PM SHRI KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA GACHIBOWLI, GPRA CAMPUS, HYD-32

SAMPLE PAPER TEST 11 FOR BOARD EXAM 2024

(ANSWERS)
SUBJECT: SCIENCE MAX. MARKS: 80
CLASS : X DURATION: 3 HRS
General Instruction:
1. This Question Paper has 5 Sections A-E.
2. Section A has 20 MCQs carrying 1 mark each.
3. Section B has 5 questions carrying 02 marks each.
4. Section C has 6 questions carrying 03 marks each.
5. Section D has 4 questions carrying 05 marks each.
6. Section E has 3 case based integrated units of assessment (04 marks each) with sub-parts of the
values of 1, 1 and 2 marks each respectively.
7. All Questions are compulsory. However, an internal choice in 2 Qs of 5 marks, 2 Qs of 3 marks
and 2 Questions of 2 marks has been provided. An internal choice has been provided in the
2marks questions of Section E
8. Draw neat figures wherever required. Take π =22/7 wherever required if not stated.
SECTION – A
Questions 1 to 20 carry 1 mark each.
1. The composition of aqua regia is:
(a) Dil. HCl : Conc. HNO3 = 3 : 1 (b) Conc. HCl : Dil. HNO3 = 3 : 1
(c) Conc. HCl : Conc. HNO3 = 3 : 1 (d) Dil. HCl : Dil. HNO3 = 3 : 1
Ans: (c)
Aqua regia or nitro-hydrochloric acid is a highly corrosive mixture of acids, a fuming yellow or
red solution. The mixture is formed by freshly mixing concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric
acid, optimally in a volume ratio of 1 : 3. Aqua regia is highly corrosive that it can dissolve
metals, such as gold and platinum.

2. The name of the salt used to remove permanent hardness of water is:
(a) Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3)
(b) Sodium chloride (NaCl)
(c) Sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O)
(d) Calcium sulphate hemihydrate (CaSO4.1/2 H2O)
Ans: (c) Sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3.10H2O)

3. A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to settle. The clear supernatant solution turns
the pH paper yellowish-orange. Which of the following would change the colour of this pH
paper to greenish-blue?
(a) Lemon juice (b) Vinegar (c) Common salt (d) An antacid
Ans: (d) An antacid
Sample solution turn pH paper yellowish-orange which confirms the acidic nature of the
sample. To make the colour to greenish-blue, we have to add an antacid.

4. When aqueous solutions of potassium iodide and lead nitrate are mixed, an insoluble substance
separates out. The chemical equation for the reaction involved is:
(a) KI + PbNO3 → PbI + KNO3
(b) 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 → PbI2 + 2KNO3
(c) KI + Pb(NO3)2 → PbI + KNO3
(d) KI + PbNO3 → PbI2 + KNO3
Ans: (b) 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 → PbI2 + 2KNO3

5. The electron dot structure of chlorine molecule is:

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 Ans: (c)
The atomic number of chlorine is 17 so the electronic configuration of chlorine is 2,8,7. Since
the outermost shell contains 7 valence electrons; hence, chlorine needs 1 more electron to
complete its outermost shell. It combines with another chlorine atom by sharing 1 electron each
to complete their outermost shells.

6. Pentane has the molecular formula C5 H12. It has

(a) 5 covalent bonds (b) 12 covalent bonds
(c) 16 covalent bonds (d) 17 covalent bonds
Ans: (c) 16 covalent bonds

7. A scientist is attempting to represent an ionic bond between calcium and chlorine. The figure
below shows the progress he has made so far.

What should be the next step in his representation of the ionic bond?
(a) Transfer an electron from the calcium atom to the chlorine atom.
(b) Transfer an electron from the chlorine atom to the calcium atom.
(c) Add another chlorine atom to accept an electron from the calcium atom.
(d) Add another calcium atom to donate an electron to the chlorine atom.
Ans: (c) Add another chlorine atom to accept an electron from the calcium atom.

8. Observe the following diagram and identify the process and its significance from the following
options:

(a) Evaporation: maintains water contents in leaf cells.

(b) Transpiration: creates a suction force which pulls water inside the plant.
(c) Excretion: helps in excreting out waste water from the plant.
(d) Translocation: helps in transporting materials from one cell to another.
Ans: (b) Transpiration: creates a suction force which pulls water inside the plant.

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9. The number of chromosomes in parents and offsprings of a particular species undergoing sexual
reproduction remain constant due to:
(a) doubling of chromosomes after zygote formation.
(b) halving of chromosomes after zygote formation.
(c) doubling of chromosomes before gamete formation.
(d) halving of chromosomes at the time of gamete formation.
Ans: (d) halving of chromosomes at the time of gamete formation.

10. In a neuron, conversion of electrical signal to a chemical signal occurs at/in:

(a) cell body (b) axonal end (c) dendritic end (d) axon
Ans: (b) axonal end

11. Opening and closing of stomata is due to:

(a) High pressure of gases inside the cells.
(b) Movement of water in and out of the guard cells.
(c) Stimulus of light in the guard cells.
(d) Diffusion of CO2 in and out of the guard cells.
Ans: (b) Movement of water in and out of the guard cells.

12. A zygote which has an X-chromosome inherited from the father will develop into a
(a) Boy (b) Girl
(c) X-chromosome does not determine the sex of a child (d) either boy or girl
Ans: (b) Girl

13. The correct pattern of magnetic field lines of the field produced by a current carrying circular
loop is:

Ans: (c)

14. Two LED bulbs of 12W and 6W are connected in series. If the current through 12W bulb is
0.06A the current through 6W bulb will be:
(a) 0.04A (b) 0.06A (c) 0.08A (d) 0.12A
Ans: (b) 0.06A

15. An alpha particle enters a uniform magnetic field as shown. The direction of force experienced
by the alpha particle is:
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 (a) towards right (b) towards left (c) into the page (d) out of the page
Ans: (d) out of the page

16. The angle of incidence from air to glass at the point O on the hemispherical glass slab is

(a) 45° (b) 0° (c) 90° (d) 180°

Ans: (b) 0°
As there is no bending of light ray when it goes from air to glass, that means, light ray is falling
normally to the surface, so angle of incidence will be 0°.

DIRECTION: In the question number 17 and 20, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct option
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Ans: (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of assertion (A)

17. Assertion (A): A current carrying straight conductor experiences a force when placed
perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field.
Reason (R): The net charge on a current carrying conductor is always zero.
Ans: (b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of assertion (A)

18. Assertion (A): Electrolysis of concentrated solution of sodium chloride is known as chlor-alkali
solution.
Reason (R): The products formed are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
Ans: (a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of
assertion (A)
When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of sodium chloride (called brine), it
decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process is called the chlor–alkaline process because
of the products formed–chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide.

19. Assertion (A): In humans, if gene (B) is responsible for black eyes and gene (b) is responsible
for brown eyes, then the colour of eyes of the progeny having gene combination Bb, bb or BB
will be black only.
Reason (R): The black colour of the eyes is a dominant trait.
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 Ans: (d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

20. Assertion (A) : Cyton region of nerve fibre collects information for the brain.
Reason (R) : Nerve fibres can either have or lack myelin sheath.
Ans: (d) A is false but R is true.
Cyton region of nerve fibre regulates neuron’s metabolism.

SECTION – B
Questions 21 to 25 carry 2 marks each.

21. Two green plants are kept separately in oxygen free containers, one in the dark and other in
sunlight. It was observed that plant kept in dark could not survive longer. Give reason for this
observation.
Ans: Plants release oxygen during photosynthesis, which can be utilized by the plant for
respiration. The plant kept in dark was not able to perform photosynthesis to generate some
oxygen for respiration.
The carbon dioxide released by the plant after respiration was utilized by the plants to
photosynthesize food, hence, the plant was able to survive.

22. Use of several pesticides which results in excessive accumulation of pesticides in rivers or
ponds, is a matter of deep concern. Justify this statement.
Ans: Pesticides are toxic, non-biodegradable substances that often run off into water bodies.
Once, the toxin enters the body of living organisms, it is not metabolized or excreted, leading to
its accumulation inside the body. The accumulation increases the concentration of toxin with
each successive trophic level of the food chain, leading to a phenomenon called biological
magnification.
The topmost trophic level accumulates the maximum amount of toxin, leading to severe health
issues and sometimes the death of the individual.

23. List two differences in tabular form between dominant trait and recessive trait. What
percentage/proportion of the plants in the F2 generation/progeny were round, in Mendel’s cross
between round and wrinkled pea plants?
Ans:
Dominant trait Recessive trait
1. The trait which appears in the F1 1. The trait which remains hidden or which does not
progeny is dominant. appear in the F1 progeny is the recessive trait.
2. It appears in more numbers. 2. It appears in less number.
75% of the plants were with round seeds.

24. The electric power consumed by a device may be calculated by the using either of the two
2 V2
expressions P = I R or P  . The first expression indicates that it is directly proportional to
R
R whereas the second expression indicates inverse proportionality. How can the seemingly
different dependence of P on R in these expressions be explained.
Ans: Both the expressions are correct. In the first case where P = I²R current (I) remains
V2
constant. Whereas in the second expression where P  the Voltage (V) remains constant.
R
Therefore P = I²R is used where the resistors are connected in series because in the series
connection the current in each resistance is constant.
V2
P is used where the resistors are connected in parallel because in the parallel connection
R
the voltage in each resistance is constant. So power becomes inversely proportional to
resistance.
OR
Consider the scale of a voltmeter shown in the diagram and answer the following questions:
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 (i) What is the least count of the voltmeter?
(ii) What is the reading shown by the voltmeter?
(iii) If this voltmeter is connected across a resistor of 20 W, how much current is flowing
through the resistor?
Ans: (i) 0.15 V is the least count
(ii) The reading shown is 1.8 V.
(iii) R= 20 Ω, V= 1.8 V
V 1.8
I   0.09 A
R 20

25. What is the role of metal or reagents written on arrow’s in the given chemical reactions?

(a)

(b)
Ans: (a) Ni acts as a catalyst.
(b) Concentrated H2SO4 acts as a catalyst.
OR
The molecular formula of an organic compound X is C2H4O2 which has vinegar - like smell.
(a) Identify the compound.
(b) Write its chemical formula and name.
Ans: (a) The organic compound X is acetic acid.
(b) Chemical formula: CH3COOH
IUPAC name: Ethanoic acid

26. Write one specific function each of the following organs in relation with excretion in human
beings :
(i) Renal Artery (ii) Urethra (iii) Glomerulus
(iv) Tubular part of nephron
Ans: (i) Renal artery carries nitrogenous excretory wastes towards the kidneys.
(ii) Urethra releases urine out of the body.
(iii) Glomerulus helps infiltration of blood passing through it and passes it on to the Bowman’s
capsule.
(iv) The tubular part of nephron reabsorbs useful products like glucose, amino acids, ions and a
large amount of water into blood capillaries.

SECTION – C
Questions 27 to 33 carry 3 marks each.
27. What are covalent compounds? How are they different from ionic compounds? List any two
properties of covalent compounds.

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 Ans: The compounds that are formed due to sharing of electrons between two atoms
/compounds having covalent bonds.
Ionic compounds are formed due to transfer of electrons from one atom to another /compounds
having ionic bonds/compounds having attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Properties of covalent compounds:
(i) They are poor conductors of electricity.
(ii) They have low melting and boiling point.

28. (i) How does Paramecium obtain its food ?

(ii) List the role of each of the following in our digestive system :
(a) Hydrochloric acid (b) Trypsin (c) Muscular walls of stomach (d) Salivary amylase
Ans: (i) Paramecium takes its food at a specific spot by endocytosis. Food is moved to this spot
by the movement of cilia which cover the entire surface of the cell.
(ii) (a) Hydrochloric acid: The hydrochloric acid creates an acidic medium which facilitates
the action of enzyme pepsin and it also kills the germs in the food.
(b) Trypsin: Trypsin helps in digestion of proteins into smaller peptides.
(c) Muscular wall of stomach: The muscular wall of stomach help in mixing the food
thoroughly with more digestive juices.
(d) Salivary amylase: Saliva contains an enzyme called salivary enzyme which breaks down
starch to give simple sugar.
OR
(i) What is double circulation ?
(ii) Why is the separation of the right side and the left side of the heart useful ? How does it help
birds and mammals ?
Ans: (i) Double circulation is the process during which blood passes twice through the heart
during one complete cycle. Blood is circulated to the body tissues through systemic circulation
and to the lungs through pulmonary circulation.
(ii) The separation of right side and left side of the heart helps in separation of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood, which allows a more efficient supply of oxygen to the body cells.
Birds and mammals are warm blooded animals. Since, they require more energy to maintain a
constant body temperature; hence, the separation provides availability of oxygen during
respiration to generate more energy for thermoregulation.

29. Define the following terms in the context of a diverging mirror :

(i) Principal focus
(ii) Focal length
Draw a labelled ray diagram to illustrate your answer.
Ans: (i) Principal focus: It is the point on the axis of a mirror to which parallel rays of light
appear to diverge after reflection from diverging mirror.
(ii) Focal length: The distance between pole of convex mirror and principal focus.

30. (a) For the preparation of cakes, baking powder is used. If at home, your mother uses baking
soda instead of baking powder, how will it affect the taste of the cake and why?
(b) How is baking soda be converted into baking powder?
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 (c) What makes the cake soft and spongy?
Ans: (a) The cake will have a bitter taste because of the formation of Na2CO3 / sodium
carbonate while baking / heating.
(b) By adding tartaric acid.
(c) The liberated CO2 gas.
OR
(i) Which of the following reactions is/are an endothermic reaction(s) where decomposition also
happens?
(a) Respiration (b) Heating of lead nitrate
(c) Decomposition of organic matter (d) Electrolysis of acidified water
(ii) Silver chloride when kept in the open turns grey. Illustrate this with a balanced chemical
equation.
Ans: (i) Heating of lead nitrate and electrolysis of acidified water.
(ii) The white silver chloride turns grey in sunlight. This is because silver chloride decomposes
to form silver and chlorine gas.
Sunlight
2 AgCl (s )  2 Ag ( s )  Cl2 ( g )

31. The figure below shows three cylindrical copper conductors along with their face areas and
lengths. Compare the resistance and the resistivity of the three conductors. Justify your answer.

L
Ans: Resistance of a material, R  , where ρ is the resistivity of the material, L is the
A
length of the material and A is the area of cross-section of material.
 L L L
Now, Ra : Rb : Rc  a a : b b : c c ; where a, b, c denotes physical quantity for respective
Aa Ab Ac
conductor.
L
( )
 L  (3 L)
 Ra : Rb : Rc  : : 3
A A 3A
( )
3
 L 9 L  L 1
 Ra : Rb : Rc  : :  Ra : Rb : Rc  1: 9 :  Rb  Ra  Rc
A A 9A 9
Resistivity depends only on the material of the conductor.
Here material (Cu) is same for all three conductors, so  a   b   c

32. The power of a lens is +4D. Find the focal length of this lens. An object is placed at a distance
of 50 cm from the optical centre of this lens. State the nature and magnification of the image
formed by the lens and also draw a ray diagram to justify your answer.
Ans: Given: Power of lens P = + 4D
Since, f = 1/P = 1/4
⇒ f = 0.25 m = 25 cm
Since, power is positive, so the lens is convex.
Now, u = – 50 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1
Using lens formula:         
f v u v f u 25 50 50 50
⇒ v = 50 cm
magnification (m) = v/u = 50/−50 = –1
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 Since, image distance is positive and its magnification is –1, it indicates a real, inverted and
image of same size.

33. Write one difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. List two impacts of
each type of the accumulated waste on environment if not disposed off properly.
Ans: Biodegradable Substances: Substances that can be decomposed naturally by the action of
microorganisms. It is environment friendly.
Non-biodegradable substances: Substances that cannot be decomposed naturally. It is harmful
to the environment and causes pollution.
Effects of biodegradable substances on environment: (i) Decomposition of biodegradable
wastes is accompanied by foul smell which spreads in the environment and affects the people of
nearby areas.
(ii) It act as breeding grounds for houseflies, etc. which act as vectors of various diseases.
Effects of non-biodegradable substances on environment: (i) Excessive use of non-
biodegradable pesticides increases the soil pollution and also affects the soil fertility.
(ii) Certain non-biodegradable wastes enter the food chains and affects the various biotic
components of the environment.

SECTION – D
Questions 34 to 36 carry 5 marks each.

34. (i) Name and explain the two modes of asexual reproduction observed in hydra.
(ii) What is vegetative propagation ? List two advantages of using this technique.
Ans: (i) The two modes of asexual reproduction observed in Hydra are : Budding and
Regeneration.
Budding in Hydra: In Budding, a small part of the body of the parents grows out as a ‘bud’
which then detaches and becomes a new organism. Hydra reproduces by budding using the
regenerative cells. A bud develops as an outgrowth in Hydra due to repeated cell division at one
specific site. When fully mature, the bud detaches itself from the parent body and develops into
new independent individuals.

Regeneration in Hydra: In this method, small cut or broken parts of the organisms’ body grow
or regenerate into separate individuals. Regeneration of Hydra from the body parts is carried out
by specialized cells, which proliferate and make a large number of cells.
(ii) Vegetative propagation is the development of a new plant from the vegetative parts (roots,
stem and leaves) of a plant.

Advantages:
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 (i) Such plants can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds.
(ii) Allows propagation of plants (banana, orange etc) that have lost capacity to produce seeds.
(iii) All plants produced are genetically similar to the parent plant and hence have all its
characters.
OR
Give reasons:
(a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow.
(c) Circulation of blood in aquatic vertebrates differs from that in terrestrial vertebrates.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to the
night.
(e) Veins have valves whereas arteries do not.
Ans. (a) Ventricles have thicker muscular walls than atria because they have to pump blood into
various organs.
(b) Transport system in plants is slow because:
(i) Plants have low energy needs as
(ii) Plant bodies have a large proportion of dead cells in many tissue.
(iii) Plants do not move
(c) Aquatic vertebrates like fish have a two chambered heart (which consists of one atrium and
one ventricle). The heart pumps deoxygenated to the gills and it gets oxygenated in the gills.
The oxygenated blood from the gills is supplied to the body parts. Thus, blood goes only once
through the heart in the fish during one cycle of passage through the body. But in terrestrial
organisms, heart may be 3 or 4 chambered, blood gets oxygenated in the lungs and most of them
have double circulation.
(d) During the daytime, water and minerals travel faster through xylem as compared to the
night. The water column in the xylem tracheids and vessels moves upwards due to pull
generated by transpiration. (loss of water in the form of vapours from living tissues of aerial
parts of plants.) The water is lost from the tiny pores called stomata present on the surface of
leaves of plant. Stomata are open during day time, so transpiration process is faster and water
along with mineral moves faster through xylem during day time as compared to night time.
(e) Veins have valves that ensure that the blood flows only in one direction. Values allow the
blood to flow only towards the heart and prevent backflow but arteries do not have values.

35. It is desired to obtain an erect image of an object, using concave mirror of focal length of 12 cm.
(i) What should be the range of distance of an object placed in front of the mirror?
(ii) Will the image be smaller or larger than the object. Draw ray diagram to show the formation
of image in this case.
(iii) Where will the image of this object be, if it is placed 24 cm in front of the mirror?
Draw ray diagram for this situation also to justify your answer.
Show the positions of pole, principal focus and the centre of curvature in the above ray
diagrams.
Ans: (i) The object has to be placed between 0 to –12 cm in front of the concave mirror between
F and P.
(ii) The image will be larger than the object.

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 (iii) The image will be behind the mirror

If the object is placed at C the image is also obtained at C of the same size.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2  1 1
          v  24cm, u  24cm
v u f v f u 12 24 24 24
OR
(i) Amit claims to have obtained an image twice the size of object with a concave lens. Is he
correct? Give reason for your answer.
(ii) Where should an object be placed in case of a convex lens to form an image of same size as
of the object? Show with the help of ray diagram the position and the nature of the image
formed.
(iii) With the help of ray diagram, illustrate the change in position, nature and size of the image
formed if the convex lens in case of (ii) is replaced by concave lens of same focal length.
Ans: (i) No, Amit is incorrect because magnified image of an object cannot be formed by a
concave lens ever.
(ii) The object should be placed at 2F1.
Image obtained is real, inverted and of same size as that of object.

(iii) Image obtained is virtual, erect and diminished in case of concave lens.

36. (i) What happens when a small piece of sodium is dropped in ethanol ? Write the equation for
this reaction.
(ii) Why is glacial acetic acid called so ?

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 (iii) What happens when ethanol is heated at 443 K in the presence of conc. H2SO4? Write the
role of conc. H2SO4 in this case.
(iv) Write an equation showing saponification.
Ans: (i) Ethanol reacts with sodium to produce hydrogen gas and sodium ethoxide.

(ii) The freezing point of pure ethanoic acid is 290 K and hence, it freezes during winter in cold
climates. That is why; it is called as glacial acetic acid.
(iii) When ethanol is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid at 443 K, it loses one water
molecule and forms ethene.

Role of H2SO4: It acts as dehydrating agent and removes water molecules from ethanol.
(iv) Equation for saponification reaction:

SECTION – E(Case Study Based Questions)

Questions 37 to 39 carry 4 marks each.
37. Case Study - 1
A student was asked to perform an experiment to study the force on a current carrying
conductor in a magnetic field. He took a small aluminium rod AB, a strong horse shoe magnet,
some connecting wires, a battery and a switch and connected them as shown. He observed that
on passing current, the rod gets displaced. On reversing the direction of current, the direction of
displacement also gets reversed.

On the basis of your understanding of this phenomenon, answer the following questions:
(i) Why does the rod get displaced on passing current through it?
(ii) State the rule that determines the direction of the force on conductor AB.
(iii) (a) In the above experimented set up, when current is passed through the rod, it gets
displaced towards the left. What will happen to the displacement if the polarity of the magnet
and the direction of current both are reversed?
(b) Name any two devices that use current carrying conductors and magnetic field.
OR

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 (iii) Draw the pattern of magnetic field lines produced around a current carrying straight
conductor held vertically on a horizontal cardboard. Indicate the direction of the field lines as
well as the direction of current flowing through the conductor.
Ans: i) Rod gets displaced on passing current through it as force is exerted on the current
carrying conductor when it is placed in a magnetic field.
(ii) Fleming’s left-hand rule: Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of your left hand
such that they are mutually perpendicular to one another. If the forefinger points in the direction
of magnetic field and the middle finger in the direction of current, then the thumb will point in
the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
(iii) (a) Direction of displacement would remain unchanged if the polarity of the magnet and the
direction of current both are reversed.
(b) Electric motor, loudspeaker, microphone.
(iii)

38. Case Study – 2

The given diagram represents the human endocrine system. Study the diagram and answer any
four questions from Q. 1 to Q. 5.

(a) Identify the endocrine glands A, B, C, D, E and F in the given diagram.

(b) Which gland secretes digestive enzymes as well as hormones?
(c) What is the effect of chemical produced by gland F?
OR
(c) Name the endocrine glands which is unpaired? Explain
Ans: (a) In the given diagram, A — Pituitary B — Thyroid C — Adrenal D — Pancreas E —
Ovary F — Testis
(b) Gland D is pancreas. It secretes both digestive enzymes as well as hormones.

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 (c) Gland F is Testis. It secretes testosterone which controls sperm production/ secondary sexual
character.
OR
(c) There are two adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney that make adrenaline hormone.
Testes are paired glands presents in males, secretes male sex hormone. Pituitary gland is present
just below the brain and is unpaired. It is also called master gland as it secretes a number of
hormones. Ovaries are paired glands present in females that secrete female sex hormones. 2

39. Case Study – 3

The melting points and boiling points of some ionic compounds are given below:
Compound Melting Point (K) Boiling Point
(K)
NaCl 1074 1686
LiCl 887 1600
CaCl2 1045 1900
CaO 2850 3120
MgCl2 981 1685
These compounds are termed ionic because they are formed by the transfer of electrons from a
metal to a non-metal. The electron transfer in such compounds is controlled by the electronic
configuration of the elements involved. Every element tends to attain a completely filled
valence shell of its nearest noble gas or a stable octet.
(i) Show the electron transfer in the formation of magnesium chloride. [1]
(ii) List two properties of ionic compounds other than their high melting and boiling points. [1]
(iii) (A) While forming an ionic compound say sodium chloride how does sodium atom attain
its stable configuration ? [2]
OR
(iii) (B) Give reasons : [2]
(i) Why do ionic compounds in the solid state not conduct electricity ?
(ii) What happens at the cathode when electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride ?
Ans: (i) Electron transfer in the formation of magnesium chloride:

(ii) Two properties of ionic compounds are:

(a) They conduct electricity in solution or molten state.
(b) They are hard and brittle crystalline solids.
(iii) (A) Sodium chloride is formed by the combination of sodium and chloride ions. Sodium
loses one electron from valence shell to attain stable noble gas configuration.

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 14 -

 OR
(B) (i) Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in solid state due to the absence of free ions
but they conduct electricity in molten and aqueous state due to presence of free ions.
(ii) Reduction takes place at cathode. Therefore, during electrolysis of aqueous solution of
sodium chloride, hydrogen gas is evolved at cathode due to reduction of H+ ions.
2H+ + 2e– → H2 ↑

Prepared by: M. S. KumarSwamy, TGT(Maths) Page - 15 -