1. What is cell theory?

o Cell theory states that all living things are made of one or more
cells.

2. How do multicellular organisms grow?

o Multicellular organisms grow by making more cells through cell

division.

3. What do specialized cells form in multicellular organisms?

o Specialized cells form tissues, organs, and organ systems in

multicellular organisms.

4. What are examples of specialized cells?

o Examples of specialized cells are skin cells, stomach cells, and

muscle cells.

5. Why is cell division necessary in multicellular organisms?

o Cell division is necessary for growth and to maintain regulation

through the cell cycle.

6. What do mitosis and cytokinesis do?

o Mitosis and cytokinesis divide the cytoplasm to create new body

cells.

7. What should not happen constantly in cells?

o Cell division should not happen constantly.

Chunk 2: Cancer and Cell Division Regulation

8. What happens when cell division is not regulated?

o When cell division is not regulated, it can lead to cancer.

9. How do cancer cells behave?

o Cancer cells divide too frequently and fail to communicate with

healthy cells, carry out normal functions, or anchor securely.

10. What happens when cancer cells divert nutrients?

o Cancer cells divert nutrients from healthy cells.

 11. What factors can contribute to cancer?

o Genetic links, toxins, radiation, and excessive UV light can

contribute to some cells becoming cancerous.

12. What is a tumor?

o A tumor is a mass formed by cancer cells.

13. Can tumors spread?

o Some tumors remain localized, while others spread to other parts

of the body.

14. What treatments are being developed for cancer?

o Treatments like radiation and chemotherapy are being developed

to target frequently dividing cells.

Chunk 3: Genetic Instructions and DNA Organization

15. What is the purpose of the cell cycle?

o The cell cycle helps cells copy genetic material and divide into
two identical daughter cells.

16. What role do hormones play in the cell cycle?

o Hormones act as messengers that amplify signals to regulate the

cell cycle stages.

17. How is DNA arranged in eukaryotic cells?

o In eukaryotic cells, DNA is arranged into multiple linear

molecules called chromosomes.

18. What does each daughter cell need after cell division?

o Each daughter cell needs a complete genome after cell division.

19. How many chromosomes do humans have?

o Humans have 46 chromosomes, with half from each parent.

20. What are chromosomes made of?

o Chromosomes are made of DNA wrapped around histones,

forming nucleosomes.
 21. What happens to DNA in chromosomes?

o DNA undergoes supercoiling, which is necessary for cell division.

22. What happens to DNA before division?

o All DNA in a chromosome is copied, creating two identical sister

chromatids.

Chunk 4: The Cell Cycle (Interphase)

23. What is the first phase of the cell cycle?

o The first phase of the cell cycle is interphase, which consists of

G1, S, and G2 phases.

24. What happens in the G1 phase?

o In G1, cells grow and collect nutrients for division.

25. What happens during the S phase?

o In S phase, DNA replication occurs.

26. What happens in the G2 phase?

o In G2, the cell continues to grow and prepares for division.

Chunk 5: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

27. What happens during mitosis?

o Mitosis divides the nucleus into two, forming two identical

daughter cells.

28. What are the stages of mitosis?

o Mitosis is divided into four stages: prophase, metaphase,

anaphase, and telophase.

29. What happens in prophase?

o In prophase, chromatin condenses, and spindle fibers form.

30. What happens in metaphase?

o In metaphase, chromosomes align at the center of the cell.

 31. What happens in anaphase?

o In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and move to opposite

poles of the cell.

32. What happens in telophase?

o In telophase, the cell begins to split, forming two distinct nuclei.

33. What is cytokinesis?

o Cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm to form two identical daughter

cells.

34. What happens after cytokinesis?

o After cytokinesis, the two daughter cells enter G1 and begin the
process again.

Chunk 6: Regulation of the Cell Cycle

35. Why must the cell cycle be tightly regulated?

o The cell cycle must be regulated to prevent conditions like

cancer.

36. What are cyclins and CDKs?

o Cyclins and CDKs are proteins that regulate the cell cycle.

37. What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

o Checkpoints in G1, G2, and M phase monitor cell growth, DNA

integrity, and chromosome alignment.

38. What happens if a checkpoint fails?

o If a checkpoint fails, the cell may pause to fix the issue or

undergo apoptosis.

Chunk 7: Checkpoints and Regulation

39. What does the G1 checkpoint check?

o The G1 checkpoint checks if the cell is growing adequately and if

its DNA is damaged.
 40. What does the G2 checkpoint ensure?

o The G2 checkpoint ensures DNA was replicated correctly.

41. What does the M phase checkpoint check?

o The M phase checkpoint ensures chromosomes align and attach

correctly to the spindle fibers.

42. What can happen if there is an issue with the

checkpoints?

o If there is an issue, the cell may pause or undergo apoptosis.

43. What do cyclins and CDKs do?

o Cyclins and CDKs are positive regulators that help the cell cycle
progress.

44. What is the role of p53 in the cell cycle?

o p53 is a negative regulator that can trigger apoptosis if there are

irreparable problems.

Chunk 8: The G0 Phase and Cell Specialization

45. What happens when a cell enters G0?

o When a cell enters G0, it is in a resting phase where it performs

functions but does not prepare to divide.

46. Which cells remain in G0?

o Many neurons remain in G0 permanently.

47. Why is recovery from brain or spinal cord injuries

challenging?

o Recovery is challenging because neurons in G0 do not divide.

48. What is mitosis used for?

o Mitosis is used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

49. What does meiosis produce?

o Meiosis produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual

reproduction.
 50. How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

o Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half, while mitosis

keeps the chromosome number the same.

Chunk 10: Asexual Reproduction

51. What is asexual reproduction?

o Asexual reproduction is when an organism produces offspring

genetically identical to itself.

52. What are examples of asexual reproduction?

o Examples of asexual reproduction include binary fission in

bacteria and budding in yeast.

53. What is a key feature of asexual reproduction?

o A key feature of asexual reproduction is the absence of genetic

variation among offspring.

Chunk 11: Sexual Reproduction

54. What is sexual reproduction?

o Sexual reproduction involves two parents, with offspring

inheriting genetic material from both.

55. What are gametes?

o Gametes are reproductive cells (sperm and egg cells) that carry
half the genetic material of the parent.

56. How does fertilization occur?

o Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell unites with an egg cell,

forming a zygote.

Chunk 12: Chromosomes in Sex Cells

57. How many chromosomes do sex cells contain?

 o Sex cells contain half the number of chromosomes as regular
body cells.

58. How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

o Human body cells have 46 chromosomes, which are arranged in

23 pairs.

59. How many chromosomes do human sex cells have?

o Human sex cells have 23 chromosomes, one from each pair.

Chunk 13: Meiosis Process

60. What happens in meiosis I?

o In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes are separated into two

cells, reducing the chromosome number by half.

61. What happens in meiosis II?

o In meiosis II, sister chromatids are separated, resulting in four

haploid cells.

62. What does haploid mean?

o Haploid means a cell that has only one set of chromosomes.

Chunk 14: Crossing Over and Genetic Diversity

63. What is crossing over?

o Crossing over is the exchange of genetic material between

homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

64. Why is crossing over important?

o Crossing over creates genetic diversity by mixing the genetic

material from both parents.

65. When does crossing over occur?

o Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis.

Chunk 15: Gametes and Fertilization

 66. What happens after meiosis?

o After meiosis, the gametes are ready for fertilization.

67. What is a zygote?

o A zygote is the fertilized egg formed when sperm and egg unite.

68. What process follows fertilization?

o After fertilization, the zygote begins to divide and form a new

organism.

Chunk 16: The Importance of Genetic Diversity

69. Why is genetic diversity important?

o Genetic diversity increases the survival chances of a species by

providing variation in traits.

70. How does sexual reproduction contribute to genetic

diversity?

o Sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity by combining

genes from two parents.

71. What is the role of mutations in genetic diversity?

o Mutations are changes in DNA that can introduce new traits,

contributing to genetic diversity.

Chunk 17: Chromosome Number and Down Syndrome

72. What can happen with errors in meiosis?

o Errors in meiosis can lead to incorrect chromosome numbers in

gametes.

73. What is Down syndrome?

o Down syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21,

resulting in 47 chromosomes in the individual.

Chunk 18: The Cell Cycle Review

 74. What are the main stages of the cell cycle?

o The main stages of the cell cycle are interphase (G1, S, G2),
mitosis, and cytokinesis.

75. What is interphase?

o Interphase is the phase where the cell grows, replicates DNA,

and prepares for division.

76. What is mitosis?

o Mitosis is the process of dividing the nucleus into two identical

daughter nuclei.

77. What is cytokinesis?

o Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two

separate daughter cells.

Chunk 19: Importance of Regulation in the Cell Cycle

78. Why is regulation important in the cell cycle?

o Regulation is important to ensure cells divide correctly and avoid

diseases like cancer.

79. How do cyclins and CDKs control the cell cycle?

o Cyclins and CDKs act together to regulate the progression of the

cell cycle.

Chunk 20: Apoptosis and Cell Death

80. What is apoptosis?

o Apoptosis is programmed cell death, which is necessary for

eliminating damaged or unnecessary cells.

81. How does the cell cycle avoid errors?

o The cell cycle has checkpoints that monitor for errors, ensuring
healthy cell division.

82. What happens if a cell cannot repair its DNA?

 o If a cell cannot repair its DNA, it may undergo apoptosis to
prevent passing on mutations.

Chunk 21: Summary of Cell Division

83. What is the main goal of cell division?

o The main goal of cell division is to produce two genetically

identical daughter cells.

84. How do cells ensure that division occurs correctly?

o Cells ensure correct division through checkpoints, regulation by

cyclins and CDKs, and apoptosis if necessary.