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PRACTICAL-1
Introduction to Computers

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Introduction To Computers
A peripheral device is generally defined as any auxiliary device such as a computer mouse or
keyboard that connects to and works with the computer in some way.

TYPES OF PERIPHERAL DEVICES:

 INTERNAL PERIPHERAL DEVICES

 EXTERNAL PERIPHERAL DEVICES
INTERNAL PERIPHERAL DEVICES:
1) NETWORK DEVICES
A network card is an expansion card that allows computers to communicate over a computer
network. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.
Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet has achieved near-ubiquity for a while
now. Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48-bit serial number called a MAC address,
which is stored in ROM carried on the card. You can learn more about networking in the
introduction to networking lesson.

2) HARD DISK DRIVE:

A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device that uses
magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly
rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic
heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter
surfaces. Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data
can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-
volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off.

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3) RAM(RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY):

Random-access memory (RAM) is a form of computer data storage that stores data and
machine code currently being used. A random-access memory device allows data items to be
read or written in almost the same amount of time irrespective of the physical location of data
inside the memory.

4) ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY):

 ROM is a type of computer memory that is used to store data that is not meant to be
changed or written over. It retains its contents even when the power is turned off.
ROM is used to store firmware, which is essential software that provides the basic
instructions for a device's operation. As the name suggests, data in ROM is typically
read-only. It is programmed during manufacturing and is not intended to be modified
under normal operation.
 ROM is often used to store firmware—the software that is permanently programmed
into a hardware device and provides the basic functions necessary for the hardware to
operate. For example, ROM stores the BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) in a
computer, which helps initialize and manage hardware components during startup.

 Types of ROM:

 PROM (Programmable ROM): Can be programmed once after manufacture. Once

written, the data cannot be changed.
 EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be erased and reprogrammed
multiple times using ultraviolet light.
 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM): Can be electrically erased
and reprogrammed multiple times without needing to remove it from the device.

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5) CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT):

The CPU is often referred to as the brain of a computer. It performs most of the processing
inside the computer by executing instructions from programs and performing calculations.
The CPU interprets and executes instructions from software programs. Control unit of CPU
directs the operations of the processor. It interprets instructions from memory and directs the
other parts of the computer to execute those instructions. The CPU uses small, fast storage
locations called registers to hold data temporarily while processing. Modern CPUs often have
multiple cores. Each core can execute instructions independently, allowing the CPU to
perform multiple tasks simultaneously (multitasking).

6) MOTHERBOARD:
A motherboard is a crucial component in a computer. It’s essentially the main circuit board
that connects and allows communication between various components of the computer,
including the CPU (central processing unit), RAM (random access memory), storage drives,
and peripherals. It also provides expansion slots for additional cards like graphics cards or
sound cards.

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7) GPU (GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT):

A GPU is a specialized electronic circuit designed to accelerate the creation and rendering of
images, animations, and video. It handles the complex calculations required to generate
graphics and visual effects in real-time. It processes data to produce the visual output you see
on your screen, including images, videos, and animations. Unlike a CPU (Central Processing
Unit), which handles tasks sequentially, a GPU can perform many operations simultaneously,
making it efficient for tasks that involve large amounts of data. In gaming and professional
applications, a GPU significantly boosts performance by offloading graphics-related tasks
from the CPU.

EXTERNAL PERIPHERAL DEVICES:

1) MONITOR:
A monitor is an electronic visual display for computers. It shows the graphical user interface
(GUI), including text, images, and videos. Monitors come in various sizes and resolutions,
and they use technologies like LCD, LED, or OLED to display information.

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2) KEYBOARD:
A keyboard is an input device used to enter text and commands into a computer or other
electronic devices. It consists of a set of keys or buttons, each representing different letters,
numbers, symbols, and functions. Keyboards can vary in design, including mechanical,
membrane, Ergonomic Keyboards, Backlit Keyboards, Compact Keyboards, Wireless
Keyboards, and scissor switch keyboard, but they all serve the fundamental purpose of
facilitating user interaction with a computer or device.

TYPES OF KEYBOARD:

 Mechanical Keyboards: These use individual mechanical switches under each key. They
offer tactile feedback and durability, making them popular among gamers and typists. You
can find different switch types, like Cherry MX, Razer, or Romer-G, each with its own feel
and sound.

 Membrane Keyboards: These have a softer, quieter feel and use a pressure pad system
rather than individual switches. They’re generally more affordable and quieter, but may not
last as long as mechanical keyboards.

 Scissor Switch Keyboards: Often found in laptops and some desktop keyboards, these use
a scissor-like mechanism to provide a low-profile, stable key press.

 Ergonomic Keyboards: Designed to reduce strain on your hands and wrists, these
keyboards may have a split layout, tenting options, or other features to improve comfort.

 Wireless Keyboards: These connect via Bluetooth or a wireless USB dongle, reducing
cable clutter. They can be a good choice if you value a clean desk setup or need to switch
between devices.

 Backlit Keyboards: These have illuminated keys, which can be helpful in low-light
conditions. Some have customizable RGB lighting for a more personalized look.

 Compact Keyboards: These may have a smaller form factor, such as 60% or 75% layouts,
which save desk space and are often favored by those who prioritize portability or a
minimalist setup.

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3) MOUSE:
A mouse is an input device used to interact with a computer or other electronic devices. It
typically consists of a small hand-held unit that you move across a surface to control a pointer
or cursor on the screen. Most mice have at least two primary buttons (left and right) and a
scroll wheel in the middle. Mouse uses either an optical or laser sensor to detect movement
across a surface. Optical mice use LED lights, while laser mice use lasers for more precise
tracking.

4) SPEAKER:
A speaker is a device that converts electrical audio signals into sound. It produces audible
sound by using electrical energy to create vibrations in the air. Driver generates sound by
vibrating in response to electrical signals. Enclosure is the casing that holds the driver and
helps amplify the sound.

5) PRINTER:
A printer is a device that produces physical copies of digital documents, images, or graphics.
It converts electronic files from a computer or other devices into printed output on paper or
other media. Printers are used in homes, offices, and industrial settings for various purposes,
from producing documents and reports to creating detailed graphics and prototypes.

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PRACTICAL-2
Introduction to Operating System

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Operating System
 An operating system (OS) is the primary software that manages a computer's
hardware and software resources. It acts as an intermediary between you and your
computer, allowing you to interact with your device and use it effectively.
 Examples of Operating system: Windows, MacOs, Android, IOS, Linux, Ubuntu

List of Windows Command

Sr.
Commands Functions
No.
1 Dir Gives the list of directories
2 d: Change the directory
mkdir(name of the
3 Make new file or folder
folder)
cd(name of the
4 To work with the folder
folder)
5 echo To print certain message
echo(message)>(file
6 To create a file in folder or another folder
name).txt
7 help List of all documents
8 ipconfig Gives the Ip address of system
9 cls Clear the screen
color(number of
10 Change color of the font and background
color)
11 time To know the time of the system
12 date Gives the date of system
13 tree It provides tree sytructure of directory of file
To work on the previous directory or move to previous
14 cd.
directory
del(name of the
15 Delete the file
folder)
ren(name of the first
16 Changes the filename
file)
17 rmdir To delete the directory(folder)
18 startcalc To start calculator
19 startcertainapp To start certain app
20 driverquery List of query
Attrib +H +S
21 To hide the file
+R(name of the file)
Atrrib –H –S –
22 Unhide the file
R(name of the file)

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Examples of Windows Commands

 Dir:-

 tree:-

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 ipconfig:-

 time:-

 date:-

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LINUX COMMANDS
Command Description
LESS [OPTIONS]
View the contents of a file one page at a time.
[FILENAME]
SU [OPTIONS] [USER
Switch to another user account.
[ARGUMENTS]]
TAR [OPTIONS] FILENAME Store and extract files from a tar file (.tar).
KILL [OPTIONS] PID Stop a process. If the process refuses to stop, use kill -9.
DU [OPTIONS] Show how much space each file takes up.
LPR [OPTIONS] Send a print job.
FIND [PATHNAME]
Search for files matching a provided pattern.
[EXPRESSION]
GREP [OPTIONS] PATTERN
Search files or output for a particular pattern.
[FILESNAME]
LOCATE FILENAME Search a copy of your file system for the specified
MV [OPTIONS] SOURCE
Rename or move file(s) or directories.
DESTINATION
RM [OPTIONS] DIRECTORY Remove (delete) file(s) and/or directories.
SSH [OPTIONS]
Remotely log in to another Linux machine, over the network.
USER@MACHINE
LS [OPTIONS] List directory contents.
Leave an ssh session by typing exit.
Filename.
Exit.
TOP Displays the resources being used on your system. Press q to
WHO [OPTIONS] Display who is logged on.
DF [OPTIONS] Display used and available disk space.
PWD Display the pathname for the current directory.
TAIL [OPTIONS]
Display the last n lines of a file (the default is
[FILENAME]
MAN [COMMAND] Display the help information for the specified command.
DATE [OPTIONS] Display or set the system date and time.
CAT [FILENAME] Display file‟s contents to the standard output device
PS [OPTIONS] Display a snapshot of the currently running processes.
FILE [OPTIONS] FILENAME Determine what type of data is within a file.
RMDIR [OPTIONS]
Delete empty directories.
DIRECTORY
TOUCH FILENAME Create an empty file with the specified name.
LN [OPTIONS] SOURCE
Create a shortcut.
[DESTINATION]
MKDIR [OPTIONS]
Create a new directory.
DIRECTORY
CP [OPTIONS] SOURCE
Copy files and directories.
DESTINATION
CLEAR Clear a command line screen/window for a fresh start.
CHOWN [OPTIONS]
Change who owns a file.
FILENAME
CD /DIRECTORYPATH Change to directory.
PASSWD [NAME
Change the password or allow (for the system administrator) to
[PASSWORD]]
Change any password.

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CHMOD [OPTIONS] MODE

Change a file’s permissions.
FILENAME

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PRACTICAL-3
Basics IT Troubleshooting, E-mail and communication

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Basic of operating system:

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer.It manages
the computer’s memory and processes as well as all of it’s software and hardware.It also
allows you to communicate with the computer.

Installation steps of operating system:

Step-1: We require a portable pendrive.

Step-2: Press F12 key 3-4 times.

Step-3: Go to desire software and press enter.

Step-4: Boot from installation media.
Step-5: Select language, time and keyboard layout.

Step-6:Install now

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Step-7: Accept license agreement

Step-8: Choose installation type(Upgrade or custom)

Step-9: Select partition

Step-10: Create new

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Step-11: Give size and apply

Step-12: Format partition

Step-13: Set up user account

Step-14: Activate windows

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PRACTICAL-4
Word & Spreadsheet Basics

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List of Shortcut keys for MS Word

Action Shortcut Key

Undo Ctrl + Z

Redo Ctrl + Y

Create a New document Ctrl + N

Open a document Ctrl + O

Close a document Ctrl + W

Delete one word to the right Ctrl + Delete

Center a paragraph Ctrl + E

Left-align a paragraph Ctrl + L

Right-align a paragraph Ctrl + R

Justify a paragraph Ctrl + J

Switch to Print Layout view Ctrl + Alt + P

Switch to Outline view Ctrl + Alt + O

Copy formatting from text Ctrl + Shift + C

Paste formatting only Ctrl + Shift + V

Insert Building Block F3

Repeat F4

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Go To F5

Skip to next frame/pane F6

Spell check F7

Save as F12

Refresh F9

Display ribbon key tip letters F10

Select an entire paragraph Triple-click anywhere in the

paragraph

Select an entire word Double-click anywhere in the word

Select a sentence or word Press Ctrl while clicking anywhere

in the sentence

Move to the beginning of the next paragraph Ctrl + down arrow

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PRACTICAL-5
Introduction to programming

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Basic programming logic:

Programming logic involves the development of systematic procedures that solve

specific problems. A programmer applies logic to their logic code to achieve the
desired result. It is a set of rules that dictate the order in which components should be
placed to enable a computer to perform tasks.

Basic programming logic include:

Algorithm: The building blocks of programming, algorithms allow computers to

perform tasks and make decisions .It is a set of instructions that a computer follows to
solve a problem or tasks.

Flowchart: A flowchart is a diagram that shows the steps,sequences and decisions in a

computer process. It is a visual representation that breaks down the steps to solve a
problem .It usually uses geometric shapes to represent steps and arrows to
communicate the flow of data.

Arrays: A basic data structure that stores a fixed length sequence of elements of same
data type. The elements in array can be accessed by the user by referring to their
indices.

Variables: A variable is a data name which is used to store data values.A variable acts
as a container for storing values.

1. Syntax: Datatype Variablename

Example: int a,b,c;

Rules:

2. Always starts with alphabats.

Example: Var1 (valid)

1var (invalid)

3. Whitespace are not allowed.

Example: Var1 (valid)

Var 1 (invalid)

4. Keywords should not be used.

Example: int (invalid)

5. Uppercase and lowercase are significant.

Example: LETTER or letter (both are valid)

6. First 31 characters are allowed.

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Datatype: A datatype is a set of values that a variable can contain and the rules that
govern how data is used.The compiler allocates the memory based on datatype to save
the space.Basic datatypes include integers,floating point numbers and character.

Simple coding exercise:

1. To interchange the values of two variables.

Output:

2.To check the grade of student based on his marks.

Output:

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3.To create a calculator using switch

Output:

4.To print n natural numbers and to calculate their sum and average.

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Output:

5.To calculate the power of a number.

Output:

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