing in the design of power system In this introduced converter the voltage stress experienced
is to provide high quality of power and it should be always by the semiconductors is very less when compared to the
uninterrupted. Moreover while considering the complex conventional. When considering the case of active and passive
networks and sever interconnected systems it should be capable components in the circuit, both the normal and the proposed
of avoiding blackouts. The main aim of the controlling strategy converters have the same number. But the conducting
is to produce and distribute power in a more economical way components are less in the proposed thereby reducing the

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 2018 International Conference on Control, Power, Communication and Computing Technologies (ICCPCCT)

conduction losses. Fig 1 shows the two switch buck-boost it can control the semiconductor switches independently [1]. A
converter with reduced conducting components. This converter two-switch buck–boost converter is a dc-to-dc converter which
consists of one inductor, two diodes and switches. The main is non-isolated and can have all the three modes of the dc-dc
feature of this converter is that it can work in three different converter: buck, boost, the buck boost by having proper control
modes of dc converter: buck, the boost and the buck-boost on the gate pulses. The number of active and passive
mode. Since the conducting components are lesser in the case components in the proposed converter is same as that of the
of buck and buck-boost, the efficiency is higher comparatively. conventional, but here the case is different when considering
the conduction mode. The number of conducting components is
lesser in the case of this converter thereby, reducing the
conduction losses and the power losses. In this case, the source
terminals of MOSFET are connected directly to the ground.
Due to this setup high gate signals is not needed for the IC.
This is considered as the one of the main advantage of the
configuration.

Fig.2 Efficiency comparison with different converters for boost and buck-boost
mode
Fig.4 Two switch Buck-boost power converter

Fig.4 shows the buck-boost converter with two switches.

Lesser the number of conducting components and the switching
components make the overall system efficiency to reach its
higher peak. When compared with the results of Single switch
Buck-boost converter the efficiency range is far better. The
converter proposed here is having the advantage of connecting
both the switches directly to the ground. This helps the circuit
designers to have a wide range of gate driver IC [2]. The Fuel
Cell Electric Vehicles are now a day’s becoming one of the
most inevitable factor in our modern society. But the power
converter used for the same is having some criteria such that
the voltage stress experienced by the semiconductors should be
low, the size of the component should be small and in the case
of efficiency it should be very high.

Fig.3 Efficiency comparison with different converters for buck and buck-boost
mode

Fig.3 shows the comparison between the Two switch Buck-

boost converter and the converter proposed for all the three
modes .The efficiency range is 96.15% in the buck mode and
89.32% and 89.54% with Vin = 36 V and 72 V respectively for
Fig.5 Block diagram of fuel cell vehicle system
buck–boost mode. The main advantage of this converter is that

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 2018 International Conference on Control, Power, Communication and Computing Technologies (ICCPCCT)

Here presents a typical configuration of FCEV power trains in ratios. These signals are transmitted to the gate driver to have
fig.5 and proposes a novel Buck-Boost cascaded topology for the satisfying control on the buck and boost switches.
high power applications. It offers better performance compared
with the single-switch buck-boost converters, such as buck-
boost, CUK, Zeta, SEPIC circuit. Also, the operating principles
and the parameters of the buck-boost cascaded converter are
analyzed. The converter is having the merits of limited voltage
stresses on the semiconductor, low inductor and switching
losses, relatively high efficiency. In the buck mode, the output
ripple is about 10, in the case of boost mode the output ripple is
greater than 50. So in order to remove this ripples an filter is
used. From the simulation results it is clear that the above buck-
boost converter is very convenient in the case of FCEV. Fig. 6
shows the simulation results of the above converter voltage
Fig.7 Boost-interleaved buck-boost (BoIBB) converter
with load disturbances and from the results it is clear that this
converter is having all the characteristics of a good converter
And this review ends with a conclusion that the proposed
and also it can be used as a guide for fuel cell electrical vehicle
boost interleaved buck-boost converter has merits such as
[3].
limited voltage stress and conduction losses. Small size of the
components also makes the converter more reliable.

Fig.6 The output voltage with load disturbances

Regarding power factor correction the universal input

Fig.8 Efficiency of Boost-interleaved buck-boost converter
capability denotes the status to run from any ac line globally
arise a considerable pay off in connection with component Experimental results are shown in fig.8 which will provide
stresses and losses with constraints on dc output strength. Here the clear cut of the new technique, that the new converter
we suggest a finer two-switch technique, boost interleaved topology is having high efficiency as a function of input and
buck-boost converter which will show more precision than output voltage [4]. Inorder to have the proper working of the
single buck-boost converter in the category of input PFC converter , the converter should be provided with a control
system. It reveals a thorough outlook for converter processes strategy. Many control scheme are now available and a proper
and component stresses with proper guidelines specified. Here study on the various control scheme is very important inorder
in the fig.7 a converter called boost-interleaved buck-boost to select which is very convenient for the power converter used.
(BoIBB), is used for applications of universal-input PFC. A
The use of renewable energy is becoming very important in
review is done on the characteristics of normal buck-boost and
our modern society. Converting power from one extreme to
the above mentioned interleaved converter.
another is done using the power switching devices. Proper
In the practical the input current control and the output switching is the main factor that effect the power converter
voltage control is done using the chip of average current-mode operation. Here mainly concentrates on the analysis of the
PFC controller. Not only is this it also used in the sensing of the various control strategies for dc-dc converter. Control strategies
current and voltage in order to bring it to the exact required include various non-linear and linear control. Here control
levels. PWM technique is used for the convenient operation in strategies are being compared with each other by considering
the case of the buck and boost modes. A dual PWM chip is their merits and demerits. Initially a analysis on the non-linear
used to have the controlled switching pulses with proper duty control strategies like Fuzzy control strategy and Model
predictive control was carried out based on their characteristics

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but it was found that they are almost effective but they are not The above said converter can have all the three dc-dc
simple and in the case of economical concept they are very conversion modes (buck, boost and the buck-boost). The fig.10
expensive, therefore they are not suitable for practical shows the graph between the inductor current and the load
applications. The other important control method is current current. From the graph it is clear that buck-boost mode is
mode controller. But is not at suitable since its designing is not having the highest ratio. This is attained by using the mode
at all a easy job. When considering the case of linear control select circuit. This will select the correct mode of operation
methods, the controlling effect is very limited. according to the voltage contained in the battery. This helps the
TABLE I. Characteristics of Sliding Mode Control and PID controller
system to reduce the losses and thereby increasing the
efficiency[6].

TABLE.I shows the caparison of two well known control

methods. While comparing the Sliding mode Controller and
Fig.10 Ratio of inductor current versus load current in three modes.
PID Controller it was found that PID Controller is a failure in
the review while considering the cases of dynamic response and The solar battery system has now become an inevitable
control precision. Not only this when there occurs the problem factor in our modern life. But the problem of oscillations and
of inconclusive, stability is unpredictable. But in the case of overshoot is always pulling down the efficiency. A good
Sliding mode control strategy, the performance was very control strategy is required inorder to have the proper
satisfying. Even if there occurs inconclusive matters also this prevention of the above said circumstance. A comparison was
control method provides high stability. Not only this it is not at done between Proportional Integral Derivative, Fuzzy logic
all difficult in implementation and it is also having good control and the hybrid fuzzy PID control technique. Fig.11
dynamic response. This characteristics of Sliding mode control shows the hybrid fuzzy PID controller. The comparison was
is because it acts on all system variables [5]. A positive dc-dc based on the rise time, peak time, voltage oscillations and
buck– boost converter with mode select circuit is accompanied overshoot. Here the hybrid fuzzy PID controller was made and
with feed-forward techniques in fig.9. In the normal condition it was simulated and the results was put into a review with
switching losses and the conduction losses become a very big other controllers in terms of dynamic response and the results is
issue in the case of positive buck-boost converter as it uses four shown in fig.12.
transistors. Here since mode select circuit is used this
circumstance can be overcome while operating in the buck-
boost mode. Not only this the use of the feed-forward technique
helps the circuit to improve their transient response.

Fig.11 Hybrid fuzzy PID controller

Fig.9 Block diagram of the positive buck–boost converter.

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 2018 International Conference on Control, Power, Communication and Computing Technologies (ICCPCCT)

From the results it was clear that the proposed strategy was Here PID controller is used for controlling the whole
having amazing results like small rise time, limited oscillations system. The whole system was designed and simulated in
and no overshoots [7]. The buck-boost converter has shown its Simulink software.Fig.13 shows the results of the comparison
capability in the electric vehicles and other such applications. between the conventional and the proposed method. The graph
TABLE II. Comparison between various controllers
is plotted between efficiency and change in resistance. The
main aim of this strategy was to construct a controller whose
efficiency will not depend on the load variations and
uncertainties. From the results it is well clear that the said
control strategy gives better dynamic response, high voltage
regulation and satisfying efficiency [8].To have the proper
working of the buck-boost converter the output voltage
regulation problem is converted to the inductor current control
using the cascade controller which is shown in fig.14. The outer
loop and the inner loop are controlled by the PI controller. But
the controlled variable in the inner loop is inductor current and
the controlled variable in the outer loop is capacitor voltage.
This control strategy brings good dynamic response and high
robustness. The system was designed and simulated.

Fig.14 Schematics of cascade control

The theoretical study and the simulation result shown in the

Fig.12 Interleaved Buck-boost Converter fig.15 (a,b) shows that the above said technique can overcome
For the efficient working suitable controllers are needed. Here the disadvantages of the non-minimum phase property. The
the interleaved switching signals put a way for high efficiency. results also show that the control technique is having better
In this case the frequencies are shifted according to the phase. dynamic as well as steady state performance.
The main characteristic of this strategy is that the inductors
present in the circuit will share the input current thereby
reducing the losses and ripples. Here interleaved shown in
fig.12 is designed by connecting two switching units. For each
unit there are open and close stages.

(a) (b)

Fig.15 (a,b) Variation of output voltage and inductor current with input
voltage

It also shows robustness at the time of change in load and

parameters. This method is also having the advantages of
simple and easy implementation [9]. The Light Emitting Diode
is now a day’s an important factor in the case of lighting
technology. The experiments on this concept are undergoing in
order to make it more satisfying. The main part of this
Fig.13 Efficiency comparison technology is its driving circuit. But this driver circuit is now a

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day’s facing many power quality issues. So here a new III. CONCLUSION
technique is introduced by designing a PID controller which
In this paper a survey on optimal tuning of PID controller
helps the buck-boost converter to improve the performance of
for buck-boost converter using Cuckoo search algorithm is
the LED driver circuit.
done. Here a review on various types of buck-boost converters
with different characteristics and qualities was discussed widely
and the control techniques like PID controller, Fuzzy logic
controller, Sliding mode controller for the proper working of
the power converter was deeply studied. The performance of
the various tuning algorithms like genetic algorithm, cuckoo
search algorithm and particle swarm optimization which is used
for the tuning of the of the controllers was analyzed on the
basis of dynamic response and time response specifications.

REFERENCES

Fig.16 Power converter with PID controller [1] Hyo-Soo Son, Jae-Kuk Kim, Jae-Bum Lee, Sang-Su Moon, Ji-Hoon Park
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stress and reduced conducting components,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
vol. 64, no. 9, pp. 0278-0046, Sep. 2017.
The whole system is shown in the fig.16. The parameters of
[2] Byunghee Moon, Hai Young Jung, Sung Hwan Kim, And Seok-Hyun Lee,
the PID controller are obtained by minimizing the performance “A Modified Topology of Two-Switch Buck-Boost Converter,” in Proc.
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