POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND

CONTROL
(R2041021)
UNIT–III

LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL-I

Presented by

J SURESH M.Tech

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

DEPARTMENT OF EEE
 SYLLABUS

UNIT–III: LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL-I

Modeling of steam turbine – Generator – Mathematical modeling of speed

governing system – Transfer function – Necessity of keeping frequency

constant – Definitions of Control area – Single area control system – Block

diagram representation of an isolated power system – Steady state analysis –

Dynamic response – Uncontrolled case. Proportional plus Integral control of

single area and its block diagram representation – Steady state response.
 INTRODUCTION TO LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL

Load frequency control (LFC) is the basic control mechanism in the power
system operation. Whenever there is a variation in load demand on a generating
unit, there is momentarily an occurrence of unbalance between real-power input
and output. This difference is being supplied by the stored energy of the rotating
parts of the unit.
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL
 The kinetic energy of any unit is given By
where I is the moment of inertia of the rotating part and ω the angular speed of the rotating
part.
 If KE reduces, ω decreases; then the speed falls, hence the frequency reduces.
 The change in frequency Δf is sensed and through a speed-governor system, it is fedback
to control the position of the inlet valve of the prime mover, which is connected to the
generating unit.
 It changes the input to the prime mover suitably and tries to bring back the balance
between the real-power input and output.
 Hence, it can be stated that the frequency variation is dependent on the real-power
balance of the system.
 The LFC also controls the real-power transfer through the interconnecting transmission
lines by sensing the change in power flow through the tie lines.
 NECESSITY OF KEEPING FREQUENCY CONSTANT

All the AC motors should require constant frequency supply so as to maintain speed

constant.

In continuous process industry, it affects the operation of the process itself.

For synchronous operation of various units in the power system network, it is

necessary to maintain frequency constant.

Frequency affects the amount of power transmitted through interconnecting lines.

Electrical clocks will lose or gain time if they are driven by synchronous motors, and

the accuracy of the clocks depends on frequency and also the integral of this frequency

error is loss or gain of time by electric clocks.

 SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM or TURBINE SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM

The speed governor is the main primary tool for the LFC, whether the machine is used
alone to feed a smaller system or whether it is a part of the most elaborate arrangement.
A schematic arrangement of the main features of a speed-governing system of the kind
used on steam turbines to control the output of the generator to maintain constant
frequency is as shown in Fig.
VARIOUS 4 MAIN PARTS ARE THERE

(i) Fly ball speed governor

(ii) Hydraulic amplifier

(iii) Linkage mechanism

(iv) Speed changer

=
(i) Fly ball speed governor: This is the heart of the system which senses the change in speed

(frequency). As the speed increases the fly balls move outwards and the point B on linkage

mechanism moves downwards. The reverse happens when the speed decreases.

(ii) Hydraulic amplifier: It comprises a pilot valve and main piston Low power level pilot valve

movement is converted into high power level piston valve movement. This is necessary in order to

open or close the steam valve against high pressure steam.

(iii) Linkage mechanism: ABC is a rigid link pivoted at B and CDE is another rigid link pivoted at D

This link mechanism provides a movement to the control valve in proportion to change in speed. It

also provides a feedback from the steam valve movement (link 4).

(iV) Speed changer: It provides a steady state power output setting for the turbine. Its downward

movement opens the upper pilot valve so that more steam is admitted to the turbine under steady

conditions (hence more steady power output). The reverse happens for upward movement of speed

changer.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SPEED GOVERNING SYSTEM
Let us consider that under steady condition
Linkage mechanism stationary
Pillot valve is closed
Steam valve value is setting is open by allowing some definite value of steam to
pass
Speed of the alternator is fix

Change in position A to change in corresponding output power

ABC moving in rotational manner,B is fixed with the help of mechanics

Change in position A and B is fixed & C is rotational then

With the help of equation 1 & 2 we can written as

Steam position changes then corresponding generating power is changes so,

 consider

Motion of position B is proportional change in frequency

K’2 IS PROPORTIONAL CONSTANT

ABC moving in rotational manner, A is fixed with the help of mechanics

A is fixed & Change in position downward moment of B because of downward moment of

C is rotational then
 From equation 4 & 5,Motion of position C beacause of proportional change in frequency

K2 IS PROPORTIONAL CONSTANT

Similarly from CDE

Suppose D moves downwards then Corresponding e main piston moves upward then
steam valve decreased and speed of the turbine is decreased
LET US ASSUMMING THAT
1. Main piston having some inertia we can neglect that
2. Amount of oil entering into that amplifier proportional to the time at which
pilot valves are opened
i.e., Moment of D then similar changes of point
E It depends on valve opening so,
If D E IS Then it is closed and consider positive but we are Consider E IS
So we can consider negative sign
BY TAKING LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF EQUATION 7,9,10

13

Substitute 11,12 in 13
MODELING OF STEAM TURBINE
MODELING OF GENERATOR
ΔPG =ΔPT(change in turbine power output), net-surplus power at the

bus bar = (ΔPG – ΔPT ). This surplus power can be absorbed by the

system in two different ways:

(i) By increasing the stored kinetic energy of the generator rotor

at a rate
The kinetic energy being proportional to square of speed (frequency), the
kinetic energy at a frequency of (f° + Δf) and KE always varies square of the speed is
given by

.
(ii) As the frequency changes, the motor load changes being sensitive to

speed, the rate of change of load with respect to frequency, i.e.

RATE OF CHANGE OF LOAD IS

DROOPING CHARACTERISTI CS OF ALTERNATOR
 GOVERNOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A SINGLE GENERATOR
Prime movers driving the generators are fitted with governors, which are
regarded as primary control elements in the LFC system.
 Governors sense the change in a speed control mechanism to adjust the
opening of steam valves in the case of steam turbines and the opening of
water gates in the case of water turbines.

CAN’T BE CONTROL BY SG

ALTERNATO
R LOAD

SINGLE ALTERNATOR
supplies P+jQ
The amount of speed drop as the load on the turbine is increased from no load to its full-load
value is (N0 –N), where N0 is the speed at no load and N is the speed at rated load.
The steady-state speed regulation in per unit is given by

The value of R varies from 2% to 6% for any generating unit. Since the frequency and

speed are directly related, the speed regulation can also be expressed as the ratio of

the change in frequency from no load to its full load to the rated frequency of the

unit:

If there is a 4% speed regulation of a unit, then for a rated frequency of 50 Hz,

there will be a drop of 2 Hz in frequency.
If the generation is increased by ΔP due to a static frequency drop of Δf, then the speed

regulation can be defined as the ratio of the change in frequency to the corresponding

change in real-power generation:

When two generators are running in parallel, the governor characteristic of the first

unit (Line 1) is shown towards the right, while that of the second unit (Line 2)

is shown towards the left of the frequency axis as shown in Fig.

The characteristics are obviously different and hence corresponding to the rated
frequency f , the two units carry loads P1 and P2 so that the system load PD= P1 + P2 .

If the system load is now increased to PD′ , the system frequency will drop down to f ′,
since the units can only increase their output by decreasing the speed.

To restore the system frequency, the characteristic of one of the units say
of Unit 1 needs to be shifted upwards as indicated by the dotted
characteristic.
so that it can carry the increased load. The share of Unit 1 will be P ′ and
that of Unit 2 will be P2 so that the increased total load,
PD ′ = P 1′ + P2.
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Thank you..!