Chapter 5: Networking

Concepts

IT Essentials v7.0
Chapter 5 - Sections & Objectives
 5.1 Network Components and Types
• Explain components and types of computer networks.
• Describe the types of networks.
• Describe internet connection types.
 5.2 Network Protocols, Standards, and Services
• Explain networking protocols, standards and services.
• Explain the purpose and characteristics of transport layer protocols.
• Explain the significance of application port numbers.
• Explain wireless protocols.
• Explain network services.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Chapter 5 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 5.3 Network Devices
• Explain the purpose of devices on a network.
• Explain basic network devices.
• Explain security devices.
• Explain other network devices.
 5.4 Network Cables
• Explain the characteristics of network cables.
• Describe networking tools and their purpose.
• Explain the purpose and characteristics of common types of copper network cables and connectors.
• Explain the purpose and characteristics of common types of fiber network cables and connectors.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
5.1 Network Components
and Types

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
Types of Networks
Network Icons

Network Media Icons

Intermediary Device Icons Host Device Icons

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5
Types of Networks
Network Topologies and Description
 PAN (personal area network) – Commonly uses
Bluetooth to connect mice, keyboards, phones, and
tablets.

 LAN (local area network) – A wired network

consisting of a switch and network devices in a
limited geographical area.

 VLAN (virtual LAN) – Extends beyond a traditional

LAN and groups users based on administratively
defined boundaries such as department or floor.

 WLAN (wireless LAN) – Connects multiple wireless

devices and uses an access point.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
Types of Networks
Network Topologies and Description
 WMN (wireless mesh network) – Connects
multiple wireless access points together to expand
the wireless network.

 MAN (metropolitan area network) – A network that

spans a city.

 WAN (wide area network) – A network that spans a

large geographical area.

 VPN (virtual private network) – A method of

connecting to a network such as a company
network across an unsecure network.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
Internet Connection Types
Brief History of Connection Technologies
 Analog telephone access (dialup) – uses an
analog modem to call another modem.
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) – more
bandwidth than dialup. Can carry voice, video, and
data.

 Broadband – uses different frequencies to send

multiple signals over media.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8
Internet Connection Types
DSL, Cable, and Fiber
 DSL (digital subscriber line) – always on
technology that uses phone lines; voice and data
carried on different frequencies; requires a filter on
the port that connects to a phone.

 Cable – Uses a cable modem to connect to a

traditional cable TV network; shares the network
with multiple subscribers.

 Fiber – High bandwidth connection used in

backbone networks, large enterprise environments,
large data centers, and now part of some home
internet connections.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
Internet Connection Types
Line of Sight Wireless Internet Service
 Line of site wireless – always on technology that uses radio signals for connecting to the
internet.
• Clear path required
• Weather affects signal strength and performance

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
Internet Connection Types
Satellite
 Satellite – broadband technology for remote areas
• Uses a satellite dish
• Not a good solution for time-sensitive applications like gaming, Voice over Internet
Protocol (VoIP), and video conferencing

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
Internet Connection Types
Cellular
 Cellular– relies on cell towers to create a network used by cell phones and
connectivity to the internet

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
Internet Connection Types
Mobile Hotspot and Tethering
 Cell phone option that allows another device to connect to the
internet using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or USB cable
• The other device is using the phone’s cellular connection to
connect to the internet
• Called tethering or a hotspot
 A mobile hotspot is when a cell phone allows Wi-Fi devices to
connect and use the mobile data network.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
5.2 Networking Protocols,
Standards, and Services

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14
Video Explanation – Transport Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
Transport Layer Protocols
The TCP/IP Model

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
Transport Layer Protocols
TCP
 Three basic operations of reliability
• Numbering and tracking of data segments
• Acknowledgment of received data
• Retransmitting any unacknowledged data after a
period of time.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
Transport Layer Protocols
UDP
 Very little overhead or data checking

 Best-effort delivery protocol (unreliable)

• No acknowledgment that the data is received by the destination

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
Transport Layer Protocols
Video Explanation – Application Port Numbers

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
Application Port Numbers
Classify Application Port Numbers

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
Application Port Numbers
Classify Application Port Numbers (Cont.)

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
Wireless Protocols
WLAN Protocols

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
Wireless Protocols
Bluetooth, NFC, and RFID
 Bluetooth
• Up to 7 devices to create a PAN
• 802.15.1
• 2.4 to 2.485 GHz radio frequency range

 RFID
• Passive or active tags used to identify items
• Passive – rely on RFID reader to activate and read
• Active – have a battery to broadcast the ID up to
100 meters
• 125 MHz to 960 MHz radio frequency range

 NFC (Near Field Communication)

• Devices must be in close proximity to exchange
data
• Used for payments, printing, public parking, etc.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
Wireless Protocols
Zigbee and Z-Wave
 Zigbee
• Requires a ZigBee Coordinator to manage client
devices connected in a wireless mesh network.
• Devices commonly managed from a cell phone
app
• IEEE 802.15.4 standard
• 868 MHz to 2.4 GHz range up to 20 meters,
65,000 devices, and data speeds up to 250 kb/s
 Z-Wave
• Proprietary standard, but public version available
• 232 devices can connect to a wireless mesh
network with data speeds up to 100 kb/s.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
Wireless Protocols
Cellular Generations
 1G/2G – First generation was analog calls only. 2G introduced digital voice, conference calls, and
caller ID with speeds less than 9.6 Kb/s
 2.5G – supports web browsing, short audio and video clips with speeds up to 237 Kb/s.

 3G – full motion video and streaming music at speeds up to 2 Mb/s

 4G - IPv6, IP-based voice, gaming services, high quality multimedia at speeds up to 672 Mb/s

 LTE (Long Term Evolution) – means it meets the 4G speed standards and improves connectivity
while in motion. Speeds up to 100 Mb/s when mobile and up to 1 Gb/s when stationary.

 5G – supports augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), smart homes, smart cars, and data
transfer between devices. Download speeds up to 3 Gb/s; upload speeds up to 1.5 Gb/s.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
Network Services
Video Explanation – Network Services

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
Network Services
Client – Server Roles

 File Client and Server

 Web Client and Server

 Email Client and Server

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
Network Services
DHCP Server
 A DHCP server provides IP addressing information.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
Network Services
DNS Server
 A DNS server translates domain names such as cisco.com to an IP address.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29
Network Services
Print Server
 A print server
• Can control multiple printers
• Provides client access to print resources
• Allows centralized print job administration
• Provides feedback to network clients

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
Network Services
File Server

 A file server allows clients to access

files using a specific protocol
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
• FTPS (File Transfer Protocol Secure)
• SFTP (Secure Shell File Transfer
Protocol)
• SCP (Secure Copy)

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
Network Services
Web Server

 A web server provides web

resources using these protocols
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• TCP port 80
• Secure HTTP (HTTPS)
• Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
• Transport Layer Security (TLS)
• TCP port 443

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
Network Services
Mail Server

 Email messages are stored in

databases on mail servers
• Client communicates with server in
order to reach a different client
• Protocol used to send email
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Protocols used to retrieve email
• Post Office Protocol (POP)
• Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
Network Services
Proxy Server
 Proxy servers act on behalf of a client, thus hiding the real internal host

 Used to cache frequently accessed web pages

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 34
Network Services
Authentication Server
 Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) - Allows access to a network
device or a particular network

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
Network Services
Syslog Server
 Syslog stores network messages sent by networking devices.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
5.3 Basic Network Devices

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
Basic Network Devices
Video Explanation - Basic Network Devices

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
Basic Network Devices
Network Interface Card
 Todays computers have wired and/or wireless network capability.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
Basic Network Devices
Repeaters, Bridges, and Hubs
 Repeaters – Also called
extenders because they
regenerate the signal so it can be
sent further.

 Hub – Receives data on one port

and sends to all other ports.
 Bridge – Divides a network into
two or more segments and tracks
which device is on each segment.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 40
Basic Network Devices
Switches
 Ethernet switches record MAC
addresses for each device
connected to the switch.
• Data is sent to a specific device if
the MAC address of that device is
in the MAC address table.
• Managed switches are used in a
company environment and have
additional features.
• Unmanaged switches are used in
home or a small business
network.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 41
Basic Network Devices
Wireless Access Points

 Wireless access points (APs) – provide

access to a wireless network for a limited
range.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
Basic Network Devices
Routers

 Routers connect networks.

• Use an IP address to forward traffic to other networks
• Can be a multipurpose device (integrated router) that includes switching and wireless capabilities

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
Security Devices
Video Explanation – Security Devices

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
Security Devices
Firewalls
 A firewall protects data and
devices connected to a network.
 Firewalls use access control lists
(ACLs) which are rules used to
determine whether data is
permitted (allowed through) or
denied.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
Security Devices
IDS and IPS
An Intrusion Detection System An Intrusion Prevention
(IDS) monitors traffic and is a System (IPS) actively monitors
passive system. traffic and takes action when
needed.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
Security Devices
UTMs
 Universal Threat Management (UTM) is
an all-in-one security appliance. Features
are vendor-specific, but could include:
• Firewall services
• IDS/IPS services
• Additional security services against Zero
Day, Denial of Service (DoS) Distributed
Denial of Service (DDoS), and spyware
• Proxy and email filtering
• Network access control
• VPN services

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
Security Devices
Endpoint Management Server
 An endpoint management server monitors end devices such as PCs, laptops, servers, tablets,
printers, etc.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 48
Other Network Devices
Legacy and Embedded Systems
 A legacy system is a device on the network
no longer supported, but still in operation.
 An embedded system is a device built into
something else such as an appliance.
Embedded microchips are contained in
legacy systems and embedded systems.
 Legacy systems and embedded systems
could be a security risk.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
Other Network Devices
Patch Panel

A centralized place where

network cables attach to the
back. Patch cables are used to
make a connection to another
patch panel which connects to a
different wiring closet, or to a
device such as a switch mounted
nearby.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 50
Other Network Devices
Power over Ethernet and Ethernet over Power
 Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a standard PoE injector
for providing power to devices such as
APs, cameras, or IP phones through a
cable.

 A PoE injector can be connected to a

cable and a second cable is used to
connect a device that receives power from
the injector.

 Ethernet over Power (powerline

networking) uses existing electrical wiring
to create a network.

Network cable

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 51
Other Network Devices
Cloud-based Network Controller
 A cloud-based network controller
is a remote device used to
manage network devices like
access points or switches.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 52
5.4 Network Cables

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53
Network Tools
Video Explanation – Network Cable Tools

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 54
Network Tools
Network Tools and Descriptions

 Wire cutters or side cutters  Crimper – used to securely attach an RJ-45

connector

 Punch down tool – used to terminate wires into

 Wire strippers termination

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 55
Network Tools
Network Tools and Descriptions (Cont.)

 Multimeter

 Cable Tester

 Tone Generator
 Wi-Fi analyzer

 Loopback adapter –
used to check a port

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 56
Copper Cables and Connectors
Cable Types
 Cable types used in networking
• Twisted-pair
• Coaxial
• Fiber-optic

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 57
Copper Cables and Connectors
Coaxial Cables
 Coaxial cable
• Copper or aluminum
• Used in cable TV systems and
satellite communication systems
• Harder to install, more expensive,
and harder to troubleshoot than
twisted-pair cabling

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 58
Copper Cables and Connectors
Twisted-Pair Cables
 Twisted-pair cabling types
• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP)
• Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
 UTP
• Most common UTP cabling
• Four pairs of color-coded wires
• Prone to electromagnetic interference
(EMI) and radio frequency
interference (RFI)
 STP
• Better protection against EMI and RFI
STP cabling
• More expensive and harder to install

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 59
Copper Cables and Connectors
Twisted-Pair Category Ratings
Cat 5 UTP

Cat 5e UTP

Cat 6 UTP

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 60
Copper Cables and Connectors
Twisted-Pair Wire Schemes
T568A T568B

When creating a cable to

connect a network device to a
wall jack or from the patch
panel to a switch, make both
ends of the cable the same
standard.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 61
Copper Cables and Connectors
Video Explanation – Build and Test a Network Cable

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 62
Copper Cables and Connectors
Lab – Build and Test Network Cables

In this lab, you will build and test a straight-through Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
Ethernet network cable.

Note: With a straight-through cable, the color of wire used by pin 1 on one end is
the same color used by pin 1 on the other end, and similarly for the remaining
seven pins. The cable will be constructed using either TIA/EIA T568A or T568B
standards for Ethernet. This determines which color wire is to be used on each pin.
Straight-through cables are normally used to connect a host directly to a switch or
a wall plate in an office area.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 63
Fiber Cables and Connectors
Fiber-Optic Cables
 Fiber-Optic cables
• Use light to transmit signals
• Not affected by EMI or RFI

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 64
Fiber Cables and Connectors
Types of Fiber Media
 Single-mode fiber (SMF)
• Small core
SMF
• Uses laser technology to send one
beam of light
• Long distances
 Multimode fiber (MMF)
• Larger core
• Uses LEDs to send light
• Light is injected at different angles MMF
• Cheaper
• Bandwidth up to 10 Gb/s up to 550
meters

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 65
Fiber Cables and Connectors
Fiber-Optic Connectors

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 66
5.5 Chapter Summary

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 67
Conclusion
Chapter 5: Network Concepts

• Explain components and types of computer networks.

• Explain networking protocols, standards and services.
• Explain the purpose of devices on a network.
• Explain the characteristics of network cables.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 68