LESSON. GRAPHS OF SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS Periodic Functions Many things in daily life repeat with a predictable pat- tem: in wamm areas electricity use goes up in summer and down in winter, the price of fresh fruit goes down in summer and up in winter, and attendance at amusement parks increases in spring and declines in autumn. Because the sine and cosine functions repeat their values in a regular pattern, they are periodic functions. Figure 19 shows a sine graph that represents a normal heartbeat. Figure 19 Periodic Function A periodic function is a function f such that SQ) = fx + np), for every real number x in the domain of f, every integer n, and some posi- tive real number p. The smallest possible positive value of p is the period of the function. The circumference of the unit circle is 277, so the smallest value of p for which the sine and cosine functions repeat is 277. Therefore, the sine and cosine functions are periodic functions with period 27. ODL (oss, sins) 49) (VN a,Graph of the Sine Function In Section 6.1 we saw that for a real number s, the point on the unit circle corresponding to s has coordinates (cos s, sin 5). See Figure 20. Trace along the circle to verify the results shown in the table. Ass Increases from sin s oss 010% Increases fiom 0 to 1 ‘Decreases fiom 1 to 0 Ftor Decreases from1to0 | Decreases fiom 0 to ~1 wtot Decreases from0 to -1 | Increases from —1 to 0 tod Increases from —1t00 | Increases from Oto 1 NOTE: 6.1 discussed to lesson on Radian Measure 6.1|Radian Measure ‘Radian Measure Converting Between Degres and Radinas + Arc Length faCircle «Aten of a Sector of Circle To avoid confusion when graphing the sine function, we use x rather than s; this corresponds to the letters in the xy-coordinate system. Selecting key values of x and finding the corresponding values of sin x leads to the table in Figure 21 To obtain the traditional graph in Figure 21, we plot the points from the table, use symmetry, and join them with a smooth curve. Since y = sinx is periodic with period 277 and has domain (—=»,), the graph continues in the same pattern in both directions. This graph is called a sine wave or sinusoid. SINE FUNCTION f(x) ‘Domain: (—,00) Range: [—1,1] or Hainer Wea vieet ate oun ef Figwe2 + The graph is continuous over its entre domain, (—=, =). Tis xantercepts are ofthe form yor where 1 is an integer. +s period is 2 + The graph is symmetric with respect tothe origin, so the fanction is am ‘odd fiction. For all xin the domain, sin(—x) = —sin xGraph of the Cosine Function We find the graph of y = cos x in much the same way as the graph of y = sinx. In the table of values shown with Figure 22 for y = cos x, we use the same values for x as we did for the graph of y = sin x. Notice that the graph of y = cos x in Figure 22 has the same shape as. the graph of y = sinx. It is, in fact, the graph of the sine function shifted, or translated, 3 units to the left COSINE FUNCTION f(x) = cos x Domain: (—",20) Range: [~1. 1] Ruy aon aah on © Figure 22 * The graph is continuous over its entire domain, (—,°). + Tes x-intercepts are of the form (2n + 1)¥, where n is an integer + Its period is 2m. + The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, so the function is an even function. For all x in the domain, cos(—x) = cos x.