VALVES

Globe Valve
A globe valve is a linear motion valve used to stop, start,
and regulate fluid flow. The three primary body designs for
globe valves are Z- body, Y- body, and Angle.

Application
• Suitable for most liquids, vapors, gases, corrosive
substances
• General sizes available are 1/2" to 8".
• Pressure limitations are relatively high, ranging from
1480 to 1500 psi, dependent on materials of
construction, size and temperature.
Globe Valve Symbol
Advantages:
● Recommended for throttling applications
● Good for frequent operation.
● Easy to Repair

Disadvantages:
● Flow path causes a significant pressure drop.
● Globe valves are more costly than alternative valves.
TYPES OF GLOBE VALVES:

● Tee
This is the most common body type for a globe valve. The
horizontal setting of the seat allows the stem and disk to
travel perpendicular to the horizontal line. This design has
the lowest coefficient of flow and highest pressure drop.
They're used in severe throttling services, such as in
bypass lines around a control valve. When pressure drop is
not a concern and throttling is required, this globe valve
design is a good solution.
TYPES OF GLOBE VALVES:

● Angle
The ends of this globe valve are at a 90°
angle allowing fluid to flow in a single 90°
turn. This valve is used for applications that
have periods of pulsating flow because of
their ability to handle "the slugging effect"
which naturally occurs with a pulsating flow .
TYPES OF GLOBE VALVES:

● Wye
This type is an alternative for the high pressure drop
commonly found in globe valves. The seat and stem
are at a 45° angle which provides a straighter
flowpath when fully open and offers the least
resistance of flow. This design is commonly used for
throttling during seasonal or start-up operations.
Gate Valves
Flow is controlled by raising or lowering the valving
element. Gate valves are not usually used to regulate flow
because the valving element can be damaged when in the
partially open position
Applications
● Suitable for oil, gas, air, heavy liquids, steam, non-
condensing gases, abrasive and corrosive liquids
● Sizes available range from standard cast configurations as
small as 2" to special fabricated valves exceeding 100".
● Standard cast configurations have ASME 125/150 bolting
patterns and are rated at 150 psi
Gate Valve Symbol
ADVANTAGES:
● Gate valves opens or closes slowly, which prevents fluids hammer
and subsequent damage to the piping system.
● They need long operation time since setting the valve to the fully open
or closed position requires the handle to be turned many times.
● Good choice for on-off service.
● Full flow, low pressure drop.
● Bidirectional.
DISADVANTAGES:
● The opening and closing time is long.
● During the opening process, the valve plate needs to be lifted to the
upper part of the valve chamber.
● During the closing process, the valve plate needs to fall into the valve
seat
GATE VALVE PARTS:
Types of Gate Valves
There are three ways to classify the gate valve.

1. Types of Disk
1. Solid taper wedge
2. Flexible wedge
3. Split wedge or Parallel disks Valve
2. Types of Body Bonnet Joint
1. Screwed Bonnet
2. Bolted-Bonnet
3. Welded-Bonnet
4. Pressure-Seal Bonnet
3. Types of Stem movement
1. Rising Stem or OS & Y Type (Outside Stem and Screw Type)
2. Non-rising Stem type
Solid Wedge Gate Valve
Solid wedge is the most common & widely
used disk type because of its simplicity and
strength. A valve with a solid wedge may be
installed in any position, and it is suitable for
almost all fluids.
Flexible Wedge Gate Valve
The flexible wedge is a one-piece solid disk with a cut
around the perimeter. These cuts vary in size, shape,
and depth. A shallow, narrow cut on wedge perimeter
gives less flexibility but retains strength. A cast-in
recess or deeper and wider cut on wedge perimeter
gives more flexibility but compromises the strength.
Split wedge or Parallel disks Gate
Valve
Split wedge Disk consists of two solid pieces and
holds together with the help of a special mechanism.
You can see the same in images. In case, one-half of
the disk is out of alignment; the disk is free to adjust
itself to the seating surface. The split disk can be in a
wedge shape or a parallel disk type.
Types of gate valve based on body, bonnet connection
1st is screwed bonnet: This is the simplest design available and it is used for inexpensive valves.

2nd is bolted-bonnet: This is the most popular design and used in a large number of gate valves. This
requires a gasket to seal the joint between the body and bonnet.

3rd is Welded-Bonnet: This is a popular design where disassembly is not required. They are lighter in weight
than their bolted-bonnet counterparts.

4th one is Pressure-Seal Bonnet: This type is used extensively for high-pressure high-temperature
applications. The higher the body cavity pressure, the greater the force on the gasket in a pressure -seal
valve
OS & Y Gate Valve or Rising Stem (Outside Stem and Screw Type)
For a rising stem valve, the stem will go up while
opening the valve and move down when you close
the valve. You can see in the image. In inside screw
design, the threaded portion of the stem is in contact
with the flow medium, and when you open the valve,
handwheel rise with the stem.

Whereas in the case of outside screw design, the

only smooth portion is exposed to the flow medium
and the stem will rise above the handwheel. This type
of valve is also known as OS & Y valve. OS & Y
means outside steam and York.
Non-rising Stem Gate Valve or Insider Screw Valve
There is no upward movement of the stem in a non-
rising stem type. The valve disk is threaded internally.
The disc travels along the stem like a nut when the
stem is rotated. You can see the image. In this type
of valve, stem threads are exposed to the flow
medium.

Therefore, this design is used where space is limited

to allow linear stem movement, and the flow medium
does not cause erosion, corrosion, or wear and tear
to stem material. This type of valve also known as an
insider screw valve.
Ball Valve
Ball valves are a quick opening valves that give a tight
shutoff. When fully open, a ball valve creates little
turbulence or resistance to flow. The valve stem rotates a
ball which contains an opening. The ball opening can be
positioned in the fully open or fully closed position but
must not be used to throttle flow as any abrasive wear to
the ball will cause leakage when the valve is closed.
Ball Valve Parts:
Ball Valve Symbol
ADVANTAGES:
● Maintains and regulates high volume, high pressure, and
high temperature flow.
● No lubrication requirements.
● Give tight sealing with low torque.
● Time of valve operation is minimized.
● Can be used of throttling service.
● Can handle fluids with suspended solids.
DISADVANTAGES:
● Have relatively poor throttling characteristics.
● Difficult to clean, leads to contamination.
Types of Ball Valves:

Floating Ball Valve

In a floating ball valve, the ball is held in the
position by the compression of the two
elastomeric seats against the ball. The ball is
free to float inside the valve body. See the
highlighted portion in the image and remember
as you will see the difference when I will
explain to you about the trunnion mounted
valve.
Trunnion Mounted Ball Valve
Trunnion mounted valve is a solution to the problem
of excessive torque required by a floating type valve
in high-pressure service. A short shaft like an
extension which is known as a trunnion set in the
body. You can see this in the image. In this design
steam and ball work as a single unit. The ball is
supported by two floating or spring-loaded seats that
remain in constant contact with the ball.
3 Way Ball Valve
Depending on your requirements, you can arrange the port
of valve in the three-way.

1. One inlet and two distribute

2. One inlet and one outlet with diverting a flow
3. Straight pass the fluid without No inlet

Three patterns are available. Venturi port type, full port type,
and reduced port type. The full-port ball valve has an inside
diameter equal to the inside diameter of the pipe. This
design allows pigging. In the venturi and reduced-port types,
the port is generally one pipe size smaller than the line size.

The ball type disc can be a free float or fixed in the valve
body. A free-floating valve is known as a floating type
whereas a fixed type valve is known as a trunnion mounted
valve.
Butterfly Valves
Butterfly valves consist of a disc attached to a shaft with
bearings used to facilitate rotation. These are considered
high recovery valves, since only the disc obstructs the valve
flow path. The flow capacity is relatively high and the
pressure drop across the valve is relatively low. The butterfly
valves are used for limited throttling where a tight shut off is
not required. When fully open, the butterfly creates little
turbulence or resistance to flow.
Applications:
• Most economical for large lines in chemical services, water
treatment, and fire protection systems. General sizes available
are 2" to 48", although sizes up to 96" are available from certain
manufacturers.
• Due to the valve design, incorporating a small face-to-face
dimension and lower weight than most valve types, the butterfly
valve is an economical choice for larger line sizes (i.e. 8" and
above).
Butterfly Valve
ADVANTAGES:
● They are suitable for large valve applications.
● Compact, lightweight design.
● The maintenance costs are usually low.
● Pressure drop across a butterfly valve is small.
● Used with chemical or corrosive media.

DISADVANTAGES:
● Difficult to clean.
● Throttling limited to low differential pressure
● Potential for cavitations and choke
● Unguided disc movement is affected by flow turbulence
Types of Butterfly Valves

Rubber-Lined Valves
● Less expensive valves for non-
demanding, non-abrasive, lower
temperature applications
Plastic-Lined Valves
● For use with harsh chemicals,
ultrapure applications, sanitary, or
abrasive applications
Metal Valves
● For high-pressure or high-
temperature applications, or
those requiring fire
resistance
Needle Valve
A needle valve has a comparatively tiny orifice at
the end of a screw that suits the seat precisely, with a
lengthy, tapered seat and a needle-shaped plunger.
Needle valves can also be used in vacuum systems at
low pressure when accurate control of gas flow is
needed, such as filling gas-filled vacuum tubes, gas
lasers and comparable devices.
Applications
● Needle valves are frequently used as metering valves.
Metering valves are used for extremely fine flow control.
● Needle valves are used to control flow and protect delicate
gauges from damage caused by sudden pressure surges of
liquids and gases.
● Needle valves are used in low-pressure hydraulic systems,
chemical processing, and other gas and liquid services.
● Needle valves are used in flow-metering applications,
especially when a constant, calibrated, low flow rate must be
maintained for some time.
● Since flow rates are low and many turns of the valve stem
are required to completely open or close, needle valves are
not used for simple shut-off applications.
● Small, simple needle valves are often used as bleed valves
in water-heating applications.
● One of the most commonly used location for needle valves is
to monitor gas flow, like propane, in a system.
● Needle valves are also sometimes used in vacuum systems,
in order to release a controlled yet steady supply of gas
without a great amount of pressure.
Needle Valve Symbol
Advantages:
- The flow control at a low rate is very accurate.
- Needle valves are smaller in size.
- They can be used for throttling purpose.
- Needle valves are used as bleed valves for hot water heating.
- These valves can shut off easily.
- Flow rates can be adjusted accurately.
Disadvantages:
- Because of the excessive turning force while shutting off the seat of the needle valve
could be damaged
- Pressure loss is high in needle valves, because of the high restriction of the fluid flow.
- This valve is used for low flow rates, because of the small passage flow between the
seat and needle.
- Damage could happen to the seat and the needle if the fluid has suspended solids.
- We won’t be able to tell if the valve is open or closed by examining the handle position
Check Valve
Used to prevent backflow, these valves are typically self-
activated allowing the valve automatically opens when media
passes through the valve in the intended direction and close
should flow reverse.
Applications
● Protect sensitive equipment against possible damage or
contamination resulting from a reversal of flow direction
● Hold water in a system or pipe after the flow has been
turned off to prevent drainage or facilitate restart (e.g.
pumping systems).
● Prevent crossover flow in systems with unequal line
pressures (e.g. cold and hot water inlets in thermostatic
mixers).
● Reduce the risk of backflow or leakage in case of valve
failure (e.g. solenoid valve at the inlet of an appliance).
● Allow complex systems to function properly by ensuring
unidirectional flow (e.g. multi-zone heating system or
booster pumps).
Check Valve Symbol
Advantages:
● Prevents backflow
● Maintains pressure
● Serves as backup system
● Most can be used horizontally as well as vertically

Disadvantages:
● Can't be used with pulsating systems

● Closing element may slam close causing damage and excessive wear
Types of Check Valves:

● Swing Check Valve

The disc in a swing type valve is unguided as it fully opens or
closes. This Valve operates when there is flow in the line and get
fully closed when there is no flow. Turbulence and pressure drop
in the valve is very low. Disk and seat designs can be of metal to
metal or metal to composite.

The angle between the seat and the vertical plane is known as
the seating angle and varies from 0 to 45 degrees. Usually, the
seat angles are in the range of 5 to 7 degrees. Larger seat angles
reduce the disc travel, resulting in quick closing, thus minimizing
the possibility of water hammer. A vertical seat has a 0-degree
angle
 ● Tilting Disc Check Valve
The tilting disc type valve is designed to overcome some of
the weaknesses of conventional swing type valves. The
design of the tilting disk enables the valve to open fully and
remain steady at lower flow rates and close quickly when
the forwarding flow stop.

The dome-shaped disc floats in the flow and fluid flow on

both the bottom and top of the disk surfaces. As the disk is
spring-loaded, when forward flow pressure reduces, the
spring force helps the valve to close fast. In the image
above, you can see the flow from the valve.
 ● Ball Type and Plug Type Lift NRV
The seat design of a lift Check valve is similar to a Globe
valve. A piston or a ball is usually used as a disk.

Lift Check valves are particularly suitable for high-pressure

service where the velocity of flow is high. The disk is
perfectly set on the seat with full contact. They are suitable
for installation in horizontal or vertical pipelines with upward
flow.

A ball-type valve is very simple as it simply works on the

principle of gravity. When there is enough pressure in the
flow, it lifts the ball upward but when pressure reduced ball
roll down and closed the opening.
 ● Dual Plate / Dual Disc Check
Valve
A dual plate check valve is known as a butterfly
check valve, Folding Disc Check Valves, double-disc,
or splits disc check valve. As the name suggests, two
halves of the disk move towards centreline with the
forward flow and with reverse flow two halves open
and rest on the seat to close the flow (Flapping
action).
 ● Stop Check Valve
Stop Check Valve is a combination of a lift check
valve and a globe valve. It can either be used as a
check valve or as an isolation (stop) valve like a
globe valve. These valves can be closed with the
help of a stem that is not connected to the valve disc
during normal operation and make it possible to use
these valves as a regular NRV.
Diaphragm valve
Diaphragm valves are bi-directional, on-off throttle valves.
They are used to control fluid flow by regulating the area with
which media can enter and exit the valve, effectively changing
its speed and velocity. They are so-called “diaphragm” valves
because a thin, flexible membrane is used to control the opening
and closing of the valve. They can be made with metal such as
stainless steel, plastic, and even single-use materials.
Applications
● Clean or dirty water and air service applications
● De-mineralized water systems
● Corrosive applications
● Radwaste systems in nuclear facilities
● Vacuum service
● Food processing, pharmaceutical, and brewing systems
Diaphragm Valve Symbol
ADVANTAGES :

● Tight shut-off
● Easy maintenance
● Repairs can be made without interrupting pipeline
● Reduce leakage to the environment

DISADVANTAGES :
● Cannot be used multi- turn operations.
● No industry standard face to face dimensions.
● The body must be made of corrosive resistant material.
Types of Diaphragm Valves:

● Weir-type
is the most popular type of diaphragm valve
and it is best for general use applications or for
tough corrosive and abrasive services. They
are best used to control small flows. The body
of the weir-type has a raised lip that the
diaphragm comes into contact with. Weir-type
valves use a smaller diaphragm because the
material does not have to stretch as far. The
material can be heavier so the valve can be
used for high-pressure and vacuum services.
 ● Straight through
Can be used in situations where the flow direction
changes within the system. The body of this design
has a flat bottom that is parallel to the flow stream.
This allows the flow to move uninhibited through the
valve with no major obstructions. A flexible material is
required for the diaphragm so that the mechanism
can reach the bottom of the valve body; this can
shorten the lifespan of the diaphragm. They are
excellent for use with sludge, slurries and other
viscous fluids but they are not well suited for high
temperature fluids.
Pinch Valve
Often used for handling solid materials, slurries and liquids
with suspended solids, pinch valves use a linear motion.
Typically Pinch Valves feature an internal sleeve to isolate the
media.
Applications
It is ideally suited for the handling of slurries, liquids with
large amounts of suspended solids, and systems that convey
solid material pneumatically.
Pinch Valve Symbol
ADVANTAGES :
● It can be used for application where corrosion or metal contamination
of the fluid might be a problem. The flow from the valve is straight
without any obstruction.
● There are no internal moving parts in contact with the fluid hence, low
maintenance cost.
● Inexpensive due to simple construction

DISADVANTAGES :
● It cannot be used in high temperature-pressure applications and gas
media.
Plug Valve
Using a quick-acting quarter-turn valve handle, these valves
control flow using tapered or cylindrical plugs. They provide
some of the best ratings when tight shutoff is essential and are
reliable in high-pressure or high-temperature environments.
Applications
● Plug valves are commonly used in low-pressure-low-temperature
services, although some high-pressure-high-temperature designs
also exists.
● Plug valves are high capacity valves that can be used for
directional flow control, even in moderate vacuum systems.
● Plug valves can efficiently handle gas and liquid fuel.
● Plug valves can safely handle extreme temperature flow, such as
boiler feed water, condensate, and other such elements.
● Plug valves can be used to regulate the flow of liquids containing
suspended solids, for example, slurries.
Plug Valve Symbol
ADVANTAGES :
● Plug valves have simple design with few parts.
● Plug valves open and close easily (except large dimensions).
● Maintenance and repair of plug valves can be done at the place of operation.
● Plug valves have low flow resistance.
● Plug valves provide reliable leak proof.

DISADVANTAGES :

● Because of high friction, first movement (opening-closing) requires a large amount

of force.
● NPS 4 (DN100) and larger plug valves require a gearbox or an actuator.
● Plug valve transitions are narrowing flows due to conic plug.
● Generally, plug valves costs are much larger than ball valves.
Pressure Relief Valve
Used to help improve safety, these valves are spring-
automated and will help to return a system to the desired
pressure during overpressure events.
Applications
Pressure relief valves are used in a wide range of specifications
where pressure levels are critical for smooth operations such as oil
and gas, petrochemical, and power generation using steam, air, gas
or liquid. They are also used in multi-phase applications in refining
and chemical processing systems.
Pressure Relief Valve Symbol
Advantages:
● Wide range of material available
● Wide range of chemical compatibility
● High operating temperature
● Standard Piping dimensions
● Compatible with foaling and/or dirty service
Disadvantages:
● Prone to leakage (if no soft seat)
● Long simmer or long flow period
● Prone to chatter on liquid service unless with special trim
● Vulnerable to effects of initial pressure losses
● Sensitive to the effect on the back pressure (affects the set point and
the capacity)
● Limited in pressure size ratio
Types of Pressure Relief Valves:
● Conventional spring loaded. In the conventional spring-loaded valve the bonnet, spring, and guide
are exposed to the released fluids. If the bonnet is vented to the atmosphere, relief-system back
pressure decreases the set pressure. If the bonnet is vented internally to the outlet, relief-system
back pressure increases the set pressure. The conventional spring-loaded valve is used in non
corrosive services and where backpressure is less than 10% of the set point.

● Balanced spring-loaded. The balanced spring-loaded valve incorporates a means to protect the
bonnet, spring, and guide from the released fluids and minimizes the effects of backpressure. The
disk area vented to the atmosphere is exactly equal to the disk area exposed to backpressure.
These valves can be used in corrosive or dirty service and with variable backpressure.

● Pilot operated. The pilot-operated valve is combined with and controlled by an auxiliary pressure
pilot. The resistance force on the piston in the main valve is assisted by the process pressure
through an orifice. The net seating force on the piston actually increases as the process pressure
nears the set point.
Knife Gate Valve
Typically used for controlling flow of media containing solids, the knife
gate valve features a thin gate controlled through linear action which can
cut through materials and create a seal.

Applications
Knife gate valve installations are typically found in wastewater treatment
plants, chemical plants, mining, cement plants as well as in many other
industrial applications while gate valves are typically found in drinking water
mains, distribution networks and drinking water pump stations. Knife gate
valves are advantageous in sludge and slurry applications because their
blades cut right through thick liquids easily. They’re generally specified in
larger sizes for handling thick flows of heavy oils, light grease, slurry, paper
pulp, varnish and wastewater to name but a few knife gate valve applications.
Knife Gate Valve Symbol
ADVANTAGES:
● Knife gates are cheap, easy to actuate and light. They are advantageous in
applications involving viscous fluids such as sludge and slurry because their
blades can cut through thick liquids with ease. As such, they are generally
specified in larger sizes for the handling of thicker flows in demanding
applications.

DISADVANTAGES:
● Despite this, knife gates are known for their low-pressure limitations. As
such, this makes them a less desirable shut-off valve for applications which
require cleanliness or optimal hygienic conditions
Three-way Valve
A Three-way control valve shuts off water flow in one
pipe while opening water flow in another pipe. In a
modulating or 3-point floating application the valve can also
mix water from two different pipes into one pipe or divert
water from one pipe into two different pipes.
 Applications
● The three-way is a compact control valve and actuator system,
designed to accurately control water, oil, steam and other industrial
fluids, especially used for heating & cooling systems. Typical
applications are air-handling units, water chillers, boilers and fan coils.
● The three-way is a compact control valve and actuator system, designed
to accurately control water, oil, steam and other industrial fluids,
especially used for heating & cooling systems. Typical applications are
air-handing units, water chillers, boilers and fan coils.
Three-way Valve Symbol
ADVANTAGES
● 3 way valves are designed to handle high pressure applications such
as boiler feed water service in steam power plants. All Valves can be
serviced in the field without removing them from the pipeline.

DISADVANTAGES
● More expensive to buy and install.
● Potentially high costs for pumping and distribution systems.
CONTROL VALVE
SELECTION
 A control valve is a power operated device capable of
modulating flow at varying degrees between minimal flow and
full capacity in response to a signal from the controlling
system. Control valves may be broadly classified by their
function as “on-off” type or “flow regulating” type.

Control valve is comprised of an actuator mechanism that

is capable of changing the position of flow controlling element
in the valve. The valve modulates flow through movement of a
valve plug in relation to the port(s) located within the valve
body.
There are many types of valves available, each having their
advantages and limitations. The basic requirements and selection
depend on their ability to perform specific functions such as:
● Ability to throttle or control the rate of flow;
● Lack of turbulence or resistance to flow when fully open -
turbulence reduces head pressure;
● Quick opening and closing mechanism - rapid response is many
times needed in an emergency or for safety;
● Tight shut off - prevents leaks against high pressure;
● Ability to allow flow in one direction only - prevents return;
● Opening at a pre-set pressure - procedure control to prevent
equipment damage; and
● Ability to handle abrasive fluids - hardened material prevents rapid
wear.
 Selection is primarily dependent on the service
conditions, the task, and the load characteristics of the
application. The most common types are ball valves,
butterfly valves, globe valves, and gate valves.
 Control valve sizing and selection is based on a
combination of theory and empirical data. Typical
parameters used to select a valve are:
• Flow medium
• Service requirements (flow regulation or on-off type)
• Pressure-Temperature rating
• Material of construction
• Valve Action (Normally Open vs. Normally Closed)
• Valve size or valve coefficient (Cv)
• Precision control
• Leakage or Tight shut-off
Flow medium
Identifying the fluid that will flow through the valve is the first and most
important consideration.

● Highly erosive fluids, such as those carrying suspended solids or

slurries, may require full port valves which do not provide any
obstruction to flow in the full open position. Never specify butterfly
valves for such services.
● If the flow stream contains fibrous particles, it may block or plug the
valve openings. Diamond port plug valves, V-plug and V-ball valves
have port shapes that minimize plugging.
● Highly viscous or gummy fluids create a high pressure drop through
valves and piping. Ball valves, diaphragm valves and butterfly valves
are ideal for these services.
Service requirements
Ask the following questions:
● Should the valve merely start and stop the flow?
● Should it regulate (throttle) flow within a preset flow range limit?
● Should it provide a combination of two functions above?
● How much through valve leakage can the system tolerate?
Pressure–Temperature Rating (P-T Rating)
Ask the following questions:
● What is the maximum pressure that the valve needs to be rated for?
● What are the upstream and downstream pressures for each of the
maximum, normal and minimum flow rates?
● Is the valve operating consistently near the system's maximum design
pressure and temperature?
● Do the system's peak pressure and temperature occur
simultaneously? Do these conditions peak out only when the valve is
open?
These questions would decide the type of valve and its seating
material.
Pressure–Temperature Rating (P-T Rating)
The pressure-temperature rating of a valve is
simply the maximum pressure the valve is designed
to handle at a particular temperature and varies with
the material of construction. The higher the process
temperature, the less pressure can be handled by
the body subassembly.
Materials of construction
General Service valves are specified with commonly
found materials to match the pipe material. The
standard materials are:
● Carbon Steel
● Stainless Steel
● Chrome-moly
Valve Action
Valve action defines whether the valve will be fully open,
or fully closed in the event of any process failure. The
engineer must define whether the safest condition for each
valve is fully open or fully closed. This will be the failure
position, and the combination of the actuator and valve body
must achieve this position upon loss of power. We must
analyze the entire process, including integrated units to
identify the safest conditions. In a few cases, the failure
condition is “unchanged”. If the air power is lost, air leakage
will result in a slow drift to either open or closed.
Valve Size (Capacity)
Valves are sized according to their Cv value. For liquid service,
the equation for Cv is:

The required flow and pressure drop information used to size a

valve is based on the process operations and equipment. Once the
Cv value is known, the rated* Cv can be determined from the
manufacturer's data books.
Valve Size (Capacity)
A general guideline is that valves should be sized
so that maximum flow is obtained at about 90% valve
open. Valves should be able to provide normal flow
condition at around 60% to 70% of the travel. Valve
should provide minimum flow when about 10% open.
It is better to make an error in under sizing a control
valve than to oversize it.
Valve Size (Capacity)
As a good engineering practice, the rated Cv of the valve shall be
in accordance with following criteria:
If normal flow is specified:
● Calculated Cv – Based on the normal flow
● Selected Cv – Based on 1.4 x normal flow
If maximum flow is specified but is equal to or less than 1.4 x
normal flow
● Calculated Cv – based on normal flow
● Selected Cv – based on 1.5 x normal flow
When maximum flow is specified but is greater than 1.4 x
normal flow
● Calculated Cv – Based on normal flow
● Selected Cv – Based on 1.1 x maximum flow
Precise System Control
Some system control loops require highly accurate control in
the face of severe disturbances. Ideally the control valve should
have low friction, no backlash, and a stable flow pattern.

● Rotary valves, such as high-performance butterfly and plug

valves employing low friction bearings and packings provide
good control.
● Ball valves have large backlash and are not recommended.
● Linear motion valves, such as globe valves cannot match
the low friction of rotary valves and must be critically
evaluated.
Leakage or Tight shut-off
A valve having tight shutoff will have virtually no
flow or leakage in its closed position. Generally
speaking, only single-seated valves have tight
shutoff. Double-seated valves may be expected to
have a leakage of 2 to 5% while in closed position.
Leakage or Tight shut-off
Control valve seat leakage shall be designed and constructed in
accordance with the requirements of ANSI B16-104.
● Class I – N/A
● Class II - 0.5% of maximum valve capacity
● Class III - 0.1% of maximum valve capacity
● Class IV - 0.01% of maximum valve capacity
● Class V – 0.0005 ml/min/inch of port dia./psi differential

Close-off pressure is an important parameter that defines the

differential pressure required to seat the valve and stop flow
completely and is a function of the hydraulic design of the system and
the criteria for deciding the type of valve actuator
TYPES OF CONTROL VALVE
FAILURE MODE
When selecting the control valve, one of the most important
parameter is to select the failure mode of the valve when it loses its
source of power.
For electrical valve, it stays in its last position when it loses power
supply.
For hydraulic and pneumatic type actuator, a valve comes with spring
have a capability of fail-safe in case of air loss.
The fail-safe mode in the hydraulic and pneumatic valve depends on both
actuator type and valve body type.
For sliding stem valve it has two possibilities,
● Direct-acting
● Reverse-acting
In sliding stem valve with direct-acting action, with an increase in
pressure, pushes down the valve plug.
In a reverse-acting case with increases in pressure, stem lifts up.
Based on both action such type of valve has two possibilities in fail-
safe condition, one is Air to open(ATO) or Air to close(ATC).
 Now let's discuss each type of valve body action with its fail-safe
action mode from the below attached image.

1. DIRECT ACTING - (AIR TO OPEN AND AIR TO CLOSE MODE)

 Have a look at the figure to see how valve with direct-acting action
looks like. As you can see in the left side figure air supply is fed through
downside.
Increase in pressure will lift the valve. Such type of valve is known as
Air-to-open. In case of air fail valve due to spring return action is done by
spring, the mode fails to close.
On the right-hand side, the air supply is fed through the top side, with
an increase in air supply it closes the valve, in the case of air failure,
spring take it back in an actual position known as a fail-open mode.
2. REVERSE ACTING - AIR TO OPEN AND AIR TO CLOSE MODE.

Now have a look at the image of the reverse-acting body. Here, on the
left-hand side air supply is fed through the bottom side which lifts the
valve plug.
 The plug assembly which is inserted in the valve body will move up
blocking the flow. This type of valve is called air-to-close, if the air fails,
due to spring it returns to its previous position, this called fail-open mode.

On right-side, the red circle as you can see the plug is not seated, so
with an increase in air supply will push the plug down making valve open
as flow pass-through hole located on it, which is not visible here in the
image.

If air fails the valve, returns to its previous position which is called fail
to closed mode.