Cone Penetration Testing 2018 – Hicks, Pisanò & Peuchen (Eds)

© 2018 Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands, ISBN 978-1-138-58449-5

Analysis of CPTU data for the geotechnical characterization

of intermediate sediments

M.F. García Martínez, L. Tonni & G. Gottardi

Department DICAM, University of Bologna, Italy

I. Rocchi
Department of Civil Engineering, Danish Technical University, Denmark

ABSTRACT: The intermediate soil (e.g. silt, sandy silt, clayey silt) response at the standard cone pen-
etration (CPT) velocity of 20 mm/s is generally partially drained, falling between that of sand and clay.
As a result, a proper interpretation of CPT (or CPTU) in such mixed soils is not always straightforward.
In order to properly analyse the in situ soil response and avoid incorrect estimates of soil parameters, the
preliminary assessment of drainage conditions is essential. In this paper, changes in normalized CPTU
measurements caused by changes in cone velocity are analysed. Penetration rate effects are assessed by
means of No. 8 piezocone tests, with penetration rates ranging from about 0.9 to 61.7 mm/s. Tests were
performed at a site located at the southern margin of the Po river valley (Northern Italy), where the sub-
soil mainly consists in a clayey silt deposit. Limitations on the applicability of some widely used empirical
correlations, proposed for sands, are investigated and some preliminary results are shown.

1 INTRODUCTION tests carried out at variable rates are nowadays rec-

ognized as an effective way to identify the transi-
Cone penetration testing, with or without pore tion point from undrained to partially drained
water pressure measurements (CPTU/CPT), is and drained responses. A dimensionless velocity V
the most widely used in-situ technique for strati- (Finnie & Randolph 1994), given by:
graphic profiling and evaluation of soil parameters.
Compared to sampling and laboratory testing, it v d
V= (1)
allows fast and economical data acquisition and cv
interpretation.
It is generally accepted that the soil response is generally used to interpret field data, being v the
to the standard penetration rate (20 mm/s) is fully cone penetration rate, d the cone diameter and cv
drained in sands and fully undrained in clays. By the vertical coefficient of consolidation. Some
contrast, partially drained response is very likely to Authors have also observed that the horizontal
occur in silts and other natural soil mixtures (i.e. coefficient of consolidation ch should be used in
silty or clayey sands, sandy silts), with significant Equation (1) instead of cv, since the primary direc-
implications on the appropriate interpretation of tion of pore water flow is horizontal (Chung et al.
field measurements for geotechnical characteriza- 2006).
tion. Current engineering practice lacks of stand- Although the matter is at present far from being
ardized recommendations concerning both testing satisfactorily solved, the significant amount of
procedures and data interpretation in such inter- experimental research carried out so far, including
mediate soils, whilst a significant amount of knowl- both laboratory studies with miniature penetrom-
edge is nowadays available for sands and clays. eters and field scale tests (e.g. Randolph & Hope
Over the last years, a number of studies (e.g. 2004, Chung et al. 2006, Oliveira et al. 2011, Kim
Randolph 2004, Schnaid et al. 2004) have stressed et al. 2008, Tonni & Gottardi 2009, Schnaid et al.
the crucial importance of a preliminary assess- 2010, Suzuki et al. 2013, Krage et al. 2014, García
ment of the actual drainage conditions around the et al. 2014, García et al. 2016b), has led to the
advancing cone in order to suitably interpret CPTU identification of probable consolidation patterns
data in silty sediments. In this regard, according to as function of cone penetration rate. However, the
the experience of various Authors (e.g. Randolph & available research results seem to suggest that there
Hope 2004, Schneider et al. 2007), cone penetration is not a unique drained nor undrained transitional

281

CPT2018_Book.indb 281 5/3/2018 12:09:15 PM

 value of V, being dependent on the fine content of Table 1. Physical and mechanical properties.
soils (Suzuki & Lehane 2015).
Significant difficulties have been typically Depth γn wn wL wP S M C
encountered in the interpretation of variable rate (m) (kN/m3) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
field scale tests, due to a variety of reasons, such 6.2–6.7 19.8 25 57.6 21 – 65 35
as limitations in equipment capability to vary and 12.2–12.3 19.2 31.3 25 17 25.6 59.4 15
control the penetration velocity, additional time 12.3–12.5 19.2 31.3 20 19 41.1 48.9 10
and costs related to field testing (Suzuki & Lehane 15.0–15.5 20.6 22.2 – – 68 32
2014) and, particularly, natural soil heterogene- 18.0–18.5 19.2 31.5 50.8 23.1 – 60 40
ity and the unavoidable spatial variability of soil
deposits. Depth (m) M* cv* φ′**
(MPa) (m2/s) (º)
This paper presents the analysis of a set of vari-
able rate CPTU tests carried out in a clayey silt 6.2–6.7 8.6 – 20.8
deposit located in the southern margin of the Po 12.3–12.5 4.8 3.1 ⋅ 10−6 34.6
river valley near Forlì, Italy. The identification of 15.0–15.5 – – 38.9
a probable consolidation trend as function of cone 18.0–18.5 6.3 1.5 ⋅ 10−7 23.43
velocity is first examined in order to establish the
actual drainage degree during a standard CPTU. S: sand; M: silt; C: clay;
Besides, based on a few available laboratory test * from oedometric tests (stress interval 70–145 kPa);
results, limitations on the applicability of some ** from direct shear tests.
widely used empirical approaches for geotechnical
characterization are discussed and a preliminary
attempt to account for partial drainage effects in
correlations for the estimate of the friction angle
is presented.

2 SITE DETAILS AND FIELD TESTS

The dataset used in this study includes No. 8 adja-

cent CPTU tests, typically 1 to 2 m distant from
each other, performed at penetration rates from
0.9 mm/s to 61.7 mm/s. All tests were pushed to
over 15 m in depth. A 35.7 mm diameter cone with
pore pressure recorded at the shoulder position
(u2) was employed. For further details on this cam-
paign, readers may refer to García Martínez et al.
(2016a, b).
The stratigraphic conditions of this site, as
revealed by a deep borehole carried out in a previ-
ous investigation campaign as well as by standard
CPTU results, mainly consist of a macro-unit of
about 29 m of silty-clayey sediments, followed by Figure 1. a) CPTU1 log profiles and b) SBT profile
according to Robertson (2009).
gravels. Local interbedded silty sand/sandy silt lev-
els, 1 to 3 m thick, are encountered from ground
level to 29 m in depth. Figure 1 shows the qt and u2 profiles obtained
Table 1 summarises some basic physical proper- from standard cone penetration test CPTU1. The
ties of such sediments, together with a few results equilibrium pore pressure profile, corresponding
from direct shear tests and oedometer tests carried to a water table located at approximately 2 m in
out on undisturbed samples. depth, has been also plotted in Figure 1 for useful
According to grading characteristics and Atter- comparison with u2.
berg limits, the tested samples range from silty The Soil Behaviour Type (SBT) profile depicted
sands (15–15.5 m in depth) to silts-sandy silts in column (b) has been derived from the value of
(12.3–12.5 m) with approximately 10% of fine con- the material index Icn, according to the well-known
tent and also high plasticity clays (6.2–6.7 m and CPTU-based classification method proposed
18.0–18.5 m in depth). According to both CPTU by Robertson (2009). Such classification results
and borehole logs, a certain variability in fine con- have been more extensively commented in García
tent can be at times detected at decimetric level. Martinez et al. (2016b). A reasonable agreement

282

CPT2018_Book.indb 282 5/3/2018 12:09:15 PM

 between results in terms of Soil Behaviour Type
and soil lithology from borehole BH1, also
reported in Figure 1, can be appreciated.
The qt and u2 profiles from the set of piezo-
cone tests performed at various penetration rates
have been plotted in Figure 2. Lower (0.9 mm/s)
and upper (61.7 mm/s) values of test velocity were
established based on the technical limits of the
equipment.
The figure shows that in the upper 7 m, cone
resistance remains almost unvaried, whereas pore
pressure appears to be slightly more sensitive to
penetration rate effects. In any case, such response
seems to suggest that penetration in these shal-
low sediments, basically classified as SBT = 4 or
SBT = 3, is predominantly undrained. At greater
depth, qt generally decreases and u2 increases as the
rate of penetration is decreased. It is worth noting
that the pore pressure at 0.9 mm/s follows a hydro- Figure 3. Dissipation tests at 12.2 m.
static profile from 12.7 to 16 m, thus indicating
fully drained penetration. Again, from 16 m up to been determined by applying to CPTU8 dissipa-
the end of the tests, where almost all the sediments tion data the well-known Teh & Houlsby (1991)
are classified as clay, qt profiles are substantially method, this latter being based on the assump-
coincident (García et al. 2016b). tion of fully undrained penetration. Assuming the
Dissipation tests have been also carried out rigidity index Ir ( = G/su) equal to 130, ch turned out
during the CPTU campaign. As an example, to be equal to 2.9⋅10–5 m2/s.
Figure 3 shows the dissipation curves obtained Such estimate of the horizontal coefficient of
from tests CTPU1 (20 mm/s) and CPTU8 consolidation is about one order of magnitude
(58 mm/s) at about 12.2 m in depth. As it will be higher than the value of cv obtained from the oed-
discussed later, test CPTU8 is likely to be ascribed ometer tests carried out on a soil sample taken at
to fully undrained initial conditions. Accordingly, the same depth (see Table 1). As observed by vari-
the coefficient of consolidation for this silt has ous Authors, differences between cv and ch are basi-
cally due to anisotropy of soil permeability k in
the vertical and horizontal directions, which may
result in values of the ratio kh/kv up to 10–15 in
highly stratified deposits or silts with continuous
permeable layers (Jamiolkowski et al. 1985, Mayne
2007). On the other hand, it is often considered
as acceptable that accuracy in the estimate of the
coefficient of consolidation may vary within one
order of magnitude (Robertson 2015). It is worth
remarking here that the application of the Teh &
Houlsby (1991) method to the dissipation test car-
ried out during standard CPTU1 (i.e. in partial
drainage conditions) resulted in ch = 4.4 ⋅ 10−5 m2/s.
In what follows, the computed ch from CPTU8
dissipation test has been used to normalize cone
penetration velocities, according to DeJong &
Randolph (2012).

3 ANALYSIS OF RATE EFFECTS

In order to perform a preliminary analysis of

rate effects on the piezocone measurements, the
variations with velocity of normalized tip resist-
Figure 2. CPTU profiles from adjacent tests at variable ance, Qt = ((qt − σvo)/σ′vo), and normalized excess
rate. pore pressure, Δu/σ′v0, in a few selected thin

283

CPT2018_Book.indb 283 5/3/2018 12:09:15 PM

 homogeneous layers of sandy silts to silty sands interpreted in terms of the normalized velocity
(8–8.5 m, 14.8–15.2 m) and clayey silts (10– V, taking the consolidation trend proposed by
10.3, 11.8–12.2 m) have been first examined. In DeJong & Randolph (2012) as a base. According
Figure 4, the median and the first and third quar- to such approach, the so-called “backbone curve”
tile of Qt and Δu2/σ′v0 are plotted, for each veloc- is given by:
ity v. A rather pronounced scatter of data can be
appreciated in sandy silts/silty sands, especially at Q ⎛ Qdrained / Qref − 1⎞
14.8–15.2 m in depth, suggesting a certain intrin- ≈ 1+ ⎜ c ⎟
(2)
sic heterogeneity of these soil layers. As it will be Qreef ⎝ 1 + (V V ) ⎠
shown in the following, intrinsic heterogeneity,
coupled with the unavoidable horizontal spatial where the subscript ‘ref’ denotes normalized
variability, makes the interpretation of field data measurements in undrained conditions whilst the
more complex to be performed and consolidation coefficients Qdrained/Qref, V50 and c are the normal-
trends more difficult to be identified. ized drained resistance, the normalized velocity at
According to the plots of Figure 4, clayey silts 50% degree of drainage and the maximum rate of
from 10 to 10.3 m show increasing values of Qt for change of Q/Qref with V, respectively. It is worth
v < 20 mm/s, whereas those from 11.8 to 12.2 m emphasizing that Equation (2) only describes the
only show higher values of Qt for v < 4.6 mm/s. consolidation process during cone penetration and
Regarding the Δu2/σ′v0 – v plots, the trend is similar therefore ignores effects of viscosity on tip resist-
at both depths: a transition point from undrained ance, which are conversely included in other for-
to partially drained response seems to be close to mulations of the backbone curves, such as the one
40.9 mm/s. proposed by Randolph (2004).
With regard to the sandy silt/silty sand layers, Interpretation of the available data in the frame-
trends at 8–8.5 m are similar to those identified work described by Equation (2) is not straightfor-
for the clayey silts, although normalized values are ward, especially with regard to the evaluation of
generally higher. By contrast, Qt at 14.8–15.2 m the ratio Qdrained/Qref. Indeed, extremely slow pen-
decreases with velocity over the entire investi- etration tests, not performed in this experimental
gated range, whilst pore pressures remain almost study, would be required in order to attain fully
uninfluenced. In this latter layer, it is very unlikely drained conditions around the advancing cone and
that fully undrained conditions might have been thus to obtain a value of Qdrained which might be
reached at the maximum cone velocity of 62 mm/s, considered as representative of this deposit. Fur-
whilst approximately fully drained penetration thermore, according to the data shown in Figure 5,
may have occured at vmin = 1 mm/s. the consolidation trend exhibited by sediments
Data from the selected intervals of clayey at 10–10.3 m seems to differ notably from that
silts (10–10.3 and 11.8–12.2 m) have been also observed at 11.8–12.2 m. In any case, Qdrained would

Figure 4. Qt and Δu/σ’v0 variations with penetration velocity within thin homogeneous layers.

284

CPT2018_Book.indb 284 5/3/2018 12:09:16 PM

 in standard CPT. In what follows, different cor-
relations for the estimate of the effective shear
resistance in granular soils are examined and the
computed values of φ ′p are compared with a few
available laboratory results.
Figure 6 shows the peak friction angle profiles
obtained from the application to piezocone data
in silts-sandy silts of the well-known correlations
described by Equation (3) and Equation (4), as
proposed by Robertson & Campanella (1983) and
Kulhawy & Mayne (1990) respectively:

180 ⎡ ⎛ q ⎞ ⎤
φ p′ (°) = arctan ⎢ log ⎜ c ⎟ + 0.29 ⎥ (3)
π ⎣ ⎝ σ ′
v0 ⎠ ⎦

Figure 5. Normalised resistance variations with V

within thin homogeneous clayey silt layers and fitted
backbone curves.

be certainly located at V < 1, while the transition

point from partially drained to fully undrained
cone penetration has been assumed at V 50.
It is worth remarking here that if ch obtained
from the dissipation test following standard pen-
etration (ch = 4.4⋅10−5 m2/s) had been used, the con-
solidation trend would have shifted to the left, thus
giving lower velocity transition points.
The best fit to data collected in the shallow-
est clayey silt has been attained by assuming
V50 = 4.82, c = 1.60 and Qdrained/Qref = 3.25. This latter
turns out to be consistent with the values obtained
in other experimental studies, both in the labora-
tory (Oliveira et al. 2011) and in the field (Krage &
DeJong 2016, Suzuki et al. 2013), where Qdrained/Qref
was found to vary approximately between 2.5 and
4, though higher values have been also detected in
a few non-standard soils (DeJong et al., 2013).
At the same time, the regression analysis on the
only cone resistance data at 11.8–12.2 has resulted
in a significantly high, and thus rather question-
able value of Qdrained /Qref (≈28). More data would
be probably required in order to identify a reliable
consolidation trend. A global consolidation curve,
matching all data points, has been obtained for
Qdrained /Qref = 3.20, V50 = 2.51 and c = 1.24.

4 ASSESSMENT OF PEAK FRICTION

ANGLE FROM CPTU-BASED
CORRELATIONS

Most of the CPTU-based empirical correlations

for the assessment of peak friction angle φ ′p have
been calibrated on sands, thus potentially resulting
in invalid estimates when applied to silts and sandy Figure 6. CPTU-based estimates of φ’ and results from
silts, due to potential partially drained conditions laboratory tests.

285

CPT2018_Book.indb 285 5/3/2018 12:09:18 PM

 ⎡ ( having a better insight into the drainage degree
φ p′ (°) = 17.6 + 11.0 ⋅ log ⎢
) ⎤⎥ (4) during testing and its effect on field measure-
⎢⎣ ( ′ ) ⎥⎦
0.5
ment and geotechnical characterization. Indeed,
partial drainage may prevail in intermediate soils
when CPTU are performed at the standard rate
Profiles are shown for the depth interval 12.4–
(20 mm/s).
15.7 m, where a predominance of SBT = 5 has
Despite difficulties in interpreting field data,
been found. Both correlations appear to be in good
comparisons between the available tests revealed
agreement. A certain variability of the computed
that decreasing penetration velocity generally
values over the soil layer can be appreciated, as a
results in increasing tip resistance, whereas pore
consequence of its intrinsic heterogeneity.
pressure tends to decrease.
By comparing such estimates with values of
From the analysis in terms of normalised CPTU
φ ′p obtained from direct shear tests (Table 1), also
measurements within selected depth intervals of
plotted in the figure at 12.4 and 15.1 m in depth,
the clayey silt layer, a consolidation trend has been
Equations (3) and (4) seem to underestimate the
identified. The transition point from undrained to
effective shear resistance of these intermediate
partially drained conditions is likely to occur at a
sediments.
normalised velocity V 50. By contrast, significant
Following the approach recently proposed by
difficulties have been encountered in detecting fully
Holmsgaard et al. (2016), the laboratory values of
drained conditions. According to the analyses, also
φ ′ have been used to adjust the cone resistance at
relying on laboratory data, Qdrained/Qref has been
the standard rate v = 20 mm/s and thus to obtain
found to vary from 3.25 to approximately 6.8 in the
the qt,dr and the stress-normalized Qt,dr, corre-
predominantly silty layer. The amplitude of such
sponding to fully drained conditions. The result-
range is presumably due to intrinsic heterogeneity
ing normalized resistance assumed to apply at fully
of the soil unit. On the other hand, the estimated
drained penetration, Qdr, has been found to be ∼
values turn out to be in substantial agreement with
32 at 12.4 m and ∼ 70 at 15.1 m. Consequently, the
results from similar experimental studies.
ratio between the normalized drained resistance
As a consequence of partial drainage, careful
and that at standard velocity, Qdr/Qt, turned out
attention should be paid when empirical CPTU
to be 3.2 and 1.3 respectively. Holmsgaard et al.
correlations, developed for sands or clays, are used
(2016) expressed such ratio in terms of non-nor-
to estimate geotechnical parameters in interme-
malized cone resistances qt,dr and qt,20mm/s, obtaining
diate soils. In particular, peak friction angle φ ′ in
qt,dr/qt,20mm/s = 1.4 for some silty soils of a test site in
silts to sandy silts appears to be underestimated
Dronninglund (Denmark).
when some well-known expressions are applied to
It is obvious that such combined interpretation
the standard test. Comparisons between the esti-
of field data and direct shear test results must be
mated and the measured φ ′ have suggested a ratio
considered as a first attempt to account for par-
between the drained normalized and the standard
tial drainage in geotechnical characterization and
resistance, Qdr/Qt, ranging between 3.2 and 1.3.
that a larger database from the laboratory would
Additional laboratory results would be required
be necessary in order to confirm such preliminary
to confirm such preliminary results and to update
analysis.
empirical correlations.
At the same time, the above interpretation has
been also used to help in identifying a more reliable
value of the normalized drained resistance Qdrained/
REFERENCES
Qref in silt mixtures at 11.8–12.2 m and thus over-
come uncertainties mentioned in section 3. Indeed, Chung, S.F., Randolph, M.F. & Schneider, J.A. 2006.
assuming a Qdrained equal to 32, the ratio Qdrained/Qref Effect of cone penetration rate on penetrometer
has turned out to be on average 6.8, Qref (∼ 4.7) resistance in clay. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 132(9):
being obtained from field data (see Fig. 4). This 1188–1196.
outcome confirms that the value (Qdrained/Qref = 28) DeJong, J.T. & Randolph, M. 2012. Influence of partial
previously obtained from regression analysis is consolidation during cone penetration on estimated
probably overestimated. soil behaviour type and pore pressure dissipation
measurements. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 138(7):
777–788.
Finnie, I. & Randolph, M.F. 1994. Punch-through and
5 CONCLUSIONS liquefaction induced failure of shallow foundations
on calcareous sediments. Proc. Int. Conf. on Behavior
This paper has presented the results of a set of of Offshore Structures, Boston (USA): 217–230.
variable rate CPTUs conducted in a silty deposit García Martínez, M.F., Tonni, L. & Gottardi, G. 2016a.
located at a site in Northern Italy, with the aim of On the interpretation of piezocone tests in natural silt

286

CPT2018_Book.indb 286 5/3/2018 12:09:19 PM

 and sand mixtures. Proc. 1st IMEKO TC-4 Interna- Randolph, M. 2004. Characterisation of soft sediments
tional Workshop on Metrology for Geotechnics, Metro- for offshore applications. Proc. ISC-2, Porto (Portu-
geotechnics2016, Benevento (Italy): 63–68. gal) 1: 209–232. Millpress, The Netherlands.
García Martínez, M.F., Tonni, L. & Romagnoli, F. 2014. Randolph, M.F. & Hope, S. 2004. Effect of cone velocity
Variable rate CPTU in liquefaction-prone silty sand on cone resistance and excess pore pressures. Proc. Int.
deposits of the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). 3rd Symp. on engineering practice and performance of soft
Int. Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Las deposits, Osaka (Japan): 147–152.
Vegas (USA): 737–744. Robertson, P.K. & Campanella, R.G. 1983. Interpreta-
García Martínez, M.F., Tonni, L., Gottardi, G. & Roc- tion of cone penetration tests. Part I: sand. Can. Geo-
chi, I. 2016b. Influence of penetration rate on CPTU tech. J. 20(4): 719–733.
measurements in saturated silty soils. Proc. 5th Int. Robertson, P.K. 2009. Interpretation of cone penetration
Conf. on Geotech. and Geophysical Site Characterisa- tests—a unified approach. Can. Geotech. J. 46 (11):
tion (ISC’5), Gold Coast (Australia) (1): 473–478. 1337–1355.
Holmsgaard, R. Nielsen, B.N. & Ibsen, L.B. 2016. Inter- Robertson, P.K. 2015. Guide to cone penetration testing.
pretation of cone penetration testing in silty soils con- 6th Edition, California: Gregg Drilling & Testing Inc.
ducted under partially drained conditions. J. Geotech. Schnaid, F., Bedin, J. & Costa Filho, L.M. 2010. Drain-
Geoenviron. Eng. 142(1): 04015064. age characterization of tailings from in situ tests. Proc.
Jarniolkowski, M., Ladd, C.C., Germaine, J.T., & Lan- 2nd Int. Symp. on Cone Penetration Testing, Hunting-
cellotta, R. 1985. New developments in field and lab- ton Beach (USA).
oratory testing of soils. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Schnaid, F., Lehane, B.M. & Fahey, M. 2004. In situ test
Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, San Francisco characterization of unusual geomaterials. Proc. 2nd
1: 57–153. Int. Conf. on Site Characterization 1: 49–74.
Kim, K., Prezzi, M., Salgado, R. & Lee, W. 2008. Effect Schneider, J.A., Lehane, B.M. & Schnaid, F. 2007. Veloc-
of penetration rate on cone penetration resistance in ity effects on piezocone measurements in normally
saturated clayey soils. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. and overconsolidated clays. Int. J. Physical Modelling
134(8): 1142–1153. in Geotechnics 2: 23–34.
Krage, C.P. & DeJong, J.T. 2016. Influence of drainage Suzuki, Y. & Lehane, B.M. 2014. Field observations of
conditions during cone penetration on the estimation CPT penetration rate effects in Burswood clay. Proc.
of engineering properties and liquefaction potential 3rd Int. Symp. on Cone Penetration Testing, Las Vegas:
of silty and sandy soils. J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 403–410.
142(11): 04016059. Suzuki, Y. & Lehane, B.M. 2015. Cone penetration at
Krage, C.P., DeJong, J.T. & Wilson, D.W. 2014. Variable variable rates in kaolin–sand mixtures. Int. J. of Physi-
Penetration Rate Cone Testing in Sands with Fines. cal Modelling in Geotechnics 15(4): 209–219.
Geo-Congress 2014, GSP 234: 170–179. Suzuki, Y., Lehane, B.M. & Fourie, A. 2013. Effect of
Kulhawy, F.H. & Mayne, P.W. 1990. Manual on esti- penetration rate on piezocone parameters in two silty
mating soil properties for foundation design. Rep. deposits. Proc. ISC’4: 809–815.
EL-6800, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, Teh, C.I. & Houlsby, G.T. 1991. An analytical study
CA. of cone penetration test in clay. Géotechnique 41(1):
Mayne P.W. 2007. Synthesis 368 on Cone Penetration 17–34.
Test. (NCHRP), Transportation Research Board, Tonni, L. & Gottardi G., 2009. Partial drainage effects
National Academy Press, Washington DC, www.trb. in the interpretation of piezocone tests in Venetian
org. silty soils. Proc. of the 17th International Conf. on Soil
Oliveira, J.R.M.S., Almeida, M.S.S., Motta, H.P.G. & Mechanics and Geotech. Eng., Alexandria (Egypt) 2:
Almeida, M.C.F. 2011. Influence of penetration rate 1004–1007.
on penetrometer resistance. Journal of Geotech. and
Geoenviron. Eng. 137(7): 695–703.

287

CPT2018_Book.indb 287 5/3/2018 12:09:19 PM