KENDRIVA VIDYALAYA Bry MZ ae i YH Og ord fener wear SESION 2023-24 PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON NAME: Mr.D P PANDEY CLASS : XII ‘A’ (PGT Phy) ROLL NO. : SIGN.OF SUBJECT TEACHER SIGN.OF EXAMINERCERTIFICATE THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT STUDENTS OF CLASS XIL'A' HAS SUCESSFULLY COMPLETED HIS PROJECT ON s+ "DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT LIQUIDS " UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR.D P PANDEY (PGT_PHYSICS) DURING THE YEAR 2023-24 IN PRACTICAL FULLFILLMENT OF CHEMISTRY BY CBSE, NEW DELHI . SIGN. OF TEACHER SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINER SIGN.OF PRINCIPALACKNOWLEDGEMENT We Would like to Thank my Physics teacher Mr.D P Pandey for extending his valuable and scholarly guidance throughout the preparation of this project. We wish to extend our sincere thanks to Mr.Diwakar Singh, Principal ,K V BHU for his continuous motivation and moral support for completing the work . We would also like to thank everyone who helped us in completing the project. SIGN. OF TEACHER SIGN. OF EXTERNAL EXAMINERUUUVUU UY Y’uUd CONTENTS ‘AIM APPARATUS REQUIRED THEORY PROCEDURE OBSERVATIONS CALCULATIONS RESULT PRECAUTIONS BIBLIOGRAPHYE = "TO INVESTIGATE THE DEPENDENCE OF THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION ON THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE , USING A HOLLOW PRISM FILLED ONE BY ONE ,WITH DIFFERENT TRANSPARENT FLUIDS ." APPARATUS REQUIRED >» Drawing Board & white sheet of paper > Hollow prism > Different liquids ( water, oil , spirit , hcl ) » Drawing pins , Pencil , Thumb pins » Graph paper > Half meter scale » A protectorINTRODUCTION In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use "prism" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic and fluorite. A prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Prisms can also be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations.THEORY Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for example, from air into the glass of the prism). This speed change causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at a different angle (Huygens principle). The degree of bending of the light's path depends on the angle that the incident beam of light makes with the surface, and on the ratio between the refractive indices of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, a phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes light of different colors to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be used to separate a beam of white light into its constituent spectrum of colors. Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making them useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy. Furthermore, prisms do not suffer from complications arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all gratings have. Prisms are sometimes used for the internal reflection at the surfaces rather than for dispersion. If light inside the prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently steep angle, total internal reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This makes a prism a useful substitute for a mirror in some situations.REFRACTION: The phenomena of bending of light from its straight line path on the surface of separation of two optical media is known as refraction of lights. REFRACTIVE INDEX: It is defined as the ratio of velocity of light in vacuum of that in any medium . ANGLE OF INCIDENCE : The angle between the incident ray and the normal. ANGLE OF DEVIATION : The angle between the incident ray and the emergent ray . MINIMUM ANGLE OF DEVIATION: The angle of incidence where the angle of deviation in a prism is minimum is called the minimum deviation position of the prism and that very deviation angle is known as the minimum angle of deviation (denoted by Sa, D,, or Dz). DISPERSION : The phenomena of splitting of white light into its constituents colors when light ray passes through a prism .AIM : To Investigate The Dependence Of The Angle Of Deviation On The Angle Of Incidence , Using A Hollow Prism Filled One By One ,With Different Transparent Fluids . MATERIAL REQUIRED * Drawing sheet & Board * Board pins * A hollow glass prism « Different transparent liquid PROCEDURE : 1.The sheet of paper was fixed on the drawing board with drawing pins . 2.The prism filled with liquids was placed on the paper and its boundary ABC was traced. 3. A point O was marked on one of the refracting surface and a normal was drawn to the surface at that point . 4. A straight line PQ was drawn corresponding to the incident ray drawn at a suitable angle with the normal .5. Two points P and Q was fixed about 5m apart on the incident ray and its image was viewed with one eye closed from that side AC of the prism. Two pins R and S was fixed such that the tips of these pins and the tips of image of the incident ray pin P, Q lied in the same straight line. 6.The pinpricks on the paper were encircled. 7.The pins P and Q were removed and also encircle their pinpricks. 8.Points S and R was joined and produced backward to meet the incident ray PQ produced. Thus RS is the emergent ray corresponding to the incident ray PQ. Arrowheads were drawn to show the direction of the rays.The angle of deviation and prism were measured with the help of protector. 9. The above steps were repeated for different angles of incidence. 10.The experiment with different liquids were repeated. CALCULATIONS: WORKING FORMULA = [L sin ALD) /2 sin (A/2) Where , A = Angle of Prism Dm = Minimum angle of deviation H= refractive index of mediumAngle of Prism L REFRACTED RAYOBSERVATIONS : 1. MATERIAL : COCONUT OIL Serial no . Angle of Angle of Incidence Deviation o1 30° 34° o2 35° 30° 03 40° 34° 04 45° 37° os 50° 39° EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.40 CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.432. MATERIAL : KEROSINE SERIAL ANGLE OF ANGLE OF NO. INCIDENCE DEVIATION o1 30° 37° 02 35° 36° 03 40° 35° 04 45° 34° 05 50° 36° EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.46 CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.443. MATERIAL: GLYCERINE SERIAL NO. ANGLE OF ANGLE OF INCIDENCE DEVIATION o1 30° 37° 02 35° 36° 03 40° 35° 04 45° 34° 05 50° 36° EXPERIMENTAL REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.46 CALCULATED REFRACTIVE INDEX = 1.44RESULTS THE ANGLE OF DEVIATION FIRST DECREASES WITH INCREASE IN ANGLE OF INCIDENCE , ATTAINS A MINIMUM VALUE AND THEN INCREASES WITH FURTHER INCREASE IN ANGLE OF INCIDENCE. ~ THANK YOU