DAMBI DOLLO UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF LAW

Weekend Program LL.M Thesis Research Proposal

Re-thinking the Rural Land Uses Collateral Scheme: Emphasis to

Recent Advent of Relevant Laws

By: NEBIYOU HORA MULETA

ADVISOR: FUFA FILE. (LL. B, LL.M, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

SEPTEMBER 2024

DAMBI DOLLO, OROMIA, ETHIOPIA

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 LIST OF ACRONYMS

NBE – National Bank of Ethiopia

FDRE – Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

CRO – Collateral Registry Office

RLAUP - Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation

ORRLP – Oromia Region Rural Land Proclamation

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ntroduction
1. Background of the Study

In Ethiopia, the primary power of law making on land is vested in the federal government.
According to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (herein after, FDRE) Constitution, the
federal government makes the laws governing the use of land and natural resources. 1 The federal
government is responsible for enacting laws regarding the utilization and conservation of land
and other natural resources. The Constitution outlines that regional governments have the
authority to administer land and natural resources in accordance with federal laws. 2 This clause
gives regional governments significant flexibility to handle their resources in accordance with
local needs and interests. However, the power to administer these resources does indeed require
the ability to enact laws. Accordingly, the Constitution of Oromia Regional State provides that
Caffe shall have the authority to promulgate laws consistent with federal constitution and other
laws of the federal governments.3 This creates a system where both levels of government share
responsibilities, ensuring that regional administration aligns with federal guidelines. In this
regard, land is one of the most important natural resources in which the two tiers of government
shares responsibility to rule.

Land ownership is proclaimed to belong to the state and the people of Ethiopia under the FDRE
Constitution.4 The same is reflected in the constitutions of various regions, including the Oromia
Regional State.5 As a result, individuals do not have private ownership rights but rather holding
rights (rights to use the land). These rights allow a holder of a land to use and enjoy the benefits
of the fruits of the land without selling or exchanging it. 6 Such property rights to land encompass
a wide range of activities, from cultivating crops and collecting produce to engaging in
commercial activities or leasing the land for a set term.
1
FDRE Constitution, Art. 5 1(5)
2
Ibid, Art. Article 52(2)(d)
3
Constitution of Oromia Regional State, Art. 49(1/a)
4
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Constitution (1995), Article 40(3) of the Constitution states: "Land
is a common property of the Nations, Nationalities and peoples of Ethiopia and shall not be subject to sale or other
means of exchange."
5
Oromia is one of the comprising member states of Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Art. 47 of FDRE
Constitution
6
Fasil Alemayehu. (2009). Law of Property. P.99

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Secure and easily transferable property rights to land have long been recognized as essential to
attracting increased investment and credit availability, facilitating the reallocation of production
factors to optimize allocative efficiency in resource use, and enabling the growth of an off-farm
economy.7 It is generally accepted that establishing the foundation for safe and transferable land
rights is an essential duty of the state, and that decisions made regarding the distribution of
property rights to land can have significant effects on other societal outcomes. 8 Land property
rights must be established in a form that makes it simple to recognize, enforce, and exchange
them.9 They also need to have a long enough time horizon to attract investment. 10 They must be
managed and upheld by institutions with social legitimacy and legal support, as well as ones that
are open, accountable, and accessible.11

In the previous legal regime, almost all the rural land laws at both levels (federal and region) in
Ethiopia were silent on some necessary issues related to rural land transaction including the use
of land as collateral.12 Among these laws, for instance, the previous Oromia Rural Land Use and
Administration Proclamation implicitly prohibited giving rural land as collateral. 13 This
legislation also imposed unwarranted legal constraints on the transactions of rural land. Due to
all of these, it was common for people to transact informally or without authorization on rural
land and to disregard the laws governing its use and transaction. 14 In the previous rural land legal
framework, gaps, contradictions, inconsistencies and undue restrictions had been
experienced.15This informality caused land usage to fragment.
However, this restriction has been removed, and the new recently enacted laws at both levels
have permitted land use rights as collateral to access credit from financial institutions. Both the
Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (herein after, RLAUP) No. 1324/2024 and the
Oromia Region Rural Land Proclamation (herein after, ORRLP) Number 248/2023 have
introduced noteworthy new provisions that enable land use rights as collateral for credit access
7
Samuel Gebreselassie; Land, Land Policy and Smallholder Agriculture in Ethiopia: Options and Scenarios, March
2006, p.4
8
Ibid.
9
Ibid.
10
Ibid.
11
Ibid.
12
Legese Tigabu Mengie, Restrictions on Rural Land Transactions in Ethiopia: Case Study, Mekelle University
Law Journal, 2017. Vol. 5(1) P.96
13
Oromia Rural Land Use and Administration Proclamation No. 130/2007, Art. 6(5)
14
Ibid.
15
Legese Tigabu Mengie, Restrictions on Rural Land Transactions in Ethiopia: Case Study, Mekelle University
Law Journal, 2017. Vol. 5(1) P.85

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from legally recognized financial institutions for any land holders in rural areas. Movable
Property Collateral Proclamation 1147/2019 which has also clearly recognized rural land use
right as movable collateral for accessing credit from financial Institutions. Hence, one may argue
that later serves as a foundation for provisions of using land use rights as collateral in the former
rural land laws.
Despite these recognitions, in revising these legal frameworks together, there are gaps,
contradictions, inconsistencies, and uncertainties in the existing rural land laws at both levels.
Since these issues arise during the enforcement phase and concerns institutions as well as society
at large, it is an essential problem that will be dealt with eventually. Secured lending laws are
crucial for ensuring credit accessibility and efficiency in the financial sector. Evaluating
collateral laws for rural land use rights is essential to assess their effectiveness within the
existing land tenure system and the broader financial system. Therefore, it's the aim of this
research to revise and analyze the existing rural land laws that concern the issue of
collaterization of land use rights for accessing credit. Qualitative research methodologies have
been utilized in order to accomplish these goals. The Federal Government of Ethiopia and
Oromia Regional State's recent rules governing rural land laws have been the research's main
focus.

2. Literature Review

The researcher has diligently searched for any existing literature that specifically addresses the
legal challenges associated with rural land mortgaging among farmers in the Oromia Regional
State. Despite these extensive efforts, no studies directly tackling this issue were found. Instead,
the bulk of the available research tends to concentrate on mortgages in a broader sense, often
discussing general principles and practices. Prior to the current rural land proclamation being
enacted, studies were conducted on mortgages and the necessity for reforms to rural land tenure
arrangements, particularly with relation to the collateral rural land rights. Most of them are
conducted in other regional states.
Legese Tigabu Mengie discusses the legal challenges surrounding the previous rural land laws in
Ethiopia, highlighting gaps and inconsistencies in the regulations 16. He points out that there is no
comprehensive land policy, which leads to informal land transactions, and explores how regional

16
Ibid.

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states in Ethiopia have created their own land laws that conflict with the federal Constitution,
which only allows them to manage land according to federal rules 17. This inconsistency could
lead to confusion and problems in land transactions. To improve the situation, regional states
should learn from each other, and the federal government needs to help coordinate these efforts
to create a more unified and effective system for managing rural land use across the country 18.
However, as his work focuses on the previous legal challenges of rural land laws, it is not
connected to the new existing rural land legal frameworks.
Achamyleh Animaw emphasis legislation that allows peasants to transfer, rent, inherit, donate,
and mortgage their land, with the Amhara National Regional State rural land proc. 252/2017
recognizing the use of land as collateral for credit. He added, however, there are inconsistencies
and contradictions in laws related to collateralizing rural land, particularly with regards to
registration of security rights and enforcement mechanisms in case of default. 19 He also analyzed
those additional directives by National Bank of Ethiopia (herein after, NBE) and regional laws
further impact peasants' rights to their land. He also addresses the legal challenges and the
practice of mortgaging rural land laws in Amhara Regional States. In his research, he pointed out
that Ethiopia's collateral laws are spread across various pieces of legislation. 20 However, as this
work focuses on legal issues surrounding collateral of land use rights in Amhara region, it is in
another jurisdiction and could not be applied in the area of the research focus.
Generally speaking, in respect of collateral land use rights, the above studies do not evaluate the
recently passed rural land laws by the federal government and the states of the Oromia Region
directly.
Given this context, the current research stands out as particularly unique. It aims to bridge the
evident gaps in the existing legal framework and previous studies. No prior works have
adequately addressed the issue in Oromia when mortgaging rural land. They often lack a focused
examination of the specific laws that apply to this demographic. Therefore, this study is poised to
provide a much-needed analysis that reflects the legal intricacies involved in rural land
mortgaging by farmers in the Oromia region.

17
Ibid.
18
Ibid.
19
Achamyleh Animaw, Mortgaging Rural Land Use Right by peasents in Ethiopia; The Law and Practice in West
Gojjam Zone of Amhara National Regional State, 2022, P. 77
20
Ibid.

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 3. Statement of the problem

According to Article 52(1) of FDRE Constitution, all powers not given expressly to the Federal
Government alone, or concurrently to the Federal Government and the States are reserved to the
States. In this regard, the power to formulate and implement the country's financial and monetary
policies is exclusively granted to the federal government. 21 Additionally, the Constitution
empowers the federal government to legislate on matters related to the country's fiscal and
monetary policies, as well as the administration of the NBE. 22 Furthermore, the NBE, established
under Proclamation No. 591/1992, has the authority to regulate, i.e. issue directives, credit
transactions involving banks and other financial 23 Based on this given power, NBE has issued
Codification, Valuation and Registration of Movable Properties as Collateral for Credit,
Directive No. 02/2020. In this directive, the land use right has been provided as collateral to
borrow money from financial 24 Considering such a type of credit transaction, the directive has
enacted different duties of both creditors and debtors, as well as procedures to be followed.

However, the recently enacted ORRLP introduces regulations concerning borrowing that involve
the seizure of land use rights as collateral for loans. 25 This proclamation specifies how financial
institutions can seize land use rights, including the conditions and timeframes for such actions.
These provisions appear to conflict with the powers granted to the federal government, including
those of the NBE, which oversees the administration of credit transactions and issues related
regulations and directives.

Moreover, Article 17(7) of this new ORRLP mentions upcoming regulations on borrowing with
land use rights. However, this authority belongs to the National Bank. This suggests that the
regional government is intruding on federal responsibilities. These rules seem to clash with the
federal government’s powers, particularly those of the National Bank, which manages credit
regulations. Hence, the enactment of this law encroaches upon the jurisdiction and power of the
National Bank, indicating that the regional government is intervening in matters that are
21
FDRE Constitution, See Article 51(4)
22
Ibid, Art. 55(10)
23
National Bank of Ethiopia Establishment (as Amended) Proclamation No. 591/2008. See Art. 15/1
24
NBE Codification, Valuation and Registration of Movable Properties as Collateral for Credit, Directive No.
02/2020, Art. 7

25
Oromia Region Rural Land Proclamation No. 248/2023, Art. 17
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exclusively under federal authority. Laws enacted without proper authority violate the rule of
law, which requires constitutional power to be exercised by elected representatives in a
democratic system, potentially leading to legal challenges. Therefore, it is crucial to address
these conflicts to ensure clear and consistent policies between federal and regional governments.

Regarding treatment of debt liability, the federal rural land and use proclamation clearly provides
by stating, “The liability of the debtor shall be limited to the use right of the land transferred for
the agreed time.”26 If the creditor gains less from the use of the land held as security than the
amount of the loan due to the debtor's failure to repay, he cannot seize or use the land beyond the
agreed time limits to recover the debt. Unlike these federal laws, there is a missing provision
under the ORRLP27 When examined carefully, this proclamation lacks explicit provisions
regarding debtor liability within loan agreements, causing ambiguity in the realm of creditor-
debtor transactions. This silence within the ORRLP may grant creditors the authority to
potentially seize a debtor’s movable or immovable assets, raising concerns about the protection
of debtor rights. In contrast, the Federal RLAUP takes a different stance on debtor liability,
ensuring that a debtor's obligation is confined to the utilization rights of the land granted for the
agreed28. This safeguard effectively bars creditors from encroaching upon any of the debtor’s
possessions in their pursuit of recovering debts. Another decisive contrast may also seen under
Codification, Valuation and Registration of Movable Properties as Collateral for Credit Directive
No. 02/2020 which clearly provides creditor shall exercise the land use right until fully
recovering the credit in case of debtor’s failure to pay. 29 The disparity among these laws is
evident and poses a challenge in a scenario where both legal frameworks need to be applied
simultaneously.

The convergence of these divergent legal principles leaves room for legal uncertainties and
disputes, as the ORRLP’s silence on debtor liability contradicts the clear restrictions outlined in
the federal land laws. This disparity in the treatment of debtor obligations and creditor rights
underlines the need for a comprehensive and harmonized approach in land law to mitigate
confusion and ensure the equitable protection of all parties involved in such agreements.

26
Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 1324/2024, Art. 15 (9)
27
Oromia Region Rural Land Proclamation Number. 248/2023
28
Ibid, Art.15(9)
29
Codification, Valuation and Registration of Movable Properties as Collateral for Credit Directive No. 02/2020,
Art. 7.5.4

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Concerning generating more benefits in case debtor’s default, there is a notable inconsistency
between the two laws that on the surface appear to conflict with each other. For example, one of
these provisions can be seen in the ORRLP, where a situation arises when a creditor utilizes the
land through renting it out due to the debtor's inability to repay their debt. In such a scenario, if
the income generated from renting the land exceeds the initial amount lent by the creditor, the
provision stipulates that the surplus income should be reimbursed to the debtor. 30 This provision
is in place to ensure fairness and prevent any exploitation from the original debt arrangement.

On the other hand, the Federal RLAUP presents a contrasting viewpoint. According to this law,
if a creditor earns more money from the land than the loan amount extended to the debtor, the
debtor is not entitled to claim back the surplus31. This rule establishes a different approach to
debt repayment and income generation from land use within the Federal system compared to the
Oromia region.

According to the ORRLP, any contract involving the seizure of rural land use rights must be
registered with the Bureau of Land at the district level. 32 This registration process ensures that
the land use rights are legally recognized and protected, providing a formal record that can be
referenced in legal disputes or transactions. In accordance with Ethiopia's Civil Code's
provision33, nevertheless on immoveable property, a mortgage on immovable property shall not
produce any effects except from the day it is entered in the property register. This means that for
a mortgage to be legally binding and enforceable, it must be properly registered in the official
property register. Without this registration, the mortgage cannot be used to assert rights against
third parties or in legal proceedings.

In contrast, a Moveable Property Security Right Proclamation stipulates that security right in
moveable property right shall be effective against third parties, if the notice with security right in
the property is registered.34 This ensures that all parties are aware of the security interest and can
take it into account when dealing with the property. To facilitate this, the National Bank of
Ethiopia has enacted several directives, including the Codification, Valuation and Registration of

30
Art. 17(4) of Oromia Region Rural Land Proclamtion No. 248/2023
31
Art. 15(7) of Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 1324/2024
32
Oromia Region Rural Land proclamation, see Art. 17(7)
33
Civil Code Of Ethiopia, see Art. 3052
34
Moveable Property Security Right Proclamation No. 1147/2019, see Art. 13/1

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Movable Properties as Collateral for Credit Directive No. 02/2020 and Operationalization of
Movable Collateral Registry Directive No. MCR/01/2020. Under the latter directive, the
Collateral Registry Office (herein after, CRO) is established and is responsible for the
registration of security rights in movable property. 35 It was established for the purposes of
receiving, storing and making information of security rights available to the public. 36 The
establishment of the CRO is part of making the system more efficient by eliminating different
registries for essentially similar transactions.37 This office maintains a registry that provides
public notice of security interests, helping to prevent fraud and ensure transparency in financial
transactions.

Furthermore, under the Authentication and Registration of Documents’ Proclamation, documents

must be authenticated and registered in compliance with the relevant law to be legally binding 38.
This proclamation ensures that all legal documents, including those related to land use and
security interests, are properly verified and recorded. This raises the question of which law is
appropriate for the registration of security rights in land use to be legal and binding. The
interplay between different laws and directives can create complexities, and it is crucial to
determine the correct legal framework to ensure that security rights are enforceable and
recognized by all relevant parties.

Having a law that governs secured lending is a crucial step, but it is not sufficient on its own to
ensure that credit is accessible to all. 39 The law must possess the required qualities to permit
firms to use a diverse range of assets as collateral. 40 It requires a clear legal framework that
defines the rights and obligations of lenders and borrowers regarding collateral. Effective legal
enforcement mechanisms should also be in place to resolve disputes over collateral and ensure
that lenders can reclaim their loans through the collateral if necessary. If the legal framework
lacks clarity, both lenders and borrowers may be discouraged from engaging in secured lending
agreements. It also requires addressing potential risks associated with collateralization of land
use rights. Lenders may feel more comfortable making loans if strong mechanisms are in place

35
Operationalization of Movable Collateral Registry Directive No. MCR/01/2020, Art. 4
36
Moveable Property Security Right Proclamation No. 1147/2019, see Art. 21
37
Asress Adimi Gikay, Ethiopian Law of Security Rights in Movable Property, 2021. p. 193
38
Authentication and Registration of Documents’ Proclamation No. 922/ 2015, see Art. 9/1
39
Asress Adimi Gikay: Ethiopian Law of Security Rights in Movable Property; 2021, p.21
40
Ibid.

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for evaluating and reducing the risks associated with this kind of collateral. This is because they
will know they have options in the event that borrower's default. In this context, it becomes
imperative to evaluate the collateral laws pertaining to the rural land use rights of farmers in the
Oromia region. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to analyze the legal challenges
posed by the recently enacted rural land laws by the federal government and Oromia regional
states concerning pledging land use rights as collateral. This objective encompasses the
examination of legal framework, analysis of gaps, inconsistencies and contradictions between
federal and regional laws.

4. Research Questions:
1. Does a regional state have the authority to enact legislation pertaining to and managing
credit transactions?
2. Regarding the regulations pertaining to rural land mortgages, is the ORRLP compatible
with the recent Federal RLAUP?
3. What are the implications of the new legislation of Oromia region being incompatible
with federal law?
4. Which law is appropriate to register security rights over land use?
5. What are the most crucial elements that should be included in the upcoming regulations
and directives that the relevant authority will issue?

5. Objectives of the study

5.1 General objectives

The general objective of this study is to reassess the rural land use collateral scheme considering
the recent introduction of relevant laws, aiming to evaluate their implications and effectiveness
in enhancing the accessibility and security of credit for rural landholders.

5.2 Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the study are:

♦ To analyze the extent of the new laws compatible with the federal laws

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 ♦ To evaluate the constitutionality of laws enacted by the Oromia regional state concerning the
collateralization of rural land use rights by rural landholders.
♦ To examine the existing legislations with the nature of mortgage laws;
♦ To suggest recommendations for the problems revealed by the study;

6. Significance of the Study

This study aims to enhance the understanding of the complexities inherent in the newly
established Ethiopian rural land legal framework concerning land use and collateralization. By
examining the recent advancements in laws pertaining to rural land use rights, the research seeks
to identify gaps, inconsistencies, and potential contradictions that may arise in future
applications. Additionally, it will play a vital role in reinforcing the legal framework that governs
the collateralization of rural land use rights by landholders under the new ORRLP. Furthermore,
this research could serve as a foundational resource for future scholars interested in exploring
this topic in greater depth.

7. Research methodology

The methodology section of the research employs the doctrinal legal research method, which is a
systematic and widely accepted approach to legal research. This section outlines the systematic
process undertaken to explore the legal issues pertinent to the research question, emphasizing the
sources, analytical techniques, and rationale behind the chosen methodology. Doctrinal research
focuses on the examination and interpretation of existing legal materials rather than empirical
data collection. The primary objective is to analyze statutes and secondary sources to clarify
legal principles and identify inconsistencies within the legal framework. This approach is
particularly beneficial in fields dominated by established doctrines. The methodology follows a

12
structured process. These include identifying the legal problem, locating relevant legal materials,
analyzing legal materials, synthesizing findings and reporting results.

The research uses doctrinal research to address specific legal questions through detailed
examination of existing laws. It involves a detailed and critical analysis of legal texts, including
constitution, statutes, regulations, and to understand and interpret legal principles and doctrines.
It is particularly suited for this research, as it aligns with the objective of clarifying complex
legal issues and contributing to academic discourse. It considers the study of rural land policies,
legal challenges, and mortgage laws in Ethiopia, with a focus on Oromia Regional State.

The research will be conducted using purely doctrinal research relying on primary and secondary
data. Legal instruments as primary source, and books journals and articles as secondary source
was used and analyzed using qualitative approach. Because the study is grounded in analyses and
interpretations of laws, it is qualitative in nature.

The primary sources of data for this research include Statutes and Legislation, Regulations and
directives. Relevant Ethiopian laws are the Federal Constitution, regional land laws, and specific
statutes governing rural land use and mortgage. Regulations and Treaties include administrative
regulations and international treaties that impact rural land use and mortgage practices in
Ethiopia.

Secondary sources I used include legal commentaries and textbooks and Journal Articles. Legal
Commentaries and Textbooks are scholarly works that provide insights and interpretations of the
primary legal texts. Journal Articles are peer-reviewed articles that discuss the theoretical and
practical aspects of rural land policies and mortgage laws.

8. Scope of the study

The study's scope is limited to the study of the legal frameworks governing collateralization of
rural land use rights by farmers in Oromia Regional state. The study covers only farmers and
does not cover private investors.

9. Limitation of the study

In conducting the study, the researcher faced significant challenges, primarily due to the
constraints imposed by a limited time limit and the scarcity of existing literature in the specific

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study area. The time constraint was particularly burdensome, as it required the researcher to
work under considerable pressure to meet deadlines, which often limited the depth and breadth
of the investigation. Additionally, the limited availability of relevant literature posed a
substantial obstacle. The scarcity of prior research and academic resources specific to the study
area meant that the researcher had to invest extra effort in gathering primary data and
synthesizing information from broader, less focused studies. These challenges collectively made
the research process more demanding and complex.

10. References:

A. Books, Articles and Journals

1. Gebremichael, B. G. (2018). THE POST-1991 RURAL LAND TENURE SYSTEM IN

ETHIOPIA: SCRUTINIZING THE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK IN VIEW OF LAND
TENURE SECURITY OF FARMERS AND PASTORALISTS (By University of Pretoria &
University of Free State). https://nihss.ac.za/sites/default/files/2021-08/brighman_ganta-
_phd_thesis_0.pdf
2. The Role of Collateral in Rural Loans. (n.d.). file:///home/chronos/u-
a608d430c3763da39afc6928b25d7b4e04bb6d22/MyFiles/Downloads/Rural%20Land
%20Proposal/collateralreport_e.pdf
3. USAID. (2013). USAID ISSUE BRIEF LAND TENURE, PROPERTY RIGHTS, AND
ECONOMIC GROWTH IN RURAL AREAS.
https://www.land-links.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/USAID_Land_Tenure_Economi
c_Growth_Issue_Brief-061214-1.pdf
4. Mengie, L. T. (2017). Restrictions on Rural Land Transactions in Ethiopia: Case Study
(Vol. 5, pp. 79–80) [Journal-article]. file:///home/chronos/u-
a608d430c3763da39afc6928b25d7b4e04bb6d22/MyFiles/Downloads/Rural%20Land
%20Proposal/Best%20challenge.pdf

14
5. Alemayehu, F. (2009). Law of Property.
https://www.lawethiopia.com/images/teaching_materials/law-of-property.pdf
6. Gikay, A. A. (2021). Ethiopian Law of Security Rights in Movable Property (p. 193).
Brunel University. file:///home/chronos/u-
a608d430c3763da39afc6928b25d7b4e04bb6d22/MyFiles/Downloads/Rural%20Land
%20Proposal/EthiopianLawofSecurityRightsinMovableAssetsPDF.pdf
7. Gebreselassie, S. (2006). Land, Land Policy and Smallholder Agriculture in Ethiopia:
Options and Scenarios. https://www.future-agricultures.org/wp-content/uploads/pdf-
archive/FAC_Discussion_Paper_008.pdf

B. List of Legal Documents:

8. Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation. No. 1324, FEDERAL NEGARIT
GAZETTE (2024),
https://lawethiopiacomment.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/
proc_1324_e18ba8e18c88e18ca0e188ad_e18898e188ace189b5_e18aa0e188b5e189b0e1
8bb3e18bb0e188ade18a93_e18aa0e18ca0e18983e18980e1889d_e18aa0e18b8be18c85.p
df
9. Oromia Region Rural Land Proclamation, Number 248, MEGELETA OROMIA (2023),
file:///home/chronos/u-a608d430c3763da39afc6928b25d7b4e04bb6d22/MyFiles/
Downloads/Telegram/Labsii%20Lak%20248%20bara%202015.pdf
10. A Proclamation to Define the Power and Function of the House of Federation
Proclamation, Number 1261, FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETTE (2021),
file:///home/chronos/u-a608d430c3763da39afc6928b25d7b4e04bb6d22/MyFiles/
Downloads/Telegram/Proclamation%20No%201261-2021.pdf
11. Moveable Property Security Right Proclamation, Number 1147, FEDERAL NEGARIT
GAZETTE (2019), file:///home/chronos/u-
a608d430c3763da39afc6928b25d7b4e04bb6d22/MyFiles/Downloads/Rural%20Land
%20Proposal/movable-property-security-right-proclamation-1147-2019.pdf
12. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No 1 of
1995, Federal Negarit Gazeta, No 1, 21st August 1995,
https://www.ethiopianembassy.be/wp-content/uploads/Constitution-of-the-FDRE.pdf

15
13. A Proclamation to Provide for Property Mortgaged or Pledged with Banks, Proclamation
No 97 of 1 998, Federal Negarit Gazeta, No, 16, 19th February 1998.
14. A Proclamation to Provide for Business Mortgage, Proclamation No 98 of 1998, Federal
Negarit Gazeta, No 17. 19th, Feb 1998,
15. Authentication and Registration of Documents’ Proclamation No. 922, (2015).
FEDERAL NEGARIT GAZETTE,.
https://www.lawethiopia.com/images/federal_proclamation/proclamations_by_number/
922.pdf
16. The Civil Code of the Empire of Ethiopia, Proclamation No 165 of 1960, Negarit Gazeta,
19th Year No.2, 5th May, 1960, file:///home/chronos/u-
a608d430c3763da39afc6928b25d7b4e04bb6d22/MyFiles/Downloads/Telegram/Civil
%20Code%20(English).pdf
17. FDRE Microfinance Business Proclamation No. 626/2009, Federal Negarit Gazette 15th
Year No.33, 12th May 2009,
18. FDRE Banking Business Proclamation No. 592/2008, Federal Negarit Gazette No.57,
25th August 2008,
19. Amhara National Regional State Rural Land Use and Administration Amendment
Proclamation No 252/2017, Zikire Hig, July 2017
20. National Bank of Ethiopia, Minimum Capital Requirements Directive No.MFI/27/2015,
21. National Bank of Ethiopia, Limits on Loans, Repayment Periods and Provisioning
Requirement Directive No, MFI/28/2016,
22. National Bank of Ethiopia Directive NO MCR/01/2020 for the Operationalization of
Movable Property Collateral Registry,
https://www.mofed.gov.et/media/filer_public/7d/65/7d653fbf-446e-4e40-a522-
3fd0c2c8b2fb/directive-no-mcr-01-2020-operationalization-of-movable-collateral-
registry_compressed.pdf
23. National Bank of Ethiopia Codification, Valuation and Registration of Movable
Properties as Collateral for Credit, Directive No. 02/2020,
https://nbe.gov.et/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/DIRECTVE_NO_MCR_02_2020_CODI
FICATION_VALUATION_AND_REGISTRATION-2.pdf

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24. National Bank of Ethiopia Directive No CRB/02/2019 for the Establishment and
Operation of Credit Reference Bureau,

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